Angiotensin-(1–7) Improves Liver Fibrosis by Regulating the NLRP3 Inflammasome via Redox Balance Modulation

Abstract

Aims: Angiotensin II (Ang II) aggravates hepatic fibrosis by inducing NADPH oxidase (NOX)-dependent oxidative stress. Angiotensin-(1–7) [Ang-(1–7)], which counter-regulates Ang II, has been evidenced to protect against hepatic fibrosis. The NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, being activated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), is identified as a novel mechanism of liver fibrosis. However, whether the NLRP3 inflammasome involves in regulation of Ang II-induced hepatic fibrosis remains unclear. This study investigates the different effects of the Ang II and Ang-(1–7) on collagen synthesis by regulating the NLRP3 inflammasome/Smad pathway via redox balance modulation. Results: In vivo, Ang-(1–7) improved bile duct ligation-induced hepatic fibrosis, reduced H₂O₂ content, protein levels of NOX4, and the NLRP3 inflammasome, whereas it increased glutathione (GSH) and nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) antioxidant response element (ARE). In vitro, Ang II treatment elevated NOX4 protein expression and ROS production in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), whereas it inhibited GSH and Nrf2-ARE, resulting in the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the mitochondria of HSCs. NLRP3 depletion inhibited Ang II-induced collagen synthesis. Furthermore, Ang II increased NLRP3 and pro-IL-1β levels by activating the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. Treatment with antioxidants, NOX4 small interference RNA (siRNA), or Nrf2 activator inhibited Ang II-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and collagen synthesis. In contrast, the action of Ang-(1–7) opposed the effects of Ang II. Innovation and Conclusions: Ang-(1–7) improved liver fibrosis by regulating NLRP3 inflammasome activation induced by Ang II-mediated ROS via redox balance modulation. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 24, 795–812.