Chronic inflammation is one of the foremost risk factors for different types of malignancies, including breast cancer. Additional risk factors of this pathology in postmenopausal women are weight gain, obesity, estrogen secretion, and an imbalance in the production of adipokines, such as leptin and adiponectin. Various signaling products of transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappaB, in particular inflammatory eicosanoids, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and cytokines, are thought to be involved in chronic inflammation-induced cancer. Together, these key components have an influence on inflammatory reactions in malignant tissue damage when their levels are deregulated endogenously. Prostaglandins (PGs) are well recognized in inflammation and cancer, and they are solely biosynthesized through cyclooxygenases (COXs) from arachidonic acid. Concurrently, ROS give rise to bioactive isoprostanes from arachidonic acid precursors that are also involved in acute and chronic inflammation, but their specific characteristics in breast cancer are less demonstrated. Higher aromatase activity, a cytochrome P-450 enzyme, is intimately connected to tumor growth in the breast through estrogen synthesis, and is interrelated to COXs that catalyze the formation of both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory PGs such as PGE2, PGF2α, PGD2, and PGJ2 synchronously under the influence of specific mediators and downstream enzymes. Some of the latter compounds upsurge the intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentration and appear to be associated with estrogen synthesis. This review discusses the role of COX- and ROS-catalyzed eicosanoids and adipokines in breast cancer, and therefore ranges from their molecular mechanisms to clinical aspects to understand the impact of inflammation. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 18, 323–360.
AhimaRS, FlierJS. Leptin. Annu Rev Physiol, 62:413–437. 2000.
2.
AhimaRS, PrabakaranD, MantzorosC, QuD, LowellB, Maratos-FlierE, FlierJS. Role of leptin in the neuroendocrine response to fasting. Nature, 382:250–252. 1996.
AndoS, CatalanoS. The multifactorial role of leptin in driving the breast cancer microenvironment. Nat Rev Endocrinol, 8:263–275. 2011.
5.
Anubhuti, AroraS. Leptin and its metabolic interactions: an update. Diabetes Obes Metab, 10:973–993. 2008.
6.
ArditiJD, VenihakiM, KaralisKP, ChrousosGP. Antiproliferative effect of adiponectin on MCF7 breast cancer cells: a potential hormonal link between obesity and cancer. Horm Metab Res, 39:9–13. 2007.
7.
AritaY, KiharaS, OuchiN, TakahashiM, MaedaK, MiyagawaJ, HottaK, ShimomuraI, NakamuraT, MiyaokaK, KuriyamaH, NishidaM, YamashitaS, OkuboK, MatsubaraK, MuraguchiM, OhmotoY, FunahashiT, MatsuzawaY. Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 257:79–83. 1999.
8.
AshokV, DashC, RohanTE, SprafkaJM, TerryPD. Selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors and breast cancer risk. Breast, 20:66–70. 2011.
9.
BacklundMG, MannJR, HollaVR, ShiQ, DaikokuT, DeySK, DuBoisRN. Repression of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase involves histone deacetylase 2 and snail in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res, 68:9331–9337. 2008.
10.
BadidN, AhmedFZ, MerzoukH, BelbraouetS, MokhtariN, MerzoukSA, BenhabibR, HamzaouiD, NarceM. Oxidant/antioxidant status, lipids and hormonal profile in overweight women with breast cancer. Pathol Oncol Res, 16:159–167. 2010.
11.
BaillargeonJ, PlatzEA, RoseDP, PollockBH, AnkerstDP, HaffnerS, HigginsB, LokshinA, TroyerD, HernandezJ, LynchS, LeachRJ, ThompsonIM. Obesity, adipokines, and prostate cancer in a prospective population-based study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 15:1331–1335. 2006.
12.
BardiaA, OlsonJE, VachonCM, LazovichD, VierkantRA, WangAH, LimburgPJ, AndersonKE, CerhanJR. Effect of aspirin and other NSAIDs on postmenopausal breast cancer incidence by hormone receptor status: results from a prospective cohort study. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 126:149–155. 2011.
13.
BarocasDA, MotleyS, CooksonMS, ChangSS, PensonDF, DaiQ, MilneG, RobertsLJ2nd, MorrowJ, ConcepcionRS, SmithJAJr., FowkeJH. Oxidative stress measured by urine F2-isoprostane level is associated with prostate cancer. J Urol, 185:2102–2107. 2011.
14.
BasuS. Bioactive eicosanoids: role of prostaglandin F(2alpha) and F-isoprostanes in inflammation and oxidative stress related pathology. Mol Cells, 30:383–391. 2010.
15.
BasuS. F2-isoprostanes in human health and diseases: from molecular mechanisms to clinical implications. Antioxid Redox Signal, 10:1405–1434. 2008.
16.
BasuS. Fatty acid oxidation and isoprostanes: oxidative strain and oxidative stress. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 82:219–225. 2010.
BasuS. Novel cyclooxygenase-catalyzed bioactive prostaglandin F2alpha from physiology to new principles in inflammation. Med Res Rev, 27:435–468. 2007.
19.
BasuS, HelmerssonJ. [Bioactive isoprostanes. New markers of oxidative stress and inflammation-related diseases]Lakartidningen, 106:274–278. 2009.
BasuS, KindahlH. Development of a continuous blood collection technique and a detailed study of prostaglandin F2 alpha release during luteolysis and early pregnancy in heifers. J Vet Med A, 34:487–500. 1987.
22.
BasuS, KindahlH, HarveyD, BetteridgeKJ. Metabolites of PGF2 alpha in blood plasma and urine as parameters of PGF2 alpha release in cattle. Acta Vet Scand, 28:409–420. 1987.
BasuS, SjoquistB, ResulB, StjernschantzJ. Presence of a 15-ketoprostaglandin delta 13-reductase in porcine cornea. Acta Chem Scand, 46:108–110. 1992.
25.
BasuS, StjernschantzJ. Delta13-reductase dependent metabolism of prostaglandins in the mammalian brain and eye. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 57:305–310. 1997.
26.
BeltowskiJ, WojcickaG, JamrozA. Leptin decreases plasma paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity and induces oxidative stress: the possible novel mechanism for proatherogenic effect of chronic hyperleptinemia. Atherosclerosis, 170:21–29. 2003.
27.
Ben-AvP, CroffordLJ, WilderRL, HlaT. Induction of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in synovial fibroblasts by prostaglandin E and interleukin-1: a potential mechanism for inflammatory angiogenesis. FEBS Lett, 372:83–87. 1995.
28.
BhattacharyyaM, GirishGV, GhoshR, ChakrabortyS, SinhaAK. Acetyl salicylic acid (aspirin) improves synthesis of maspin and lowers incidence of metastasis in breast cancer patients [corrected]Cancer Sci, 101:2105–2109. 2010.
29.
BjelakovicG, NikolovaD, SimonettiRG, GluudC. Antioxidant supplements for prevention of gastrointestinal cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet, 364:1219–1228. 2004.
30.
BjorbakC, LaveryHJ, BatesSH, OlsonRK, DavisSM, FlierJS, MyersMGJr.SOCS3 mediates feedback inhibition of the leptin receptor via Tyr985. J Biol Chem, 275:40649–40657. 2000.
31.
BlairCK, SweeneyC, AndersonKE, FolsomAR. NSAID use and survival after breast cancer diagnosis in post-menopausal women. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 101:191–197. 2007.
32.
BothaJH, RobinsonKM, RamchurrenN, ReddiK, NormanRJ. Human esophageal carcinoma cell lines: prostaglandin production, biological properties, and behavior in nude mice. J Natl Cancer Inst, 76:1053–1056. 1986.
33.
BouloumieA, MarumoT, LafontanM, BusseR. Leptin induces oxidative stress in human endothelial cells. FASEB J, 13:1231–1238. 1999.
34.
BraskyTM, BonnerMR, MoysichKB, AmbrosoneCB, NieJ, TaoMH, EdgeSB, KallakuryBV, MarianC, GoerlitzDS, TrevisanM, ShieldsPG, FreudenheimJL. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and breast cancer risk: differences by molecular subtype. Cancer Causes Control, 22:965–975. 2011.
35.
BraskyTM, BonnerMR, MoysichKB, AmbrosoneCB, NieJ, TaoMH, EdgeSB, KallakuryBV, MarianC, TrevisanM, ShieldsPG, FreudenheimJL. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use and breast cancer risk in the Western New York Exposures and Breast Cancer (WEB) Study. Cancer Causes Control, 21:1503–1512. 2010.
36.
BraskyTM, BonnerMR, MoysichKB, Ochs-BalcomHM, MarianC, AmbrosoneCB, NieJ, TaoMH, EdgeSB, TrevisanM, ShieldsPG, FreudenheimJL. Genetic variants in COX-2, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and breast cancer risk: the Western New York Exposures and Breast Cancer (WEB) Study. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 126:157–165. 2011.
37.
BrodieA, LongB, LuQ. Aromatase expression in the human breast. Breast Cancer Res Treat 49 Suppl, 1:S85–S91discussion S109–S1191998.
38.
BrodieAM, LuQ, LongBJ, FultonA, ChenT, MacphersonN, DeJongPC, BlankensteinMA, NortierJW, SleePH, van de VenJ, van GorpJM, ElbersJR, SchipperME, BlijhamGH, ThijssenJH. Aromatase and COX-2 expression in human breast cancers. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 79:41–47. 2001.
39.
BrueggemeierRW. Update on the use of aromatase inhibitors in breast cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother, 7:1919–1930. 2006.
40.
BrueggemeierRW, Diaz-CruzES. Relationship between aromatase and cyclooxygenases in breast cancer: potential for new therapeutic approaches. Minerva Endocrinol, 31:13–26. 2006.
41.
BrueggemeierRW, QuinnAL, ParrettML, JoarderFS, HarrisRE, RobertsonFM. Correlation of aromatase and cyclooxygenase gene expression in human breast cancer specimens. Cancer Lett, 140:27–35. 1999.
42.
BrueggemeierRW, SuB, SugimotoY, Diaz-CruzES, DavisDD. Aromatase and COX in breast cancer: enzyme inhibitors and beyond. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 106:16–23. 2007.
43.
BulunSE, SimpsonER. Aromatase expression in women's cancers. Adv Exp Med Biol, 630:112–132. 2008.
44.
BurksDJ, Font de MoraJ, SchubertM, WithersDJ, MyersMG, ToweryHH, AltamuroSL, FlintCL, WhiteMF. IRS-2 pathways integrate female reproduction and energy homeostasis. Nature, 407:377–382. 2000.
45.
Caldefie-ChezetF, DamezM, de LatourM, KonskaG, MishellaniF, FusillierC, GuerryM, Penault-LlorcaF, GuillotJ, VassonMP. Leptin: a proliferative factor for breast cancer? Study on human ductal carcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 334:737–741. 2005.
CalleEE, KaaksR. Overweight, obesity and cancer: epidemiological evidence and proposed mechanisms. Nat Rev Cancer, 4:579–591. 2004.
48.
CaminosJE, NogueirasR, GallegoR, BravoS, TovarS, Garcia-CaballeroT, CasanuevaFF, DieguezC. Expression and regulation of adiponectin and receptor in human and rat placenta. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90:4276–4286. 2005.
49.
CantleyLC, NeelBG. New insights into tumor suppression: PTEN suppresses tumor formation by restraining the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 96:4240–4245. 1999.
50.
CarulliL, FerrariS, BertoliniM, TagliaficoE, Del RioG. Regulation of ob gene expression: evidence for epinephrine-induced suppression in human obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84:3309–3312. 1999.
51.
CasabiellX, PineiroV, PeinoR, LageM, CaminaJ, GallegoR, VallejoLG, DieguezC, CasanuevaFF. Gender differences in both spontaneous and stimulated leptin secretion by human omental adipose tissue in vitro: dexamethasone and estradiol stimulate leptin release in women, but not in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83:2149–2155. 1998.
52.
CasadesusG, SmithMA, BasuS, HuaJ, CapobiancoDE, SiedlakSL, ZhuX, PerryG. Increased isoprostane and prostaglandin are prominent in neurons in Alzheimer disease. Mol Neurodegener, 2:2. 2007.
53.
CascioS, BartellaV, AuriemmaA, JohannesGJ, RussoA, GiordanoA, SurmaczE. Mechanism of leptin expression in breast cancer cells: role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha. Oncogene, 27:540–547. 2008.
54.
CatalanoS, MarsicoS, GiordanoC, MauroL, RizzaP, PannoML, AndoS. Leptin enhances, via AP-1, expression of aromatase in the MCF-7 cell line. J Biol Chem, 278:28668–28676. 2003.
55.
CatalanoS, MauroL, MarsicoS, GiordanoC, RizzaP, RagoV, MontanaroD, MaggioliniM, PannoML, AndoS. Leptin induces, via ERK1/ERK2 signal, functional activation of estrogen receptor alpha in MCF-7 cells. J Biol Chem, 279:19908–19915. 2004.
56.
CeddiaRB. Direct metabolic regulation in skeletal muscle and fat tissue by leptin: implications for glucose and fatty acids homeostasis. Int J Obes, 29:1175–1183. 2005.
57.
Cernuda-MorollonE, Pineda-MolinaE, CanadaFJ, Perez-SalaD. 15-Deoxy-Delta 12,14-prostaglandin J2 inhibition of NF-kappaB-DNA binding through covalent modification of the p50 subunit. J Biol Chem, 276:35530–35536. 2001.
58.
ChajesV, Torres-MejiaG, BiessyC, Ortega-OlveraC, Angeles-LlerenasA, FerrariP, Lazcano-PonceE, RomieuII. omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid intakes and the risk of breast cancer in Mexican women: impact of obesity status. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 21:319–326. 2012.
59.
ChehabFF, LimME, LuR. Correction of the sterility defect in homozygous obese female mice by treatment with the human recombinant leptin. Nat Genet, 12:318–320. 1996.
60.
ChenC, ChangYC, LiuCL, ChangKJ, GuoIC. Leptin-induced growth of human ZR-75-1 breast cancer cells is associated with up-regulation of cyclin D1 and c-Myc and down-regulation of tumor suppressor p53 and p21WAF1/CIP1. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 98:121–132. 2006.
61.
ChenD, ReierstadS, LinZ, LuM, BrooksC, LiN, InnesJ, BulunSE. Prostaglandin E(2) induces breast cancer related aromatase promoters via activation of p38 and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase in adipose fibroblasts. Cancer Res, 67:8914–8922. 2007.
62.
ChenDC, ChungYF, YehYT, ChaungHC, KuoFC, FuOY, ChenHY, HouMF, YuanSS. Serum adiponectin and leptin levels in Taiwanese breast cancer patients. Cancer Lett, 237:109–114. 2006.
63.
ChenH, CharlatO, TartagliaLA, WoolfEA, WengX, EllisSJ, LakeyND, CulpepperJ, MooreKJ, BreitbartRE, DuykGM, TepperRI, MorgensternJP. Evidence that the diabetes gene encodes the leptin receptor: identification of a mutation in the leptin receptor gene in db/db mice. Cell, 84:491–495. 1996.
64.
ChenJX, StinnettA. Critical role of the NADPH oxidase subunit p47phox on vascular TLR expression and neointimal lesion formation in high-fat diet-induced obesity. Lab Invest, 88:1316–1328. 2008.
65.
ChenQR, MiyauraC, HigashiS, MurakamiM, KudoI, SaitoS, HiraideT, ShibasakiY, SudaT. Activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 by platelet-derived growth factor is essential for cyclooxygenase-2-dependent prostaglandin E2 synthesis in mouse osteoblasts cultured with interleukin-1. J Biol Chem, 272:5952–5958. 1997.
66.
ChenS. Aromatase and breast cancer. Front Biosci, 3:d922–d933. 1998.
67.
ChinenT, KomaiK, MutoG, MoritaR, InoueN, YoshidaH, SekiyaT, YoshidaR, NakamuraK, TakayanagiR, YoshimuraA. Prostaglandin E2 and SOCS1 have a role in intestinal immune tolerance. Nat Commun, 2:190. 2011.
68.
ChuaSCJr., ChungWK, Wu-PengXS, ZhangY, LiuSM, TartagliaL, LeibelRL. Phenotypes of mouse diabetes and rat fatty due to mutations in the OB (leptin) receptor. Science, 271:994–996. 1996.
69.
ChuaSCJr., LiuSM, LiQ, SunA, DeNinoWF, HeymsfieldSB, GuoXE. Transgenic complementation of leptin receptor deficiency. II. Increased leptin receptor transgene dose effects on obesity/diabetes and fertility/lactation in lepr-db/db mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metabol, 286:E384–E392. 2004.
70.
ClearyMP, GrandeJP, JunejaSC, MaihleNJ. Diet-induced obesity and mammary tumor development in MMTV-neu female mice. Nutr Cancer, 50:174–180. 2004.
ClearyMP, PhillipsFC, GetzinSC, JacobsonTL, JacobsonMK, ChristensenTA, JunejaSC, GrandeJP, MaihleNJ. Genetically obese MMTV-TGF-alpha/Lep(ob)Lep(ob) female mice do not develop mammary tumors. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 77:205–215. 2003.
73.
ClevelandRJ, GammonMD, LongCM, GaudetMM, EngSM, TeitelbaumSL, NeugutAI, SantellaRM. Common genetic variations in the LEP and LEPR genes, obesity and breast cancer incidence and survival. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 120:745–752. 2010.
74.
CoffeyRJ, HawkeyCJ, DamstrupL, Graves-DealR, DanielVC, DempseyPJ, ChineryR, KirklandSC, DuBoisRN, JettonTL, MorrowJD. Epidermal growth factor receptor activation induces nuclear targeting of cyclooxygenase-2, basolateral release of prostaglandins, and mitogenesis in polarizing colon cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 94:657–662. 1997.
75.
Costa CdosS, RohdenF, HammesTO, MargisR, BortolottoJW, PadoinAV, MottinCC, GuaragnaRM. Resveratrol upregulated SIRT1, FOXO1, and adiponectin and downregulated PPARgamma1-3 mRNA expression in human visceral adipocytes. Obes Surg, 21:356–361. 2011.
76.
CoveyTM, EdesK, CoombsGS, VirshupDM, FitzpatrickFA. Alkylation of the tumor suppressor PTEN activates Akt and beta-catenin signaling: a mechanism linking inflammation and oxidative stress with cancer. PloS One, 5:e13545. 2010.
77.
CoveyTM, EdesK, FitzpatrickFA. Akt activation by arachidonic acid metabolism occurs via oxidation and inactivation of PTEN tumor suppressor. Oncogene, 26:5784–5792. 2007.
78.
CracowskiJL, Stanke-LabesqueF, BessardG. [Isoprostanes: new markers of oxidative stress. Fundamental and clinical aspects]Rev Med Interne, 21:304–307. 2000.
79.
CuzickJ, DeCensiA, ArunB, BrownPH, CastiglioneM, DunnB, ForbesJF, GlausA, HowellA, von MinckwitzG, VogelV, ZwierzinaH. Preventive therapy for breast cancer: a consensus statement. Lancet Oncol, 12:496–503. 2011.
80.
Dagogo-JackS, TykodiG, UmamaheswaranI. Inhibition of cortisol biosynthesis decreases circulating leptin levels in obese humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90:5333–5335. 2005.
81.
DaiQ, GaoYT, ShuXO, YangG, MilneG, CaiQ, WenW, RothmanN, CaiH, LiH, XiangY, ChowWH, ZhengW. Oxidative stress, obesity, and breast cancer risk: results from the Shanghai Women's Health Study. J Clin Oncol, 27:2482–2488. 2009.
82.
DannenbergAJ, AltorkiNK, BoyleJO, DangC, HoweLR, WekslerBB, SubbaramaiahK. Cyclo-oxygenase 2: a pharmacological target for the prevention of cancer. Lancet Oncol, 2:544–551. 2001.
83.
De LorenzoMS, BaljinnyamE, VatnerDE, AbarzuaP, VatnerSF, RabsonAB. Caloric restriction reduces growth of mammary tumors and metastases. Carcinogenesis, 32:1381–1387. 2011.
84.
De VosP, LefebvreAM, MillerSG, Guerre-MilloM, WongK, SaladinR, HamannLG, StaelsB, BriggsMR, AuwerxJ. Thiazolidinediones repress ob gene expression in rodents via activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. J Clin Invest, 98:1004–1009. 1996.
85.
DelporteML, FunahashiT, TakahashiM, MatsuzawaY, BrichardSM. Pre- and post-translational negative effect of beta-adrenoceptor agonists on adiponectin secretion: in vitro and in vivo studies. Biochem J, 367:677–685. 2002.
86.
DennisEA. Modification of the arachidonic acid cascade through phospholipase A2 dependent mechanisms. Adv Prostaglandin Thromboxane Leukot Res, 20:217–223. 1990.
87.
DenzelMS, HebbardLW, ShostakG, ShapiroL, CardiffRD, RanschtB. Adiponectin deficiency limits tumor vascularization in the MMTV-PyV-mT mouse model of mammary cancer. Clin Cancer Res, 15:3256–3264. 2009.
88.
DiersAR, DrankaBP, RicartKC, OhJY, JohnsonMS, ZhouF, PalleroMA, BodenstineTM, Murphy-UllrichJE, WelchDR, LandarA. Modulation of mammary cancer cell migration by 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2): implications for anti-metastatic therapy. Biochem J, 430:69–78. 2010.
89.
DieudonneMN, Machinal-QuelinF, Serazin-LeroyV, LeneveuMC, PecqueryR, GiudicelliY. Leptin mediates a proliferative response in human MCF7 breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 293:622–628. 2002.
90.
DuboisRN, AbramsonSB, CroffordL, GuptaRA, SimonLS, Van De PutteLB, LipskyPE. Cyclooxygenase in biology and disease. FASEB J, 12:1063–1073. 1998.
91.
DucsayCA, HyattK, MlynarczykM, KaushalKM, MyersDA. Long-term hypoxia increases leptin receptors and plasma leptin concentrations in the late-gestation ovine fetus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 291:R1406–R1413. 2006.
92.
DugganC, IrwinML, XiaoL, HendersonKD, SmithAW, BaumgartnerRN, BaumgartnerKB, BernsteinL, Ballard-BarbashR, McTiernanA. Associations of insulin resistance and adiponectin with mortality in women with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol, 29:32–39. 2011.
93.
EganKM, StampferMJ, GiovannucciE, RosnerBA, ColditzGA. Prospective study of regular aspirin use and the risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst, 88:988–993. 1996.
94.
EliassenAH, ChenWY, SpiegelmanD, WillettWC, HunterDJ, HankinsonSE. Use of aspirin, other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and acetaminophen and risk of breast cancer among premenopausal women in the Nurses' Health Study II. Arch Intern Med, 169:115–121discussion 1212009.
95.
EndoH, HosonoK, UchiyamaT, SakaiE, SugiyamaM, TakahashiH, NakajimaN, WadaK, TakedaK, NakagamaH, NakajimaA. Leptin acts as a growth factor for colorectal tumours at stages subsequent to tumour initiation in murine colon carcinogenesis. Gut, 60:1363–1371. 2011.
96.
EspositoK, CiotolaM, GiuglianoD. Mediterranean diet, endothelial function and vascular inflammatory markers. Public Health Nutr, 9:1073–1076. 2006.
97.
FasshauerM, KleinJ, NeumannS, EszlingerM, PaschkeR. Hormonal regulation of adiponectin gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 290:1084–1089. 2002.
98.
FerlayJ, ParkinDM, Steliarova-FoucherE. Estimates of cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in 2008. Eur J Cancer, 46:765–781. 2010.
99.
FerrarioA, GomerCJ. Targeting the tumor microenvironment using photodynamic therapy combined with inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 or vascular endothelial growth factor. Methods Mol Biol, 635:121–132. 2010.
100.
FiorioE, MercantiA, TerrasiM, MiccioloR, RemoA, AuriemmaA, MolinoA, ParolinV, Di StefanoB, BonettiF, GiordanoA, CettoGL, SurmaczE. Leptin/HER2 crosstalk in breast cancer: in vitro study and preliminary in vivo analysis. BMC Cancer, 8:305. 2008.
101.
FitzgeraldGA. Coxibs and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med, 351:1709–1711. 2004.
102.
FitzGeraldGA, PedersenAK, PatronoC. Analysis of prostacyclin and thromboxane biosynthesis in cardiovascular disease. Circulation, 67:1174–1177. 1983.
103.
FluhmannCF. The physiology of the estrogenic hormones. Trans Pac Coast Obstet Gynecol Soc, 17:167–171. 1949.
104.
FrankenberryKA, SkinnerH, SomasundarP, McFaddenDW, Vona-DavisLC. Leptin receptor expression and cell signaling in breast cancer. Int J Oncol, 28:985–993. 2006.
105.
FriedewaldVE, BennettJS, ChristoJP, PoolJL, ScheimanJM, SimonLS, StrandV, WhiteWB, WilliamsGW, RobertsWC. AJC editor's consensus: selective and nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cardiovascular risk. Am J Cardiol, 106:873–884. 2010.
106.
FriisS, ThomassenL, SorensenHT, TjonnelandA, OvervadK, Cronin-FentonDP, VogelU, McLaughlinJK, BlotWJ, OlsenJH. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and breast cancer risk: a Danish cohort study. Eur J Cancer Prev, 17:88–96. 2008.
FukushimaM. Biological activities and mechanisms of action of PGJ2 and related compounds: an update. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 47:1–12. 1992.
109.
FukushimaM. Prostaglandin J2—anti-tumour and anti-viral activities and the mechanisms involved. Eicosanoids, 3:189–199. 1990.
110.
FunkCD. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes: advances in eicosanoid biology. Science, 294:1871–1875. 2001.
111.
FurukawaS, FujitaT, ShimabukuroM, IwakiM, YamadaY, NakajimaY, NakayamaO, MakishimaM, MatsudaM, ShimomuraI. Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest, 114:1752–1761. 2004.
112.
FuruyashikiT, NarumiyaS. Roles of prostaglandin E receptors in stress responses. Curr Opin Pharmacol, 9:31–38. 2009.
113.
FuscoR, GalganiM, ProcacciniC, FrancoR, PirozziG, FucciL, LaccettiP, MatareseG. Cellular and molecular crosstalk between leptin receptor and estrogen receptor-{alpha} in breast cancer: molecular basis for a novel therapeutic setting. Endocr-Relat Cancer, 17:373–382. 2010.
114.
GallicchioL, VisvanathanK, BurkeA, HoffmanSC, HelzlsouerKJ. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of developing breast cancer in a population-based prospective cohort study in Washington County, MD. Int J Cancer, 121:211–215. 2007.
115.
GaoJ, TianJ, LvY, ShiF, KongF, ShiH, ZhaoL. Leptin induces functional activation of cyclooxygenase-2 through JAK2/STAT3, MAPK/ERK, and PI3K/AKT pathways in human endometrial cancer cells. Cancer Sci, 100:389–395. 2009.
116.
GarofaloC, KodaM, CascioS, SulkowskaM, Kanczuga-KodaL, GolaszewskaJ, RussoA, SulkowskiS, SurmaczE. Increased expression of leptin and the leptin receptor as a marker of breast cancer progression: possible role of obesity-related stimuli. Clin Cancer Res, 12:1447–1453. 2006.
117.
GaronnaE, BothamKM, BirdseyGM, RandiAM, Gonzalez-PerezRR, Wheeler-JonesCP. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 couples cyclo-oxygenase-2 with pro-angiogenic actions of leptin on human endothelial cells. PloS One, 6:e18823. 2011.
118.
GaudetMM, FalkRT, GierachGL, LaceyJVJr., GraubardBI, DorganJF, BrintonLA. Do adipokines underlie the association between known risk factors and breast cancer among a cohort of United States women?Cancer Epidemiol, 34:580–586. 2010.
119.
GautronL, ElmquistJK. Sixteen years and counting: an update on leptin in energy balance. J Clin Invest, 121:2087–2093. 2011.
120.
GeislerJ, LonningPE. Aromatase inhibition: translation into a successful therapeutic approach. Clin Cancer Res, 11:2809–2821. 2005.
121.
GierachGL, LaceyJVJr., SchatzkinA, LeitzmannMF, RichessonD, HollenbeckAR, BrintonLA. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and breast cancer risk in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study. Breast Cancer Res, 10:R38. 2008.
122.
GierseJK, HauserSD, CreelyDP, KoboldtC, RangwalaSH, IsaksonPC, SeibertK. Expression and selective inhibition of the constitutive and inducible forms of human cyclo-oxygenase. Biochem J 305 (Pt, 2):479–484. 1995.
123.
GillJK, MaskarinecG, WilkensLR, PikeMC, HendersonBE, KolonelLN. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and breast cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort. Am J Epidemiol, 166:1150–1158. 2007.
124.
GiovannucciE, RimmEB, LiuY, LeitzmannM, WuK, StampferMJ, WillettWC. Body mass index and risk of prostate cancer in U.S. health professionals. J Natl Cancer Inst, 95:1240–1244. 2003.
125.
GonzalezRR, CherfilsS, EscobarM, YooJH, CarinoC, StyerAK, SullivanBT, SakamotoH, OlawaiyeA, SerikawaT, LynchMP, RuedaBR. Leptin signaling promotes the growth of mammary tumors and increases the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor type two (VEGF-R2)J Biol Chem, 281:26320–26328. 2006.
126.
GranstromE, KindahlH. Species differences in circulating prostaglandin metabolites. Relevance for the assay of prostaglandin release. Biochim Biophys Acta, 713:555–569. 1982.
127.
GranstromE, KindahlH, SwahnML. Profiles of prostaglandin metabolites in the human circulation. Identification of late-appearing, long-lived products. Biochim Biophys Acta, 713:46–60. 1982.
128.
GreeneER, HuangS, SerhanCN, PanigrahyD. Regulation of inflammation in cancer by eicosanoids. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat, 96:27–36. 2011.
129.
GrosfeldA, ZilberfarbV, TurbanS, AndreJ, Guerre-MilloM, IssadT. Hypoxia increases leptin expression in human PAZ6 adipose cells. Diabetologia, 45:527–530. 2002.
130.
GuoS, Gonzalez-PerezRR. Notch, IL-1 and leptin crosstalk outcome (NILCO) is critical for leptin-induced proliferation, migration and VEGF/VEGFR-2 expression in breast cancer. PloS One, 6:e21467. 2011.
131.
GuoS, LiuM, WangG, Torroella-KouriM, Gonzalez-PerezRR. Oncogenic role and therapeutic target of leptin signaling in breast cancer and cancer stem cells. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1825:207–222. 2012.
132.
HaegeleAD, WolfeP, ThompsonHJ. X-radiation induces 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine formation in vivo in rat mammary gland DNA. Carcinogenesis, 19:1319–1321. 1998.
133.
HalliwellB. Free radicals, antioxidants, and human disease: curiosity, cause, or consequence?Lancet, 344:721–724. 1994.
134.
HalliwellB. Oxidative stress and cancer: have we moved forward?Biochem J, 401:1–11. 2007.
135.
HalliwellB. Reactive species and antioxidants. Redox biology is a fundamental theme of aerobic life. Plant Physiol, 141:312–322. 2006.
136.
HambergM, IsraelssonU, SamuelssonB. Metabolism of prostaglandin E 2 in guinea pig liver. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 180:164–180. 1971.
137.
HambergM, SamuelssonB. Detection and isolation of intermediate in prostaglandin biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 70:899–903. 1973.
138.
HambergM, SamuelssonB. Oxygenation of unsaturated fatty acids by the vesicular gland of sheep. J Biol Chem, 242:5344–5354. 1967.
139.
HambergM, SamuelssonB. Prostaglandin endoperoxides. Novel transformations of arachidonic acid in human platelets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 71:3400–3404. 1974.
140.
HambergM, SvenssonJ, SamuelssonB. Thromboxanes: a new family of biologically active compounds derived from prostaglandin endoperoxides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 72:2994–2998. 1974.
141.
HanadaR, LeibbrandtA, HanadaT, KitaokaS, FuruyashikiT, FujiharaH, TrichereauJ, PaolinoM, QadriF, PlehmR, KlaereS, KomnenovicV, MimataH, YoshimatsuH, TakahashiN, von HaeselerA, BaderM, KilicSS, UetaY, PiflC, NarumiyaS, PenningerJM. Central control of fever and female body temperature by RANKL/RANK. Nature, 462:505–509. 2009.
142.
HanakaH, PawelzikSC, JohnsenJI, RakonjacM, TerawakiK, RasmusonA, SveinbjornssonB, SchumacherMC, HambergM, SamuelssonB, JakobssonPJ, KognerP, RadmarkO. Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1 determines tumor growth in vivo of prostate and lung cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 106:18757–18762. 2009.
143.
HarrisRE, Beebe-DonkJ, AlshafieGA. Cancer chemoprevention by cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) blockade: results of case control studies. Subcell Biochem, 42:193–212. 2007.
144.
HarrisRE, NamboodiriK, StellmanSD, WynderEL. Breast cancer and NSAID use: heterogeneity of effect in a case-control study. Prev Med, 24:119–120. 1995.
145.
HarrisRE, NamboodiriKK, FarrarWB. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and breast cancer. Epidemiology, 7:203–205. 1996.
146.
HazraS, BatraRK, TaiHH, SharmaS, CuiX, DubinettSM. Pioglitazone and rosiglitazone decrease prostaglandin E2 in non-small-cell lung cancer cells by up-regulating 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase. Mol Pharmacol, 71:1715–1720. 2007.
147.
HelmerssonJ, LarssonA, VessbyB, BasuS. Active smoking and a history of smoking are associated with enhanced prostaglandin F(2alpha), interleukin-6 and F2-isoprostane formation in elderly men. Atherosclerosis, 181:201–207. 2005.
148.
HelmerssonJ, VessbyB, LarssonA, BasuS. Association of type 2 diabetes with cyclooxygenase-mediated inflammation and oxidative stress in an elderly population. Circulation, 109:1729–1734. 2004.
149.
HimmetogluS, DincerY, ErsoyYE, BayraktarB, CelikV, AkcayT. DNA oxidation and antioxidant status in breast cancer. J Investig Med, 57:720–723. 2009.
150.
HoffstedtJ, ArvidssonE, SjolinE, WahlenK, ArnerP. Adipose tissue adiponectin production and adiponectin serum concentration in human obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89:1391–1396. 2004.
HolmesMD, ChenWY, LiL, HertzmarkE, SpiegelmanD, HankinsonSE. Aspirin intake and survival after breast cancer. J Clin Oncol, 28:1467–1472. 2010.
153.
HosogaiN, FukuharaA, OshimaK, MiyataY, TanakaS, SegawaK, FurukawaS, TochinoY, KomuroR, MatsudaM, ShimomuraI. Adipose tissue hypoxia in obesity and its impact on adipocytokine dysregulation. Diabetes, 56:901–911. 2007.
154.
HoweLR. Inflammation and breast cancer. Cyclooxygenase/prostaglandin signaling and breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res, 9:210. 2007.
155.
HsiehFC, ChengG, LinJ. Evaluation of potential Stat3-regulated genes in human breast cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 335:292–299. 2005.
156.
HuE, LiangP, SpiegelmanBM. AdipoQ is a novel adipose-specific gene dysregulated in obesity. J Biol Chem, 271:10697–10703. 1996.
157.
HuangCY, YuHS, LaiTY, YehYL, SuCC, HsuHH, TsaiFJ, TsaiCH, WuHC, TangCH. Leptin increases motility and integrin up-regulation in human prostate cancer cells. J Cell Physiol, 226:1274–1282. 2011.
158.
HugC, WangJ, AhmadNS, BoganJS, TsaoTS, LodishHF. T-cadherin is a receptor for hexameric and high-molecular-weight forms of Acrp30/adiponectin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 101:10308–10313. 2004.
159.
IngallsAM, DickieMM, SnellGD. Obese, a new mutation in the house mouse. J Hered, 41:317–318. 1950.
160.
IshiharaO, HayashiM, OsawaH, KobayashiK, TakedaS, VessbyB, BasuS. Isoprostanes, prostaglandins and tocopherols in pre-eclampsia, normal pregnancy and non-pregnancy. Free Radic Res, 38:913–918. 2004.
161.
IshikawaM, KitayamaJ, NagawaH. Enhanced expression of leptin and leptin receptor (OB-R) in human breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res, 10:4325–4331. 2004.
162.
IsseN, OgawaY, TamuraN, MasuzakiH, MoriK, OkazakiT, SatohN, ShigemotoM, YoshimasaY, NishiSet al.Structural organization and chromosomal assignment of the human obese gene. J Biol Chem, 270:27728–27733. 1995.
163.
IwabuM, YamauchiT, Okada-IwabuM, SatoK, NakagawaT, FunataM, YamaguchiM, NamikiS, NakayamaR, TabataM, OgataH, KubotaN, TakamotoI, HayashiYK, YamauchiN, WakiH, FukayamaM, NishinoI, TokuyamaK, UekiK, OikeY, IshiiS, HiroseK, ShimizuT, TouharaK, KadowakiT. Adiponectin and AdipoR1 regulate PGC-1alpha and mitochondria by Ca(2+) and AMPK/SIRT1. Nature, 464:1313–1319. 2010.
164.
JakobssonPJ, MorgensternR, ManciniJ, Ford-HutchinsonA, PerssonB. Common structural features of MAPEG—a widespread superfamily of membrane associated proteins with highly divergent functions in eicosanoid and glutathione metabolism. Protein Sci, 8:689–692. 1999.
165.
JakobssonPJ, ThorenS, MorgensternR, SamuelssonB. Identification of human prostaglandin E synthase: a microsomal, glutathione-dependent, inducible enzyme, constituting a potential novel drug target. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 96:7220–7225. 1999.
166.
JardeT, Caldefie-ChezetF, DamezM, MishellanyF, PerroneD, Penault-LlorcaF, GuillotJ, VassonMP. Adiponectin and leptin expression in primary ductal breast cancer and in adjacent healthy epithelial and myoepithelial tissue. Histopathology, 53:484–487. 2008.
167.
JardeT, Caldefie-ChezetF, Goncalves-MendesN, MishellanyF, BuechlerC, Penault-LlorcaF, VassonMP. Involvement of adiponectin and leptin in breast cancer: clinical and in vitro studies. Endocr-Relat Cancer, 16:1197–1210. 2009.
168.
JardeT, PerrierS, VassonMP, Caldefie-ChezetF. Molecular mechanisms of leptin and adiponectin in breast cancer. Eur J Cancer, 47:33–43. 2011.
169.
JeongYJ, BongJG, ParkSH, ChoiJH, OhHK. Expression of leptin, leptin receptor, adiponectin, and adiponectin receptor in ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive breast cancer. J Breast Cancer, 14:96–103. 2011.
170.
JiangL, YouJ, YuX, GonzalezL, YuY, WangQ, YangG, LiW, LiC, LiuY. Tyrosine-dependent and -independent actions of leptin receptor in control of energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 105:18619–18624. 2008.
JonassonS, HjobergJ, HedenstiernaG, BasuS. Allergen-induced formation of F2-isoprostanes in a murine asthma model identifies oxidative stress in acute airway inflammation in vivo. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 80:1–7. 2009.
173.
JousseC, ParryL, Lambert-LanglaisS, MaurinAC, AverousJ, BruhatA, CarraroV, TostJ, LetteronP, ChenP, JockersR, LaunayJM, MalletJ, FafournouxP. Perinatal undernutrition affects the methylation and expression of the leptin gene in adults: implication for the understanding of metabolic syndrome. FASEB J, 25:3271–3278. 2011.
174.
KadlubarFF, AndersonKE, HaussermannS, LangNP, BaroneGW, ThompsonPA, MacLeodSL, ChouMW, MikhailovaM, PlastarasJ, MarnettLJ, NairJ, VelicI, BartschH. Comparison of DNA adduct levels associated with oxidative stress in human pancreas. Mutat Res, 405:125–133. 1998.
175.
KansanenE, KivelaAM, LevonenAL. Regulation of Nrf2-dependent gene expression by 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2. Free Radic Biol Med, 47:1310–1317. 2009.
176.
KappesA, LofflerG. Influences of ionomycin, dibutyryl-cycloAMP and tumour necrosis factor-alpha on intracellular amount and secretion of apM1 in differentiating primary human preadipocytes. Horm Metab Res, 32:548–554. 2000.
177.
KaradumanM, BiliciA, OzetA, SengulA, MusabakU, AlomerogluM. Tissue leptin levels in patients with breast cancer. J BUON, 15:369–372. 2010.
178.
KarihtalaP, KauppilaS, PuistolaU, Jukkola-VuorinenA. Divergent behaviour of oxidative stress markers 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) in breast carcinogenesis. Histopathology, 58:854–862. 2011.
179.
KawamoriT, UchiyaN, SugimuraT, WakabayashiK. Enhancement of colon carcinogenesis by prostaglandin E2 administration. Carcinogenesis, 24:985–990. 2003.
180.
KimEH, NaHK, KimDH, ParkSA, KimHN, SongNY, SurhYJ. 15-Deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 induces COX-2 expression through Akt-driven AP-1 activation in human breast cancer cells: a potential role of ROS. Carcinogenesis, 29:688–695. 2008.
181.
KimEH, SurhYJ. 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 as a potential endogenous regulator of redox-sensitive transcription factors. Biochem Pharmacol, 72:1516–1528. 2006.
182.
KimEJ, ChoiMR, ParkH, KimM, HongJE, LeeJY, ChunHS, LeeKW, ParkJH. Dietary fat increases solid tumor growth and metastasis of 4T1 murine mammary carcinoma cells, and mortality in obesity-resistant BALB/c mice. Breast Cancer Res, 13:R78. 2011.
183.
KimY, StolarskaMA, OthmerHG. The role of the microenvironment in tumor growth and invasion. Prog Biophys Mol Biol, 106:353–379. 2011.
184.
KirshVA, KreigerN, CotterchioM, SloanM, TheisB. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use and breast cancer risk: subgroup findings. Am J Epidemiol, 166:709–716. 2007.
185.
KlaunigJE, WangZ, PuX, ZhouS. Oxidative stress and oxidative damage in chemical carcinogenesis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 254:86–99. 2011.
186.
KlimcakovaE, KovacikovaM, StichV, LanginD. Adipokines and dietary interventions in human obesity. Obes Rev, 11:446–456. 2010.
187.
KobayashiH, OuchiN, KiharaS, WalshK, KumadaM, AbeY, FunahashiT, MatsuzawaY. Selective suppression of endothelial cell apoptosis by the high molecular weight form of adiponectin. Circ Res, 94:e27–e31. 2004.
188.
KobayashiT, NarumiyaS. Function of prostanoid receptors: studies on knockout mice. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat, 68–69:557–573. 2002.
189.
KokiAT, MasferrerJL. Celecoxib: a specific COX-2 inhibitor with anticancer properties. Cancer Control, 9:28–35. 2002.
190.
KornerA, Pazaitou-PanayiotouK, KelesidisT, KelesidisI, WilliamsCJ, KapraraA, BullenJ, NeuwirthA, TseleniS, MitsiadesN, KiessW, MantzorosCS. Total and high-molecular-weight adiponectin in breast cancer: in vitro and in vivo studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 92:1041–1048. 2007.
191.
KrauseMP, LiuY, VuV, ChanL, XuA, RiddellMC, SweeneyG, HawkeTJ. Adiponectin is expressed by skeletal muscle fibers and influences muscle phenotype and function. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 295:C203–C212. 2008.
192.
KrishnanAV, SwamiS, PengL, WangJ, MorenoJ, FeldmanD. Tissue-selective regulation of aromatase expression by calcitriol: implications for breast cancer therapy. Endocrinology, 151:32–42. 2010.
193.
KrystonTB, GeorgievAB, PissisP, GeorgakilasAG. Role of oxidative stress and DNA damage in human carcinogenesis. Mutat Res, 711:193–201. 2011.
194.
KumarS, KishimotoH, ChuaHL, BadveS, MillerKD, BigsbyRM, NakshatriH. Interleukin-1 alpha promotes tumor growth and cachexia in MCF-7 xenograft model of breast cancer. Am J Pathol, 163:2531–2541. 2003.
195.
KuoHW, ChouSY, HuTW, WuFY, ChenDJ. Urinary 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and genetic polymorphisms in breast cancer patients. Mutat Res, 631:62–68. 2007.
196.
KuperH, AdamiHO, TrichopoulosD. Infections as a major preventable cause of human cancer. J Intern Med, 248:171–183. 2000.
KwanML, HabelLA, SlatteryML, CaanB. NSAIDs and breast cancer recurrence in a prospective cohort study. Cancer Causes Control, 18:613–620. 2007.
199.
La GuardiaM, GiammancoS, Di MajoD, TabacchiG, TripoliE, GiammancoM. Omega 3 fatty acids: biological activity and effects on human health. Panminerva Med, 47:245–257. 2005.
200.
LamJB, ChowKH, XuA, LamKS, LiuJ, WongNS, MoonRT, ShepherdPR, CooperGJ, WangY. Adiponectin haploinsufficiency promotes mammary tumor development in MMTV-PyVT mice by modulation of phosphatase and tensin homolog activities. PloS One, 4:e4968. 2009.
201.
Landskroner-EigerS, QianB, MuiseES, NawrockiAR, BergerJP, FineEJ, KobaW, DengY, PollardJW, SchererPE. Proangiogenic contribution of adiponectin toward mammary tumor growth in vivo. Clin Cancer Res, 15:3265–3276. 2009.
202.
LeePP, IpMM. Regulation of proliferation of rat mammary tumor cells by inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 45:21–31. 1992.
203.
LiJ, YenC, LiawD, PodsypaninaK, BoseS, WangSI, PucJ, MiliaresisC, RodgersL, McCombieR, BignerSH, GiovanellaBC, IttmannM, TyckoB, HibshooshH, WiglerMH, ParsonsR. PTEN, a putative protein tyrosine phosphatase gene mutated in human brain, breast, and prostate cancer. Science, 275:1943–1947. 1997.
204.
LiS, ShinHJ, DingEL, van DamRM. Adiponectin levels and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA, 302:179–188. 2009.
205.
LippmanME, DicksonRB, GelmannEP, RosenN, KnabbeC, BatesS, BronzertD, HuffK, KasidA. Growth regulation of human breast carcinoma occurs through regulated growth factor secretion. J Cell Biochem, 35:1–16. 1987.
206.
LiuJ, LamJB, ChowKH, XuA, LamKS, MoonRT, WangY. Adiponectin stimulates Wnt inhibitory factor-1 expression through epigenetic regulations involving the transcription factor specificity protein 1. Carcinogenesis, 29:2195–2202. 2008.
207.
LiuM, ZhouL, XuA, LamKS, WetzelMD, XiangR, ZhangJ, XinX, DongLQ, LiuF. A disulfide-bond A oxidoreductase-like protein (DsbA-L) regulates adiponectin multimerization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 105:18302–18307. 2008.
208.
LiuXH, KirschenbaumA, LuM, YaoS, DosoretzA, HollandJF, LevineAC. Prostaglandin E2 induces hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha stabilization and nuclear localization in a human prostate cancer cell line. J Biol Chem, 277:50081–50086. 2002.
LongmireAW, RobertsLJ, MorrowJD. Actions of the E2-isoprostane, 8-ISO-PGE2, on the platelet thromboxane/endoperoxide receptor in humans and rats: additional evidence for the existence of a unique isoprostane receptor. Prostaglandins, 48:247–256. 1994.
LouPH, YangG, HuangL, CuiY, PourbahramiT, RaddaGK, LiC, HanW. Reduced body weight and increased energy expenditure in transgenic mice over-expressing soluble leptin receptor. PloS One, 5:e11669. 2010.
213.
MaccioA, MadedduC. Obesity, inflammation, and postmenopausal breast cancer: therapeutic implications. ScientificWorldJournal, 11:2020–2036. 2011.
214.
MaccioA, MadedduC, GramignanoG, MulasC, FlorisC, MassaD, AstaraG, ChessaP, MantovaniG. Correlation of body mass index and leptin with tumor size and stage of disease in hormone-dependent postmenopausal breast cancer: preliminary results and therapeutic implications. J Mol Med, 88:677–686. 2010.
215.
MaedaK, OkuboK, ShimomuraI, FunahashiT, MatsuzawaY, MatsubaraK. cDNA cloning and expression of a novel adipose specific collagen-like factor, apM1 (AdiPose Most abundant Gene transcript 1)Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 221:286–289. 1996.
MaedaN, TakahashiM, FunahashiT, KiharaS, NishizawaH, KishidaK, NagaretaniH, MatsudaM, KomuroR, OuchiN, KuriyamaH, HottaK, NakamuraT, ShimomuraI, MatsuzawaY. PPARgamma ligands increase expression and plasma concentrations of adiponectin, an adipose-derived protein. Diabetes, 50:2094–2099. 2001.
218.
MaedaT, HoriuchiN. Simvastatin suppresses leptin expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via activation of the cyclic AMP-PKA pathway induced by inhibition of protein prenylation. J Biochem, 145:771–781. 2009.
219.
MangiapaneS, BlettnerM, SchlattmannP. Aspirin use and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis and meta-regression of observational studies from 2001 to 2005. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 17:115–124. 2008.
220.
MantzorosC, PetridouE, DessyprisN, ChavelasC, DalamagaM, AlexeDM, PapadiamantisY, MarkopoulosC, SpanosE, ChrousosG, TrichopoulosD. Adiponectin and breast cancer risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89:1102–1107. 2004.
221.
MaoX, KikaniCK, RiojasRA, LanglaisP, WangL, RamosFJ, FangQ, Christ-RobertsCY, HongJY, KimRY, LiuF, DongLQ. APPL1 binds to adiponectin receptors and mediates adiponectin signalling and function. Nat Cell Biol, 8:516–523. 2006.
222.
MarnettLJ. Aspirin and the potential role of prostaglandins in colon cancer. Cancer Res, 52:5575–5589. 1992.
223.
MarnettLJ. Chemistry and biology of DNA damage by malondialdehyde. IARC Sci Publ, 17–27. 1999.
MarnettLJ. Oxy radicals, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. Toxicology, 181–182:219–222. 2002.
226.
MasonMM, HeY, ChenH, QuonMJ, ReitmanM. Regulation of leptin promoter function by Sp1, C/EBP, and a novel factor. Endocrinology, 139:1013–1022. 1998.
227.
MatareseG, MoschosS, MantzorosCS. Leptin in immunology. J Immunol, 174:3137–3142. 2005.
228.
MauroL, CatalanoS, BossiG, PellegrinoM, BaroneI, MoralesS, GiordanoC, BartellaV, CasaburiI, AndoS. Evidences that leptin up-regulates E-cadherin expression in breast cancer: effects on tumor growth and progression. Cancer Res, 67:3412–3421. 2007.
McTiernanA, WangCY, SorensenB, XiaoL, BuistDS, Aiello BowlesEJ, WhiteE, RossingMA, PotterJ, UrbanN. No effect of aspirin on mammographic density in a randomized controlled clinical trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 18:1524–1530. 2009.
231.
MeadowsJW, EisAL, BrockmanDE, MyattL. Expression and localization of prostaglandin E synthase isoforms in human fetal membranes in term and preterm labor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88:433–439. 2003.
232.
MeadowsJW, PitzerB, BrockmanDE, MyattL. Differential localization of prostaglandin E synthase isoforms in human placental cell types. Placenta, 25:259–265. 2004.
233.
MehrotraS, MorimiyaA, AgarwalB, KongerR, BadveS. Microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 in breast cancer: a potential target for therapy. J Pathol, 208:356–363. 2006.
234.
MelznerI, ScottV, DorschK, FischerP, WabitschM, BruderleinS, HaselC, MollerP. Leptin gene expression in human preadipocytes is switched on by maturation-induced demethylation of distinct CpGs in its proximal promoter. J Biol Chem, 277:45420–45427. 2002.
235.
MilagroFI, CampionJ, Garcia-DiazDF, GoyenecheaE, PaternainL, MartinezJA. High fat diet-induced obesity modifies the methylation pattern of leptin promoter in rats. J Physiol Biochem, 65:1–9. 2009.
236.
MiyoshiY, FunahashiT, KiharaS, TaguchiT, TamakiY, MatsuzawaY, NoguchiS. Association of serum adiponectin levels with breast cancer risk. Clin Cancer Res, 9:5699–5704. 2003.
237.
MoncadaS, VaneJR. Pharmacology and endogenous roles of prostaglandin endoperoxides, thromboxane A2, and prostacyclin. Pharmacol Rev, 30:293–331. 1978.
238.
MontuschiP, BarnesP, RobertsLJ2nd. Insights into oxidative stress: the isoprostanes. Curr Med Chem, 14:703–717. 2007.
239.
MontuschiP, RagazzoniE, ValenteS, CorboG, MondinoC, CiappiG, CiabattoniG. Validation of 8-isoprostane and prostaglandin E(2) measurements in exhaled breath condensate. Inflamm Res, 52:502–507. 2003.
240.
MorrisPG, HudisCA, GiriD, MorrowM, FalconeDJ, ZhouXK, DuB, BrogiE, CrawfordCB, KopelovichL, SubbaramaiahK, DannenbergAJ. Inflammation and increased aromatase expression occur in the breast tissue of obese women with breast cancer. Cancer Prev Res, 4:1021–1029. 2011.
241.
MorrowJD. Is oxidant stress a connection between obesity and atherosclerosis?Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 23:368–370. 2003.
242.
MorrowJD. The isoprostanes—unique products of arachidonate peroxidation: their role as mediators of oxidant stress. Curr Pharm Des, 12:895–902. 2006.
243.
MorrowJD. The isoprostanes: their quantification as an index of oxidant stress status in vivo. Drug Metab Rev, 32:377–385. 2000.
244.
MorrowJD, HillKE, BurkRF, NammourTM, BadrKF, RobertsLJd. A series of prostaglandin F2-like compounds are produced in vivo in humans by a non-cyclooxygenase, free radical-catalyzed mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 87:9383–9387. 1990.
245.
MorrowJD, RobertsLJ2nd. The isoprostanes. Current knowledge and directions for future research. Biochem Pharmacol, 51:1–9. 1996.
246.
MurataT, AritakeK, MatsumotoS, KamauchiS, NakagawaT, HoriM, MomotaniE, UradeY, OzakiH. Prostagladin D2 is a mast cell-derived antiangiogenic factor in lung carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 108:19802–19807. 2011.
247.
MurataT, LinMI, AritakeK, MatsumotoS, NarumiyaS, OzakiH, UradeY, HoriM, SessaWC. Role of prostaglandin D2 receptor DP as a suppressor of tumor hyperpermeability and angiogenesis in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 105:20009–20014. 2008.
248.
MurphyTK, CalleEE, RodriguezC, KahnHS, ThunMJ. Body mass index and colon cancer mortality in a large prospective study. Am J Epidemiol, 152:847–854. 2000.
249.
MurrayPA, Barrett-LeeP, TraversM, LuqmaniY, PowlesT, CoombesRC. The prognostic significance of transforming growth factors in human breast cancer. Br J Cancer, 67:1408–1412. 1993.
250.
MusarratJ, Arezina-WilsonJ, WaniAA. Prognostic and aetiological relevance of 8-hydroxyguanosine in human breast carcinogenesis. Eur J Cancer, 32A:1209–1214. 1996.
251.
MyungSJ, KimIH. [Role of prostaglandins in colon cancer]Korean J Gastroenterol, 51:274–279. 2008.
252.
NaHK, ParkJM, LeeHG, LeeH, MyungSJ, SurhYJ. 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase as a novel molecular target for cancer chemoprevention and therapy. Biochem Pharmacol, 82:1352–1360. 2011.
253.
NakanishiS, YamaneK, KameiN, NojimaH, OkuboM, KohnoN. A protective effect of adiponectin against oxidative stress in Japanese Americans: the association between adiponectin or leptin and urinary isoprostane. Metab: Clin Exp, 54:194–199. 2005.
254.
NakanoY, TobeT, Choi-MiuraNH, MazdaT, TomitaM. Isolation and characterization of GBP28, a novel gelatin-binding protein purified from human plasma. J Biochem, 120:803–812. 1996.
NkhataKJ, RayA, SchusterTF, GrossmannME, ClearyMP. Effects of adiponectin and leptin co-treatment on human breast cancer cell growth. Oncol Rep, 21:1611–1619. 2009.
260.
NoonanDM, De Lerma BarbaroA, VanniniN, MortaraL, AlbiniA. Inflammation, inflammatory cells and angiogenesis: decisions and indecisions. Cancer Metastasis Rev, 27:31–40. 2008.
261.
OgunwobiO, MutungiG, BealesIL. Leptin stimulates proliferation and inhibits apoptosis in Barrett's esophageal adenocarcinoma cells by cyclooxygenase-2-dependent, prostaglandin-E2-mediated transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activation. Endocrinology, 147:4505–4516. 2006.
262.
OtakeS, TakedaH, FujishimaS, FukuiT, OriiT, SatoT, SasakiY, NishiseS, KawataS. Decreased levels of plasma adiponectin associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol, 16:1252–1257. 2010.
263.
OtvosLJr., KovalszkyI, RiolfiM, FerlaR, OlahJ, SztodolaA, NamaK, MolinoA, PiubelloQ, WadeJD, SurmaczE. Efficacy of a leptin receptor antagonist peptide in a mouse model of triple-negative breast cancer. Eur J Cancer, 47:1578–1584. 2011.
264.
OuchiN, ParkerJL, LugusJJ, WalshK. Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease. Nat Rev Immunol, 11:85–97. 2011.
265.
OzbayT, NahtaR. A novel unidirectional cross-talk from the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor to leptin receptor in human breast cancer cells. Molecular Cancer Res, 6:1052–1058. 2008.
266.
PaiR, LinC, TranT, TarnawskiA. Leptin activates STAT and ERK2 pathways and induces gastric cancer cell proliferation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 331:984–992. 2005.
267.
PajvaniUB, DuX, CombsTP, BergAH, RajalaMW, SchulthessT, EngelJ, BrownleeM, SchererPE. Structure-function studies of the adipocyte-secreted hormone Acrp30/adiponectin. Implications fpr metabolic regulation and bioactivity. J Biol Chem, 278:9073–9085. 2003.
268.
PanW, HsuchouH, TuH, KastinAJ. Developmental changes of leptin receptors in cerebral microvessels: unexpected relation to leptin transport. Endocrinology, 149:877–885. 2008.
269.
ParkJ, KusminskiCM, ChuaSC, SchererPE. Leptin receptor signaling supports cancer cell metabolism through suppression of mitochondrial respiration in vivo. Am J Pathol, 177:3133–3144. 2010.
270.
ParrettM, HarrisR, JoarderF, RossM, ClausenK, RobertsonF. Cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in human breast cancer. Int J Oncol, 10:503–507. 1997.
271.
ParrettML, Abou-IssaHM, AlshafieG, RossMS, HarrisRE, RobertsonFM. Comparative ability of ibuprofen and N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide to inhibit development of rat mammary adenocarcinomas associated with differential inhibition of gene expression of cyclooxygenase isoforms. Anticancer Res, 19:5079–5085. 1999.
272.
PattersonRE, FlattSW, NewmanVA, NatarajanL, RockCL, ThomsonCA, CaanBJ, ParkerBA, PierceJP. Marine fatty acid intake is associated with breast cancer prognosis. J Nutr, 141:201–206. 2011.
273.
PeakePW, HughesJT, ShenY, CharlesworthJA. Glycosylation of human adiponectin affects its conformation and stability. J Mol Endocrinol, 39:45–52. 2007.
274.
PereraCN, ChinHG, DuruN, CamarilloIG. Leptin-regulated gene expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells: mechanistic insights into leptin-regulated mammary tumor growth and progression. J Endocrinol, 199:221–233. 2008.
275.
PfeilerGH, BuechlerC, NeumeierM, SchafflerA, SchmitzG, OrtmannO, TreeckO. Adiponectin effects on human breast cancer cells are dependent on 17-beta estradiol. Oncol Rep, 19:787–793. 2008.
PineiroR, IglesiasMJ, GallegoR, RaghayK, EirasS, RubioJ, DieguezC, GualilloO, Gonzalez-JuanateyJR, LagoF. Adiponectin is synthesized and secreted by human and murine cardiomyocytes. FEBS Lett, 579:5163–5169. 2005.
278.
PoytonRO, BallKA, CastelloPR. Mitochondrial generation of free radicals and hypoxic signaling. Trends Endocrinol Metab, 20:332–340. 2009.
279.
PurdhamDM, ZouMX, RajapurohitamV, KarmazynM. Rat heart is a site of leptin production and action. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 287:H2877–H2884. 2004.
280.
QiaoL, ShaoJ. SIRT1 regulates adiponectin gene expression through Foxo1-C/enhancer-binding protein alpha transcriptional complex. J Biol Chem, 281:39915–39924. 2006.
281.
QualtroughD, KaidiA, ChellS, JabbourHN, WilliamsAC, ParaskevaC. Prostaglandin F(2alpha) stimulates motility and invasion in colorectal tumor cells. Int J Cancer, 121:734–740. 2007.
282.
RasoGM, PacilioM, EspositoE, CoppolaA, Di CarloR, MeliR. Leptin potentiates IFN-gamma-induced expression of nitric oxide synthase and cyclo-oxygenase-2 in murine macrophage J774A.1. Br J Pharmacol, 137:799–804. 2002.
283.
RasouliN, Yao-BorengasserA, MilesLM, ElbeinSC, KernPA. Increased plasma adiponectin in response to pioglitazone does not result from increased gene expression. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metabol, 290:E42–E46. 2006.
284.
RayA, NkhataKJ, ClearyMP. Effects of leptin on human breast cancer cell lines in relationship to estrogen receptor and HER2 status. Int J Oncol, 30:1499–1509. 2007.
285.
RayA, NkhataKJ, GrandeJP, ClearyMP. Diet-induced obesity and mammary tumor development in relation to estrogen receptor status. Cancer Lett, 253:291–300. 2007.
286.
ReadyA, VelicerCM, McTiernanA, WhiteE. NSAID use and breast cancer risk in the VITAL cohort. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 109:533–543. 2008.
287.
Rene GonzalezR, WattersA, XuY, SinghUP, MannDR, RuedaBR, PenichetML. Leptin-signaling inhibition results in efficient anti-tumor activity in estrogen receptor positive or negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res, 11:R36. 2009.
288.
Research WCRFAifC. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective. AICR: Washington DC, 2007.
289.
ReuterS, GuptaSC, ChaturvediMM, AggarwalBB. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer: how are they linked?Free Radic Biol Med, 49:1603–1616. 2010.
RichardsAA, ColgraveML, ZhangJ, WebsterJ, SimpsonF, PrestonE, WilksD, HoehnKL, StephensonM, MacdonaldGA, PrinsJB, CooneyGJ, XuA, WhiteheadJP. Sialic acid modification of adiponectin is not required for multimerization or secretion but determines half-life in circulation. Mol Endocrinol, 24:229–239. 2010.
292.
RieussetJ, AuwerxJ, VidalH. Regulation of gene expression by activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma with rosiglitazone (BRL 49653) in human adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 265:265–271. 1999.
293.
RigasB, GoldmanIS, LevineL. Altered eicosanoid levels in human colon cancer. J Lab Clin Med, 122:518–523. 1993.
294.
RistimakiA, SivulaA, LundinJ, LundinM, SalminenT, HaglundC, JoensuuH, IsolaJ. Prognostic significance of elevated cyclooxygenase-2 expression in breast cancer. Cancer Res, 62:632–635. 2002.
295.
Rodriguez-PachecoF, Martinez-FuentesAJ, TovarS, PinillaL, Tena-SempereM, DieguezC, CastanoJP, MalagonMM. Regulation of pituitary cell function by adiponectin. Endocrinology, 148:401–410. 2007.
296.
RoseDP, ConnollyJM. Omega-3 fatty acids as cancer chemopreventive agents. Pharmacol Ther, 83:217–244. 1999.
297.
RoseDP, ConnollyJM, RayburnJ, ColemanM. Influence of diets containing eicosapentaenoic or docosahexaenoic acid on growth and metastasis of breast cancer cells in nude mice. J Natl Cancer Inst, 87:587–592. 1995.
298.
RossnerPJr., GammonMD, TerryMB, AgrawalM, ZhangFF, TeitelbaumSL, EngSM, GaudetMM, NeugutAI, SantellaRM. Relationship between urinary 15-F2t-isoprostane and 8-oxodeoxyguanosine levels and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 15:639–644. 2006.
299.
RoszkowskiK, JozwickiW, BlaszczykP, Mucha-MaleckaA, SiomekA. Oxidative damage DNA: 8-oxoGua and 8-oxodG as molecular markers of cancer. Med Sci Monit, 17:CR329–CR333. 2011.
300.
RuhlCE, EverhartJE. Leptin concentrations in the United States: relations with demographic and anthropometric measures. Am J Clin Nutr, 74:295–301. 2001.
SalesKJ, BoddySC, JabbourHN. F-prostanoid receptor alters adhesion, morphology and migration of endometrial adenocarcinoma cells. Oncogene, 27:2466–2477. 2008.
303.
SamuelssonB. From studies of biochemical mechanism to novel biological mediators: prostaglandin endoperoxides, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. Nobel Lecture, 8 December 1982. Biosci Rep, 3:791–813. 1983.
304.
SamuelssonB. Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes: formation and biological roles. Harvey Lect, 75:1–40. 1979.
305.
SamuelssonB, GoldyneM, GranstromE, HambergM, HammarstromS, MalmstenC. Prostaglandins and thromboxanes. Annu Rev Biochem, 47:997–1029. 1978.
SaxenaNK, Taliaferro-SmithL, KnightBB, MerlinD, AnaniaFA, O'ReganRM, SharmaD. Bidirectional crosstalk between leptin and insulin-like growth factor-I signaling promotes invasion and migration of breast cancer cells via transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor. Cancer Res, 68:9712–9722. 2008.
308.
SchererPE, WilliamsS, FoglianoM, BaldiniG, LodishHF. A novel serum protein similar to C1q, produced exclusively in adipocytes. J Biol Chem, 270:26746–26749. 1995.
309.
SchreinemachersDM, EversonRB. Aspirin use and lung, colon, and breast cancer incidence in a prospective study. Epidemiology, 5:138–146. 1994.
310.
SchwedhelmE, BartlingA, LenzenH, TsikasD, MaasR, BrummerJ, GutzkiFM, BergerJ, FrolichJC, BogerRH. Urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha as a risk marker in patients with coronary heart disease: a matched case-control study. Circulation, 109:843–848. 2004.
311.
SerhanCN, AritaM, HongS, GotlingerK. Resolvins, docosatrienes, and neuroprotectins, novel omega-3-derived mediators, and their endogenous aspirin-triggered epimers. Lipids, 39:1125–1132. 2004.
312.
ShapiroL, SchererPE. The crystal structure of a complement-1q family protein suggests an evolutionary link to tumor necrosis factor. Curr Biol, 8:335–338. 1998.
313.
ShenJ, GammonMD, TerryMB, TeitelbaumSL, NeugutAI, SantellaRM. Genetic polymorphisms in the cyclooxygenase-2 gene, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res, 8:R71. 2006.
314.
ShengH, ShaoJ, WashingtonMK, DuBoisRN. Prostaglandin E2 increases growth and motility of colorectal carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem, 276:18075–18081. 2001.
315.
ShentonKC, DowsettM, LuQ, BrodieA, SasanoH, SacksNP, RowlandsMG. Comparison of biochemical aromatase activity with aromatase immunohistochemistry in human breast carcinomas. Breast Cancer Res Treat 49 Suppl, 1:S101–S107discussion S109–S1191998.
316.
ShibataR, SatoK, PimentelDR, TakemuraY, KiharaS, OhashiK, FunahashiT, OuchiN, WalshK. Adiponectin protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury through AMPK- and COX-2-dependent mechanisms. Nat Med, 11:1096–1103. 2005.
317.
ShinMJ, LeeJH, JangY, ParkE, OhJ, ChungJH, ChungN. Insulin resistance, adipokines, and oxidative stress in nondiabetic, hypercholesterolemic patients: leptin as an 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha determinant. Metab: Clin Exp, 55:918–922. 2006.
318.
ShinMJ, ParkE. Plasma levels of leptin are associated with the plasma levels of LDL conjugated dienes in children. Ann Nutr Metab, 51:1–6. 2007.
319.
ShinSW, SeoCY, HanH, HanJY, JeongJS, KwakJY, ParkJI. 15d-PGJ2 induces apoptosis by reactive oxygen species-mediated inactivation of Akt in leukemia and colorectal cancer cells and shows in vivo antitumor activity. Clin Cancer Res, 15:5414–5425. 2009.
320.
ShyuKG, ChenSC, WangBW, ChengWP, HungHF. Mechanism of inhibitory effect of atorvastatin on leptin expression induced by angiotensin II in cultured human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Clin Sci, 122:33–42. 2012.
321.
Sierra-HonigmannMR, NathAK, MurakamiC, Garcia-CardenaG, PapapetropoulosA, SessaWC, MadgeLA, SchechnerJS, SchwabbMB, PolveriniPJ, Flores-RiverosJR. Biological action of leptin as an angiogenic factor. Science, 281:1683–1686. 1998.
SimmonsDL. Variants of cyclooxygenase-1 and their roles in medicine. Thromb Res, 110:265–268. 2003.
324.
SimmonsDL, BottingRM, HlaT. Cyclooxygenase isozymes: the biology of prostaglandin synthesis and inhibition. Pharmacol Rev, 56:387–437. 2004.
325.
SimmonsDL, BottingRM, RobertsonPM, MadsenML, VaneJR. Induction of an acetaminophen-sensitive cyclooxygenase with reduced sensitivity to nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 96:3275–3280. 1999.
326.
SimmonsDL, ChandrasekharanNV, HuD, RoosKL, TomsikJ. Comments on “acetaminophen and the cyclooxygenase-3 puzzle: sorting out facts, fictions, and uncertainties”J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 315:1412–1414author reply 1415–14162005.
327.
SimmonsDL, LevyDB, YannoniY, EriksonRL. Identification of a phorbol ester-repressible v-src-inducible gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 86:1178–1182. 1989.
SinaikoAR, SteinbergerJ, MoranA, PrineasRJ, VessbyB, BasuS, TracyR, JacobsDRJr.Relation of body mass index and insulin resistance to cardiovascular risk factors, inflammatory factors, and oxidative stress during adolescence. Circulation, 111:1985–1991. 2005.
330.
SinghP, HoffmannM, WolkR, ShamsuzzamanAS, SomersVK. Leptin induces C-reactive protein expression in vascular endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 27:e302–e307. 2007.
331.
SlamonDJ, GodolphinW, JonesLA, HoltJA, WongSG, KeithDE, LevinWJ, StuartSG, UdoveJ, UllrichAet al.Studies of the HER-2/neu proto-oncogene in human breast and ovarian cancer. Science, 244:707–712. 1989.
332.
SmithPM, FergusonAV. Neurophysiology of hunger and satiety. Dev Disabil Res Rev, 14:96–104. 2008.
333.
SmithWL, DeWittDL, GaravitoRM. Cyclooxygenases: structural, cellular, and molecular biology. Annu Rev Biochem, 69:145–182. 2000.
334.
SmithWL, GaravitoRM, DeWittDL. Prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases (cyclooxygenases)-1 and -2. J Biol Chem, 271:33157–33160. 1996.
335.
SodergrenE, VessbyB, BasuS. Radioimmunological measurement of F(2)-isoprostanes after hydrolysis of lipids in tissues. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 63:149–152. 2000.
336.
SomaD, KitayamaJ, YamashitaH, MiyatoH, IshikawaM, NagawaH. Leptin augments proliferation of breast cancer cells via transactivation of HER2. J Surg Res, 149:9–14. 2008.
337.
SongH, LimH, PariaBC, MatsumotoH, SwiftLL, MorrowJ, BonventreJV, DeySK. Cytosolic phospholipase A2alpha is crucial [correction of A2alpha deficiency is crucial] for “on-time” embryo implantation that directs subsequent development. Development, 129:2879–2889. 2002.
338.
SongHC, RouxP, KupermanWA. Focal translation by frequency shift in free space. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control, 47:687–695. 2000.
339.
SpeertH. Mode of action of estrogens on the mammary gland. Science, 92:461–462. 1940.
340.
StrausDS, PascualG, LiM, WelchJS, RicoteM, HsiangCH, SengchanthalangsyLL, GhoshG, GlassCK. 15-deoxy-delta 12,14-prostaglandin J2 inhibits multiple steps in the NF-kappa B signaling pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 97:4844–4849. 2000.
341.
SubbaramaiahK, HoweLR, BhardwajP, DuB, GravaghiC, YantissRK, ZhouXK, BlahoVA, HlaT, YangP, KopelovichL, HudisCA, DannenbergAJ. Obesity is associated with inflammation and elevated aromatase expression in the mouse mammary gland. Cancer Prev Res, 4:329–346. 2011.
342.
SubbaramaiahK, HoweLR, PortER, BrogiE, FishmanJ, LiuCH, HlaT, HudisC, DannenbergAJ. HER-2/neu status is a determinant of mammary aromatase activity in vivo: evidence for a cyclooxygenase-2-dependent mechanism. Cancer Res, 66:5504–5511. 2006.
343.
SubbaramaiahK, HudisC, ChangSH, HlaT, DannenbergAJ. EP2 and EP4 receptors regulate aromatase expression in human adipocytes and breast cancer cells. Evidence of a BRCA1 and p300 exchange. J Biol Chem, 283:3433–3444. 2008.
344.
SubbaramaiahK, NortonL, GeraldW, DannenbergAJ. Cyclooxygenase-2 is overexpressed in HER-2/neu-positive breast cancer: evidence for involvement of AP-1 and PEA3. J Biol Chem, 277:18649–18657. 2002.
345.
SurhYJ, NaHK, ParkJM, LeeHN, KimW, YoonIS, KimDD. 15-Deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2), an electrophilic lipid mediator of anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving signaling. Biochem Pharmacol, 2011.
346.
SzegoCM, RobertsS. The nature of circulating estrogen. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 61:161–164. 1946.
347.
TaiHH, TongM, DingY. 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) and lung cancer. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat, 83:203–208. 2007.
348.
TakahashiM, AritaY, YamagataK, MatsukawaY, OkutomiK, HorieM, ShimomuraI, HottaK, KuriyamaH, KiharaS, NakamuraT, YamashitaS, FunahashiT, MatsuzawaY. Genomic structure and mutations in adipose-specific gene, adiponectin. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 24:861–868. 2000.
349.
TakkoucheB, Regueira-MendezC, EtminanM. Breast cancer and use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst, 100:1439–1447. 2008.
350.
TamijiJ, CrawfordDA. Prostaglandin E(2) and misoprostol induce neurite retraction in Neuro-2a cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 398:450–456. 2010.
351.
TartagliaLA. The leptin receptor. J Biol Chem, 272:6093–6096. 1997.
TworogerSS, EliassenAH, KelesidisT, ColditzGA, WillettWC, MantzorosCS, HankinsonSE. Plasma adiponectin concentrations and risk of incident breast cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 92:1510–1516. 2007.
358.
VadlamudiR, MandalM, AdamL, SteinbachG, MendelsohnJ, KumarR. Regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 pathway by HER2 receptor. Oncogene, 18:305–314. 1999.
359.
ValsecchiME, PomerantzSC, JaslowR, TesterW. Reduced risk of bone metastasis for patients with breast cancer who use COX-2 inhibitors. Clin Breast Cancer, 9:225–230. 2009.
360.
van der DonkWA, TsaiAL, KulmaczRJ. The cyclooxygenase reaction mechanism. Biochemistry, 41:15451–15458. 2002.
361.
Van der OuderaaFJ, BuytenhekM, NugterenDH, Van DorpDA. Purification and characterisation of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase from sheep vesicular glands. Biochim Biophys Acta, 487:315–331. 1977.
362.
VaneJR, BuntingS, MoncadaS. Prostacyclin in physiology and pathophysiology. Int Rev Exp Pathol, 23:161–207. 1982.
363.
WabitschM, JensenPB, BlumWF, ChristoffersenCT, EnglaroP, HeinzeE, RascherW, TellerW, TornqvistH, HaunerH. Insulin and cortisol promote leptin production in cultured human fat cells. Diabetes, 45:1435–1438. 1996.
364.
WakiH, YamauchiT, KamonJ, ItoY, UchidaS, KitaS, HaraK, HadaY, VasseurF, FroguelP, KimuraS, NagaiR, KadowakiT. Impaired multimerization of human adiponectin mutants associated with diabetes. Molecular structure and multimer formation of adiponectin. J Biol Chem, 278:40352–40363. 2003.
365.
WangA, LiuM, LiuX, DongLQ, GlickmanRD, SlagaTJ, ZhouZ, LiuF. Up-regulation of adiponectin by resveratrol: the essential roles of the Akt/FOXO1 and AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathways and DsbA-L. J Biol Chem, 286:60–66. 2011.
366.
WangC, XinX, XiangR, RamosFJ, LiuM, LeeHJ, ChenH, MaoX, KikaniCK, LiuF, DongLQ. Yin-Yang regulation of adiponectin signaling by APPL isoforms in muscle cells. J Biol Chem, 284:31608–31615. 2009.
367.
WangD, DuboisRN. Cyclooxygenase-2: a potential target in breast cancer. Semin Oncol, 31:64–73. 2004.
368.
WangD, DuboisRN. Eicosanoids and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer, 10:181–193. 2010.
369.
WangD, DuboisRN. The role of COX-2 in intestinal inflammation and colorectal cancer. Oncogene, 29:781–788. 2010.
370.
WangD, WangH, ShiQ, KatkuriS, WalhiW, DesvergneB, DasSK, DeySK, DuBoisRN. Prostaglandin E(2) promotes colorectal adenoma growth via transactivation of the nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta. Cancer Cell, 6:285–295. 2004.
371.
WangY, LamJB, LamKS, LiuJ, LamMC, HooRL, WuD, CooperGJ, XuA. Adiponectin modulates the glycogen synthase kinase-3beta/beta-catenin signaling pathway and attenuates mammary tumorigenesis of MDA-MB-231 cells in nude mice. Cancer Res, 66:11462–11470. 2006.
372.
WangY, LamKS, XuA. Adiponectin as a negative regulator in obesity-related mammary carcinogenesis. Cell Res, 17:280–282. 2007.
373.
WernliKJ, HamptonJM, Trentham-DietzA, NewcombPA. Use of antidepressants and NSAIDs in relation to mortality in long-term breast cancer survivors. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 20:131–137. 2011.
374.
WolfI, O'KellyJ, RubinekT, TongM, NguyenA, LinBT, TaiHH, KarlanBY, KoefflerHP. 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase is a tumor suppressor of human breast cancer. Cancer Res, 66:7818–7823. 2006.
375.
WolfleD. Enhancement of carcinogen-induced malignant cell transformation by prostaglandin F(2 alpha)Toxicology, 188:139–147. 2003.
376.
World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Food N, Physical activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective. Washington DC: AICR, 2007.
377.
WuB, FukuoK, SuzukiK, YoshinoG, KazumiT. Relationships of systemic oxidative stress to body fat distribution, adipokines and inflammatory markers in healthy middle-aged women. Endocr J, 56:773–782. 2009.
378.
WuHC, WangQ, YangHI, AhsanH, TsaiWY, WangLY, ChenSY, ChenCJ, SantellaRM. Urinary 15-F2t-isoprostane, aflatoxin B1 exposure and hepatitis B virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan. Carcinogenesis, 29:971–976. 2008.
379.
WulfingP, DialloR, MullerC, WulfingC, PorembaC, HeineckeA, RodyA, GrebRR, BockerW, KieselL. Analysis of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human breast cancer: high throughput tissue microarray analysis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 129:375–382. 2003.
380.
YamagishiSI, EdelsteinD, DuXL, KanedaY, GuzmanM, BrownleeM. Leptin induces mitochondrial superoxide production and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in aortic endothelial cells by increasing fatty acid oxidation via protein kinase A. J Biol Chem, 276:25096–25100. 2001.
381.
Yamakawa-KarakidaN, SugitaK, InukaiT, GoiK, NakamuraM, UnoK, SatoH, KagamiK, BarkerN, NakazawaS. Ligand activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma induces apoptosis of leukemia cells by down-regulating the c-myc gene expression via blockade of the Tcf-4 activity. Cell Death Differ, 9:513–526. 2002.
YiP, SunX, DoergeDR, FuPP. An improved 32P-postlabeling/high-performance liquid chromatography method for the analysis of the malondialdehye-derived 1, N2-propanodeoxyguanosine DNA adduct in animal and human tissues. Chem Res Toxicol, 11:1032–1041. 1998.
384.
YoshimatsuK, GolijaninD, PatyPB, SoslowRA, JakobssonPJ, DeLellisRA, SubbaramaiahK, DannenbergAJ. Inducible microsomal prostaglandin E synthase is overexpressed in colorectal adenomas and cancer. Clin Cancer Res, 7:3971–3976. 2001.
385.
Zarkesh-EsfahaniH, PockleyG, MetcalfeRA, BidlingmaierM, WuZ, AjamiA, WeetmanAP, StrasburgerCJ, RossRJ. High-dose leptin activates human leukocytes via receptor expression on monocytes. J Immunol, 167:4593–4599. 2001.
386.
ZhangF, BasinskiMB, BealsJM, BriggsSL, ChurgayLM, ClawsonDK, DiMarchiRD, FurmanTC, HaleJE, HsiungHM, SchonerBE, SmithDP, ZhangXY, WeryJP, SchevitzRW. Crystal structure of the obese protein leptin-E100. Nature, 387:206–209. 1997.
387.
ZhangSM, CookNR, MansonJE, LeeIM, BuringJE. Low-dose aspirin and breast cancer risk: results by tumour characteristics from a randomised trial. Br J Cancer, 98:989–991. 2008.
388.
ZhangY, CooganPF, PalmerJR, StromBL, RosenbergL. Use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and risk of breast cancer: the Case-Control Surveillance Study revisited. Am J Epidemiol, 162:165–170. 2005.
389.
ZhangY, ProencaR, MaffeiM, BaroneM, LeopoldL, FriedmanJM. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature, 372:425–432. 1994.
390.
ZhaoAZ, ShinoharaMM, HuangD, ShimizuM, Eldar-FinkelmanH, KrebsEG, BeavoJA, BornfeldtKE. Leptin induces insulin-like signaling that antagonizes cAMP elevation by glucagon in hepatocytes. J Biol Chem, 275:11348–11354. 2000.
