The thioredoxin (Trx) system is one of the central antioxidant systems in mammalian cells, maintaining a reducing environment by catalyzing electron flux from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate through Trx reductase to Trx, which reduces its target proteins using highly conserved thiol groups. While the importance of protecting cells from the detrimental effects of reactive oxygen species is clear, decades of research in this field revealed that there is a network of redox-sensitive proteins forming redox-dependent signaling pathways that are crucial for fundamental cellular processes, including metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis. Trx participates in signaling pathways interacting with different proteins to control their dynamic regulation of structure and function. In this review, we focus on Trx target proteins that are involved in redox-dependent signaling pathways. Specifically, Trx-dependent reductive enzymes that participate in classical redox reactions and redox-sensitive signaling molecules are discussed in greater detail. The latter are extensively discussed, as ongoing research unveils more and more details about the complex signaling networks of Trx-sensitive signaling molecules such as apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1, Trx interacting protein, and phosphatase and tensin homolog, thus highlighting the potential direct and indirect impact of their redox-dependent interaction with Trx. Overall, the findings that are described here illustrate the importance and complexity of Trx-dependent, redox-sensitive signaling in the cell. Our increasing understanding of the components and mechanisms of these signaling pathways could lead to the identification of new potential targets for the treatment of diseases, including cancer and diabetes. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 18, 1165–1207.
AbeMK, KuoWL, HershensonMB, RosnerMR. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 7 (ERK7), a novel ERK with a C-terminal domain that regulates its activity, its cellular localization, and cell growth. Mol Cell Biol, 19:1301–1312. 1999.
2.
AdvaniA, GilbertRE, ThaiK, GowRM, LanghamRG, CoxAJ, ConnellyKA, ZhangY, HerzenbergAM, ChristensenPK, PollockCA, QiW, TanSM, ParvingHH, KellyDJ. Expression, localization, and function of the thioredoxin system in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol, 20:730–741. 2009.
3.
AgoT, LiuT, ZhaiP, ChenW, LiH, MolkentinJD, VatnerSF, SadoshimaJ. A redox-dependent pathway for regulating class II HDACs and cardiac hypertrophy. Cell, 133:978–993. 2008.
4.
AhsanMK, MasutaniH, YamaguchiY, KimY-C, NosakaK, MatsuokaM, NishinakaY, MaedaM, YodoiJ. Loss of interleukin-2-dependency in HTLV-I-infected T cells on gene silencing of thioredoxin-binding protein-2. Oncogene, 25:2181–2191. 2005.
Al-GayyarMM, AbdelsaidMA, MatragoonS, PillaiBA, El-RemessyAB. Thioredoxin interacting protein is a novel mediator of retinal inflammation and neurotoxicity. Br J Pharmacol, 164:170–180. 2011.
8.
Al-GayyarMMH, AbdelsaidMA, MatragoonS, PillaiBA, El-RemessyAB. Neurovascular protective effect of FeTPPs in N-methyl-D-aspartate model. Am J Pathol, 177:1187–1197. 2010.
9.
AlvarezCE. On the origins of arrestin and rhodopsin. BMC Evol Biol, 8:222. 2008.
10.
AnandP, StamlerJS. Enzymatic mechanisms regulating protein S-nitrosylation: implications in health and disease. J Mol Med, 90:233–244. 2012.
11.
AndresAM, RatliffEP, SachithananthamS, HuiST. Diminished AMPK signaling response to fasting in thioredoxin-interacting protein knockout mice. FEBS Lett, 585:1223–1230. 2011.
12.
AriumiY, KurokiM, MakiM, IkedaM, DansakoH, WakitaT, KatoN. The ESCRT system is required for hepatitis C virus production. PLoS One, 6:e14517. 2011.
13.
ArnérESJ. Focus on mammalian thioredoxin reductases—important selenoproteins with versatile functions. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1790:495–526. 2009.
14.
BenharM, ForresterMT, HessDT, StamlerJS. Regulated protein denitrosylation by cytosolic and mitochondrial thioredoxins. Science, 320:1050–1054. 2008.
15.
BenharM, ForresterMT, StamlerJS. Protein denitrosylation: enzymatic mechanisms and cellular functions. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 10:1–12. 2009.
16.
BenharM, ThompsonJW, MoseleyMA, StamlerJS. Identification of S-nitrosylated targets of thioredoxin using a quantitative proteomic approach. Biochemistry (Mosc), 49:6963–6969. 2010.
17.
BerggrenMM, ManginJF, GasdakaJR, PowisG. Effect of selenium on rat thioredoxin reductase activity: increase by supranutritional selenium and decrease by selenium deficiency. Biochem Pharmacol, 57:187–193. 1999.
18.
BillietL, FurmanC, Cuaz-PérolinC, PaumelleR, RaymondjeanM, SimmetT, RouisM. Thioredoxin-1 and its natural inhibitor, vitamin D3 up-regulated protein 1, are differentially regulated by PPARα in human macrophages. J Mol Biol, 384:564–576. 2008.
19.
BillietL, FurmanC, LarigauderieG, CopinC, PageS, FruchartJC, BrandK, RouisM. Enhanced VDUP-1 gene expression by PPARγ agonist induces apoptosis in human macrophage. J Cell Physiol, 214:183–191. 2007.
20.
BiteauB, LabarreJ, ToledanoMB. ATP-dependent reduction of cysteine-sulphinic acid by S. cerevisiae sulphiredoxin. Nature, 425:980–984. 2003.
21.
BlackhamS, BaillieA, Al-HababiF, RemlingerK, YouS, HamatakeR, McGarveyMJ. Gene expression profiling indicates the roles of host oxidative stress, apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and intracellular transport genes in the replication of hepatitis C virus. J Virol, 84:5404–5414. 2010.
22.
BlouetC, SchwartzGJ. Nutrient-sensing hypothalamic TXNIP links nutrient excess to energy imbalance in mice. J Neurosci, 31:6019–6027. 2011.
BodnarJS, ChatterjeeA, CastellaniLW, RossDA, OhmenJ, CavalcoliJ, WuC, DainsKM, CataneseJ, ChuM, ShethSS, CharugundlaK, DemantP, WestDB, de JongP, LusisAJ. Positional cloning of the combined hyperlipidemia gene Hyplip1. Nat Genet, 30:110–116. 2002.
25.
BondarevaAA, CapecchiMR, IversonSV, LiY, LopezNI, LucasO, MerrillGF, PriggeJR, SidersAM, WakamiyaM, WallinSL, SchmidtEE. Effects of thioredoxin reductase-1 deletion on embryogenesis and transcriptome. Free Radic Biol Med, 43:911–923. 2007.
26.
BorselloT, ClarkePGH, HirtL, VercelliA, RepiciM, SchorderetDF, BogousslavskyJ, BonnyC. A peptide inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase protects against excitotoxicity and cerebral ischemia. Nat Med, 9:1180–1186. 2003.
27.
BroilletMC. S-nitrosylation of proteins. Cell Mol Life Sci, 55:1036–1042. 1999.
28.
BunkocziG, SalahE, FilippakopoulosP, FedorovO, MullerS, SobottF, ParkerSA, ZhangH, MinW, TurkBE, KnappS. Structural and functional characterization of the human protein kinase ASK1. Structure, 15:1215–1226. 2007.
29.
BurdonRH. Superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in relation to mammalian cell proliferation. Free Radic Biol Med, 18:775–794. 1995.
30.
ButlerLM, ZhouX, XuW-S, ScherHI, RifkindRA, MarksPA, RichonVM. The histone deacetylase inhibitor SAHA arrests cancer cell growth, up-regulates thioredoxin-binding protein-2, and down-regulates thioredoxin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 99:11700–11705. 2002.
31.
CadenasC, FranckensteinD, SchmidtM, GehrmannM, HermesM, GeppertB, SchormannW, MaccouxLJ, SchugM, SchumannA, WilhelmC, FreisE, IckstadtK, RahnenführerJ, BaumbachJI, SickmannA, HengstlerJG. Role of thioredoxin reductase 1 and thioredoxin interacting protein in prognosis of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res, 12:R44. 2010.
32.
CaldwellP, LukDC, WeissbachH, BrotN. Oxidation of the methionine residues of Escherichia coli ribosomal protein L12 decreases the protein's biological activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 75:5349–5352. 1978.
33.
CantleyLC, NeelBG. New insights into tumor suppression: PTEN suppresses tumor formation by restraining the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 96:4240–4245. 1999.
CaprioliJ, MunemasaY, KwongJMK, PiriN. Overexpression of thioredoxins 1 and 2 increases retinal ganglion cell survival after pharmacologically induced oxidative stress, optic nerve transection, and in experimental glaucoma. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc, 107:161–165. 2009.
36.
CastellaniLW, WeinrebA, BodnarJ, GotoAM, DoolittleM, MehrabianM, DemantP, LusisAJ. Mapping a gene for combined hyperlipidaemia in a mutant mouse strain. Nat Genet, 18:374–377. 1998.
37.
Cha-MolstadH, SaxenaG, ChenJ, ShalevA. Glucose-stimulated expression of Txnip is mediated by carbohydrate response element-binding protein, p300, and histone H4 acetylation in pancreatic beta cells. J Biol Chem, 284:16898–16905. 2009.
38.
ChabesA, ThelanderL. Controlled protein degradation regulates ribonucleotide reductase activity in proliferating mammalian cells during the normal cell cycle and in response to DNA damage and replication blocks. J Biol Chem, 275:17747–17753. 2000.
39.
ChabesAL, PflegerCM, KirschnerMW, ThelanderL. Mouse ribonucleotide reductase R2 protein: a new target for anaphase-promoting complex-Cdh1-mediated proteolysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100:3925–3929. 2003.
ChaeHZ, RobisonK, PooleLB, ChurchG, StorzG, RheeSG. Cloning and sequencing of thiol-specific antioxidant from mammalian brain: alkyl hydroperoxide reductase and thiol-specific antioxidant define a large family of antioxidant enzymes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 91:7017–7021. 1994.
42.
ChaeHZ, UhmTB, RheeSG. Dimerization of thiol-specific antioxidant and the essential role of cysteine 47. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 91:7022–7026. 1994.
43.
ChaiTF, LeckYC, HeH, YuF-X, LuoY, HagenT. Hypoxia-inducible factor independent down-regulation of thioredoxin-interacting protein in hypoxia. FEBS Lett, 585:492–498. 2011.
44.
ChalhoubN, BakerSJ. PTEN and the PI3-kinase pathway in Cancer. Annu Rev Pathol, 4:127–150. 2009.
ChangTS, JeongW, ChoiSY, YuS, KangSW, RheeSG. Regulation of peroxiredoxin I activity by Cdc2-mediated phosphorylation. J Biol Chem, 277:25370–25376. 2002.
47.
ChappellWH, SteelmanLS, LongJM, KempfRC, AbramsSL, FranklinRA, BäseckeJ, StivalaF, DoniaM, FagoneP, MalaponteG, MazzarinoMC, NicolettiF, LibraM, Maksimovic-IvanicD, MijatovicS, MontaltoG, CervelloM, LaidlerP, MilellaM, TafuriA, BonatiA, EvangelistiC, CoccoL, MartelliAM, McCubreyJA. Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR inhibitors: rationale and importance to inhibiting these pathways in human health. Oncotarget, 2:135–164. 2011.
48.
ChenJ, Cha-MolstadH, SzaboA, ShalevA. Diabetes induces and calcium channel blockers prevent cardiac expression of proapoptotic thioredoxin-interacting protein. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 296:E1133–E1139. 2009.
49.
ChenJ, CoutoF, MinnA, ShalevA. Exenatide inhibits β-cell apoptosis by decreasing thioredoxin-interacting protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 346:1067–1074. 2006.
50.
ChenJ, FontesG, SaxenaG, PoitoutV, ShalevA. Lack of TXNIP protects against mitochondria-mediated apoptosis but not against fatty acid-induced ER stress-mediated beta-cell death. Diabetes, 59:440–447. 2010.
51.
ChenJ, HuiST, CoutoFM, MungrueIN, DavisDB, AttieAD, LusisAJ, DavisRA, ShalevA. Thioredoxin-interacting protein deficiency induces Akt/Bcl-xL signaling and pancreatic beta-cell mass and protects against diabetes. FASEB J, 22:3581–3594. 2008.
52.
ChenJ, SaxenaG, MungrueIN, LusisAJ, ShalevA. Thioredoxin-interacting protein: a critical link between glucose toxicity and cell apoptosis. Diabetes, 57:938–944. 2008.
53.
ChenJL-Y, MerlD, PetersonCW, WuJ, LiuPY, YinH, MuoioDM, AyerDE, WestM, ChiJ-T. Lactic acidosis triggers starvation response with paradoxical induction of TXNIP through MondoA. PLoS Genet, 6:e1001093. 2010.
54.
ChenKS, DeLucaHF. Isolation and characterization of a novel cDNA from HL-60 cells treated with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1219:26–32. 1994.
55.
ChengDW, JiangY, ShalevA, KowluruR, CrookED, SinghLP. An analysis of high glucose and glucosamine-induced gene expression and oxidative stress in renal mesangial cells. Arch Physiol Biochem, 112:189–218. 2006.
56.
ChutkowWA, BirkenfeldAL, BrownJD, LeeH-Y, FrederickDW, YoshiokaJ, PatwariP, KursaweR, CushmanSW, PlutzkyJ, ShulmanGI, SamuelVT, LeeRT. Deletion of the alpha-arrestin protein Txnip in mice promotes adiposity and adipogenesis while preserving insulin sensitivity. Diabetes, 59:1424–1434. 2010.
57.
ChutkowWA, LeeRT. Thioredoxin regulates adipogenesis through thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip) protein stability. J Biol Chem, 286:29139–29145. 2011.
58.
ChutkowWA, PatwariP, YoshiokaJ, LeeRT. Thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip) is a critical regulator of hepatic glucose production. J Biol Chem, 283:2397–2406. 2008.
59.
CohenP, FrameS. The renaissance of GSK3. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2:769–776. 2001.
60.
ColletJ-F, MessensJ. Structure, function, and mechanism of thioredoxin proteins. Antioxid Redox Signal, 13:1205–1216. 2010.
61.
ConradM, JakupogluC, MorenoSG, LipplS, BanjacA, SchneiderM, BeckH, HatzopoulosAK, JustU, SinowatzF, SchmahlW, ChienKR, WurstW, BornkammGW, BrielmeierM. Essential role for mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase in hematopoiesis, heart development, and heart function. Mol Cell Biol, 24:9414–9423. 2004.
62.
CoonH, SinghN, DunnD, EckfeldtJH, ProvinceMA, HopkinsPN, WeissR, HuntSC, LeppertMF. TXNIP gene not associated with familial combined hyperlipidemia in the NHLBI Family Heart Study. Atherosclerosis, 174:357–362. 2004.
63.
DeGregoriJ, KowalikT, NevinsJR. Cellular targets for activation by the E2F1 transcription factor include DNA synthesis- and G1/S-regulatory genes. Mol Cell Biol, 15:4215–4224. 1995.
64.
DerijardB, HibiM, WuIH, BarrettT, SuB, DengT, KarinM, DavisRJ. JNK1: a protein kinase stimulated by UV light and Ha-Ras that binds and phosphorylates the c-Jun activation domain. Cell, 76:1025–1037. 1994.
65.
DerooBJ, HewittSC, PeddadaSD, KorachKS. Estradiol regulates the thioredoxin antioxidant system in the mouse uterus. Endocrinology, 145:5485–5492. 2004.
66.
DeWireSM, AhnS, LefkowitzRJ, ShenoySK. β-arrestins and cell signaling. Annu Rev Physiol, 69:483–510. 2007.
67.
Di CristofanoA, PesceB, Cordon-CardoC, PandolfiPP. Pten is essential for embryonic development and tumour suppression. Nat Genet, 19:348–355. 1998.
68.
DingD, SagherD, LaugierE, ReyP, WeissbachH, ZhangXH. Studies on the reducing systems for plant and animal thioredoxin-independent methionine sulfoxide reductases B. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 361:629–633. 2007.
69.
DoladoI, SwatA, AjenjoN, De VitaG, CuadradoA, NebredaAR. p38α MAP kinase as a sensor of reactive oxygen species in tumorigenesis. Cancer Cell, 11:191–205. 2007.
70.
DongC, DavisRJ, FlavellRA. MAP kinases in immune responses. Annu Rev Immunol, 20:55–72. 2002.
71.
DonnellyKL, MargosianMR, ShethSS, LusisAJ, ParksEJ. Increased lipogenesis and fatty acid reesterification contribute to hepatic triacylglycerol stores in hyperlipidemic Txnip−/− mice. J Nutr, 134:1475–1480. 2004.
72.
DourdinN, SchadeB, LesurfR, HallettM, MunnRJ, CardiffRD, MullerWJ. Phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 deficiency accelerates tumor induction in a mouse model of ErbB-2 mammary tumorigenesis. Cancer Res, 68:2122–2131. 2008.
73.
DuttaKK, NishinakaY, MasutaniH, AkatsukaS, AungTT, ShiraseT, LeeW-H, YamadaY, HiaiH, YodoiJ, ToyokuniS. Two distinct mechanisms for loss of thioredoxin-binding protein-2 in oxidative stress-induced renal carcinogenesis. Lab Invest, 85:798–807. 2005.
74.
El SeragHB, RudolphKL. Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology and molecular carcinogenesis. Gastroenterology, 132:2557–2576. 2007.
75.
EngelmanJA, LuoJ, CantleyLC. The evolution of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases as regulators of growth and metabolism. Nat Rev Genet, 7:606–619. 2006.
76.
EricksonJR, JoinerML, GuanX, KutschkeW, YangJ, OddisCV, BartlettRK, LoweJS, O'DonnellSE, Aykin-BurnsN, ZimmermanMC, ZimmermanK, HamAJ, WeissRM, SpitzDR, SheaMA, ColbranRJ, MohlerPJ, AndersonME. A dynamic pathway for calcium-independent activation of CaMKII by methionine oxidation. Cell, 133:462–474. 2008.
77.
EscrichE, MoralR, GarcíaG, CostaI, SánchezJA, SolanasM. Identification of novel differentially expressed genes by the effect of a high-fat n-6 diet in experimental breast cancer. Mol Carcinog, 40:73–78. 2004.
78.
FangS, JinY, ZhengH, YanJ, CuiY, BiH, JiaH, ZhangH, WangY, NaL, GaoX, ZhouH. High glucose condition upregulated Txnip expression level in rat mesangial cells through ROS/MEK/MAPK pathway. Mol Cell Biochem, 347:175–182. 2010.
79.
FilbyCE, HooperSB, SozoF, ZahraVA, FlecknoeSJ, WallaceMJ. VDUP1: a potential mediator of expansion-induced lung growth and epithelial cell differentiation in the ovine fetus. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 290:L250–L258. 2006.
80.
ForresterMT, SethD, HausladenA, EylerCE, FosterMW, MatsumotoA, BenharM, MarshallHE, StamlerJS. Thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip) is a feedback regulator of S-nitrosylation. J Biol Chem, 284:36160–36166. 2009.
81.
FrankeTF, KaplanDR, CantleyLC, TokerA. Direct regulation of the Akt proto-oncogene product by phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate. Science, 275:665–668. 1997.
82.
FridayE, KoshyN, BhanderiV, TurturroF. Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)Leuk Lymphoma, 53:492–494. 2012.
83.
FuC, WuC, LiuT, AgoT, ZhaiP, SadoshimaJ, LiH. Elucidation of thioredoxin target protein networks in mouse. Mol Cell Proteomics, 8:1674–1687. 2009.
84.
FujiedaM, KarasawaR, TakasugiH, YamamotoM, KataokaK, YudohK, KatoT, OzakiS, WakiguchiH. A novel anti-peroxiredoxin autoantibody in patients with Kawasaki disease. Microbiol Immunol, 56:56–61. 2012.
85.
GaidarovI, SmithME, DominJ, KeenJH. The class II phosphoinositide 3-kinase C2alpha is activated by clathrin and regulates clathrin-mediated membrane trafficking. Mol Cell, 7:443–449. 2001.
86.
GalánA, García-BermejoML, TroyanoA, VilaboaNE, de BlasE, KazanietzMG, AllerP. Stimulation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is an early regulatory event for the cadmium-induced apoptosis in human promonocytic cells. J Biol Chem, 275:11418–11424. 2000.
87.
GallaugherLD, HenryJC, KearnsPN, ElfordHL, BergdallVK, CardounelAJ. Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors reduce atherosclerosis in a double-injury rabbit model. Comp Med, 59:567–572. 2009.
88.
GarciaJM, SilvaJ, PenaC, GarciaV, RodriguezR, CruzMA, CantosB, ProvencioM, EspanaP, BonillaF. Promoter methylation of the PTEN gene is a common molecular change in breast cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer, 41:117–124. 2004.
89.
GasdaskaJR, HarneyJW, GasdaskaPY, PowisG, BerryMJ. Regulation of human thioredoxin reductase expression and activity by 3′-untranslated region selenocysteine insertion sequence and mRNA instability elements. J Biol Chem, 274:25379–25385. 1999.
90.
GasdaskaPY, GasdaskaJR, CochranS, PowisG. Cloning and sequencing of a human thioredoxin reductase. FEBS Lett, 373:5–9. 1995.
91.
GilA, Andrés-PonsA, FernándezE, ValienteM, TorresJ, CerveraJ, PulidoR. Nuclear localization of PTEN by a Ran-dependent mechanism enhances apoptosis: involvement of an N-terminal nuclear localization domain and multiple nuclear exclusion motifs. Mol Biol Cell, 17:4002–4013. 2006.
92.
GladyshevVN, JeangKT, StadtmanTC. Selenocysteine, identified as the penultimate C-terminal residue in human T-cell thioredoxin reductase, corresponds to TGA in the human placental gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 93:6146–6151. 1996.
93.
GoldbergSF, MieleME, HattaN, TakataM, Paquette-StraubC, FreedmanLP, WelchDR. Melanoma metastasis suppression by chromosome 6: evidence for a pathway regulated by CRSP3 and TXNIP. Cancer Res, 63:432–440. 2003.
94.
GoldmanEH, ChenL, FuH. Activation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 by reactive oxygen species through dephosphorylation at serine 967 and 14-3-3 dissociation. J Biol Chem, 279:10442–10449. 2004.
95.
GreeneLA. Nerve growth factor prevents the death and stimulates the neuronal differentiation of clonal PC12 pheochromocytoma cells in serum-free medium. J Cell Biol, 78:747–755. 1978.
96.
GuytonKZ, LiuY, GorospeM, XuQ, HolbrookNJ. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by H2O2. Role in cell survival following oxidant injury. J Biol Chem, 271:4138–4142. 1996.
97.
HaendelerJ, HoffmannJ, TischlerV, BerkBC, ZeiherAM, DimmelerS. Redox regulatory and anti-apoptotic functions of thioredoxin depend on S-nitrosylation at cysteine 69. Nat Cell Biol, 4:743–749. 2002.
98.
HamanoK, SeoY, KatoH, KatoM, YanoY, NinomiyaT, KasugaM. Expression of thioredoxin and thioredoxin-binding protein-2 in the liver of patients with chronic hepatitis C as a predictor of response to interferon therapy. Int J Mol Med, 17:989–995. 2006.
HashiguchiK, TsuchiyaH, TomitaA, UedaC, AkechiY, SakabeT, KurimasaA, NozakiM, YamadaT, TsuchidaS, ShiotaG. Involvement of ETS1 in thioredoxin-binding protein 2 transcription induced by a synthetic retinoid CD437 in human osteosarcoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 391:621–626. 2009.
101.
HayakawaT, MatsuzawaA, NoguchiT, TakedaK, IchijoH. The ASK1–MAP kinase pathways in immune and stress responses. Microbes Infect, 8:1098–1107. 2006.
102.
HayakawaY, HirataY, NakagawaH, SakamotoK, HikibaY, KinoshitaH, NakataW, TakahashiR, TateishiK, TadaM, AkanumaM, YoshidaH, TakedaK, IchijoH, OmataM, MaedaS, KoikeK. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 and cyclin D1 compose a positive feedback loop contributing to tumor growth in gastric cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 108:780–785. 2011.
103.
HillKE, McCollumGW, BoeglinME, BurkRF. Thioredoxin reductase activity is decreased by selenium deficiency. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 234:293–295. 1997.
104.
HirotaT, OkanoT, KokameK, Shirotani-IkejimaH, MiyataT, FukadaY. Glucose down-regulates Per1 and Per2 mRNA levels and induces circadian gene expression in cultured Rat-1 fibroblasts. J Biol Chem, 277:44244–44251. 2002.
105.
HirotsuS, AbeY, OkadaK, NagaharaN, HoriH, NishinoT, HakoshimaT. Crystal structure of a multifunctional 2-Cys peroxiredoxin heme-binding protein 23 kDa/proliferation-associated gene product. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 96:12333–12338. 1999.
HollanderMC, BlumenthalGM, DennisPA. PTEN loss in the continuum of common cancers, rare syndromes and mouse models. Nat Rev Cancer, 11:289–301. 2011.
108.
HolmgrenA. Thioredoxin. 6. The amino acid sequence of the protein from Escherichia coli B. Eur J Biochem, 6:475–484. 1968.
109.
HolmgrenA. Hydrogen donor system for Escherichia coli ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase dependent upon glutathione. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 73:2275–2279. 1976.
110.
HolmgrenA, SenguptaR. The use of thiols by ribonucleotide reductase. Free Radic Biol Med, 49:1617–1628. 2010.
111.
HolmgrenA, SöderbergBO, EklundH, BrändénCI. Three-dimensional structure of Escherichia coli thioredoxin-S2 to 2.8 A resolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 72:2305–2309. 1975.
112.
HoshinoK, TakeuchiO, KawaiT, SanjoH, OgawaT, TakedaY, TakedaK, AkiraS. Cutting edge: toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-deficient mice are hyporesponsive to lipopolysaccharide: evidence for TLR4 as the Lps gene product. J Immunol, 162:3749–3752. 1999.
113.
HuTH, HuangCC, LinPR, ChangHW, GerLP, LinYW, ChangchienCS, LeeCM, TaiMH. Expression and prognostic role of tumor suppressor gene PTEN/MMAC1/TEP1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer, 97:1929–1940. 2003.
114.
HuangW, EscribanoJ, SarfaraziM, Coca-PradosM. Identification, expression and chromosome localization of a human gene encoding a novel protein with similarity to the pilB family of transcriptional factors (pilin) and to bacterial peptide methionine sulfoxide reductases. Gene, 233:233–240. 1999.
115.
HuiSTY, AndresAM, MillerAK, SpannNJ, PotterDW, PostNM, ChenAZ, SachithananthamS, JungDY, KimJK, DavisRA. Txnip balances metabolic and growth signaling via PTEN disulfide reduction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 105:3921–3926. 2008.
116.
HuiTY, ShethSS, DiffleyJM, PotterDW, LusisAJ, AttieAD, DavisRA. Mice lacking thioredoxin-interacting protein provide evidence linking cellular redox state to appropriate response to nutritional signals. J Biol Chem, 279:24387–24393. 2004.
117.
HwangJR, ZhangC, PattersonC. C-terminus of heat shock protein 70-interacting protein facilitates degradation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 and inhibits apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1-dependent apoptosis. Cell Stress Chaperones, 10:147–156. 2005.
118.
IchijoH. From receptors to stress-activated MAP kinases. Oncogene, 18:6087–6093. 1999.
119.
IchijoH, NishidaE, IrieK, ten DijkeP, SaitohM, MoriguchiT, TakagiM, MatsumotoK, MiyazonoK, GotohY. Induction of apoptosis by ASK1, a mammalian MAPKKK that activates SAPK/JNK and p38 signaling pathways. Science, 275:90–94. 1997.
120.
ImaiY, SodaM, InoueH, HattoriN, MizunoY, TakahashiR. An unfolded putative transmembrane polypeptide, which can lead to endoplasmic reticulum stress, is a substrate of Parkin. Cell, 105:891–902. 2001.
121.
ImlayJA. Cellular defenses against superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Annu Rev Biochem, 77:755–776. 2008.
122.
InoueY, MurakamiK, HmweS-S, AizakiH, SuzukiT. Transcriptomic comparison of human hepatoma Huh-7 cell clones with different hepatitis C virus replication efficiencies. Jpn J Infect Dis, 60:173–178. 2007.
123.
IordanovMS, MagunBE. Different mechanisms of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase-1 (JNK1) activation by ultraviolet-B radiation and by oxidative stressors. J Biol Chem, 274:25801–25806. 1999.
124.
IuchiY, OkadaF, TsunodaS, KibeN, ShirasawaN, IkawaM, OkabeM, IkedaY, FujiiJ. Peroxiredoxin 4 knockout results in elevated spermatogenic cell death via oxidative stress. Biochem J, 419:149–158. 2009.
125.
IwataY, OgawaF, KomuraK, MuroiE, HaraT, ShimizuK, HasegawaM, FujimotoM, TomitaY, SatoS. Autoantibody against peroxiredoxin I, an antioxidant enzyme, in patients with systemic sclerosis: possible association with oxidative stress. Rheumatology (Oxford), 46:790–795. 2007.
126.
IzumiyaY, KimS, IzumiY, YoshidaK, YoshiyamaM, MatsuzawaA, IchijoH, IwaoH. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 plays a pivotal role in angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling. Circ Res, 93:874–883. 2003.
127.
JangHH, LeeKO, ChiYH, JungBG, ParkSK, ParkJH, LeeJR, LeeSS, MoonJC, YunJW, ChoiYO, KimWY, KangJS, CheongGW, YunDJ, RheeSG, ChoMJ, LeeSY. Two enzymes in one; two yeast peroxiredoxins display oxidative stress-dependent switching from a peroxidase to a molecular chaperone function. Cell, 117:625–635. 2004.
128.
JeonJ-H, LeeKN, HwangCY, KwonK-S, YouK-H, ChoiI. Tumor suppressor VDUP1 increases p27(kip1) stability by inhibiting JAB1. Cancer Res, 65:4485–4489. 2005.
129.
JeongM, PiaoZH, KimMS, LeeSH, YunS, SunHN, YoonSR, ChungJW, KimTD, JeonJH, LeeJ, KimHN, ChoiJY, ChoiI. Thioredoxin-interacting protein regulates hematopoietic stem cell quiescence and mobilization under stress conditions. J Immunol, 183:2495–2505. 2009.
130.
JinH-O, SeoS-K, KimY-S, WooS-H, LeeK-H, YiJ-Y, LeeS-J, ChoeT-B, LeeJ-H, AnS, HongS-I, ParkI-C. TXNIP potentiates Redd1-induced mTOR suppression through stabilization of Redd1. Oncogene, 30:3792–3801. 2011.
131.
JoguchiA, OtsukaI, MinagawaS, SuzukiT, FujiiM, AyusawaD. Overexpression of VDUP1 mRNA sensitizes HeLa cells to paraquat. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 293:293–297. 2002.
132.
JonesDP. Radical-free biology of oxidative stress. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 295:C849–C868. 2008.
133.
JordheimLP, SeveP, TredanO, DumontetC. The ribonucleotide reductase large subunit (RRM1) as a predictive factor in patients with cancer. Lancet Oncol, 12:693–702. 2011.
134.
JunnE, HanSH, ImJY, YangY, ChoEW, UmHD, KimDK, LeeKW, HanPL, RheeSG, ChoiI. Vitamin D3 up-regulated protein 1 mediates oxidative stress via suppressing the thioredoxin function. J Immunol, 164:6287–6295. 2000.
135.
KaadigeMR, LooperRE, KamalanaadhanS, AyerDE. Glutamine-dependent anapleurosis dictates glucose uptake and cell growth by regulating MondoA transcriptional activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 106:14878–14883. 2009.
136.
KadowakiH, NishitohH, UranoF, SadamitsuC, MatsuzawaA, TakedaK, MasutaniH, YodoiJ, UranoY, NaganoT, IchijoH. Amyloid β induces neuronal cell death through ROS-mediated ASK1 activation. Cell Death Differ, 12:19–24. 2005.
137.
KangSW, BainesIC, RheeSG. Characterization of a mammalian peroxiredoxin that contains one conserved cysteine. J Biol Chem, 273:6303–6311. 1998.
138.
KangY-H, LeeHS, KimW-H. Promoter methylation and silencing of PTEN in gastric carcinoma. Lab Invest, 82:285–291. 2002.
139.
KarasawaR, KurokawaMS, YudohK, MasukoK, OzakiS, KatoT. Peroxiredoxin 2 is a novel autoantigen for anti-endothelial cell antibodies in systemic vasculitis. Clin Exp Immunol, 161:459–470. 2010.
140.
KatoT, ShimonoY, HasegawaM, JijiwaM, EnomotoA, AsaiN, MurakumoY, TakahashiM. Characterization of the HDAC1 complex that regulates the sensitivity of cancer cells to oxidative stress. Cancer Res, 69:3597–3604. 2009.
141.
KatsoR, OkkenhaugK, AhmadiK, WhiteS, TimmsJ, WaterfieldMD. Cellular function of phosphoinositide 3-kinases: implications for development, homeostasis, and cancer. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol, 17:615–675. 2001.
142.
KimHY, GladyshevVN. Different catalytic mechanisms in mammalian selenocysteine- and cysteine-containing methionine-R-sulfoxide reductases. PLoS Biol, 3:e375. 2005.
143.
KimHY, GladyshevVN. Alternative first exon splicing regulates subcellular distribution of methionine sulfoxide reductases. BMC Mol Biol, 7:11. 2006.
144.
KimIH, KimK, RheeSG. Induction of an antioxidant protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by O2, Fe3+, or 2-mercaptoethanol. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 86:6018–6022. 1989.
145.
KimK, KimIH, LeeKY, RheeSG, StadtmanER. The isolation and purification of a specific “protector”; protein which inhibits enzyme inactivation by a thiol/Fe(III)/O2 mixed-function oxidation system. J Biol Chem, 263:4704–4711. 1988.
KimSY, KimTJ, LeeKY. A novel function of peroxiredoxin 1 (Prx-1) in apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)-mediated signaling pathway. FEBS Lett, 582:1913–1918. 2008.
148.
KnebelA, RahmsdorfHJ, UllrichA, HerrlichP. Dephosphorylation of receptor tyrosine kinases as target of regulation by radiation, oxidants or alkylating agents. EMBO J, 15:5314–5325. 1996.
149.
KnoopsB, ClippeA, BogardC, ArsalaneK, WattiezR, HermansC, DuconseilleE, FalmagneP, BernardA. Cloning and characterization of AOEB166, a novel mammalian antioxidant enzyme of the peroxiredoxin family. J Biol Chem, 274:30451–30458. 1999.
KoenenTB, StienstraR, van TitsLJ, de GraafJ, StalenhoefAFH, JoostenLAB, TackCJ, NeteaMG. Hyperglycemia activates caspase-1 and TXNIP-mediated IL-1 transcription in human adipose tissue. Diabetes, 60:517–524. 2011.
152.
KokuboY, GemmaA, NoroR, SeikeM, KataokaK, MatsudaK, OkanoT, MinegishiY, YoshimuraA, ShibuyaM, KudohS. Reduction of PTEN protein and loss of epidermal growth factor receptor gene mutation in lung cancer with natural resistance to gefitinib (IRESSA)Br J Cancer, 92:1711–1719. 2005.
153.
KopantzevEP, MonastyrskayaGS, VinogradovaTV, ZinovyevaMV, KostinaMB, FilyukovaOB, TonevitskyAG, SukhikhGT, SverdlovED. Differences in gene expression levels between early and later stages of human lung development are opposite to those between normal lung tissue and non-small lung cell carcinoma. Lung Cancer, 62:23–34. 2008.
154.
KryukovGV, KumarRA, KocA, SunZ, GladyshevVN. Selenoprotein R is a zinc-containing stereo-specific methionine sulfoxide reductase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 99:4245–4250. 2002.
155.
KuoWL, DukeCJ, AbeMK, KaplanEL, GomesS, RosnerMR. ERK7 expression and kinase activity is regulated by the ubiquitin-proteosome pathway. J Biol Chem, 279:23073–23081. 2004.
156.
Kurlawalla-MartinezC, StilesB, WangY, DevaskarSU, KahnBB, WuH. Insulin hypersensitivity and resistance to streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice lacking PTEN in adipose tissue. Mol Cell Biol, 25:2498–2510. 2005.
157.
KwonH-J, WonY-S, YoonY-D, YoonW-K, NamK-H, ChoiI-P, KimD-Y, KimH-C. Vitamin D3 up-regulated protein 1 deficiency accelerates liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in mice. J Hepatol, 54:1168–1176. 2011.
158.
KwonHJ, WonYS, NamKT, YoonYD, JeeH, YoonWK, NamKH, KangJS, HanSU, ChoiIP, KimDY, KimHC. Vitamin D3 upregulated protein 1 deficiency promotes N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis in mice. Gut, 61:53–63. 2011.
KyriakisJM, AvruchJ. Mammalian mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathways activated by stress and inflammation. Physiol Rev, 81:807–869. 2001.
161.
LaurentTC, MooreEC, ReichardP. Enzymatic synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides. IV: isolation and characterization of thioredoxin, the hydrogen donor from Escherichia coli B. J Biol Chem, 239:3436–3444. 1964.
162.
Le JanS, Le MeurN, CazesA, PhilippeJ, Le CunffM, LégerJ, CorvolP, GermainS. Characterization of the expression of the hypoxia-induced genes neuritin, TXNIP and IGFBP3 in cancer. FEBS Lett, 580:3395–3400. 2006.
163.
LeeBC, DikiyA, KimH-Y, GladyshevVN. Functions and evolution of selenoprotein methionine sulfoxide reductases. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1790:1471–1477. 2009.
164.
LeeJW, GordiyenkoNV, MarchettiM, TserentsoodolN, SagherD, AlamS, WeissbachH, KantorowM, RodriguezIR. Gene structure, localization and role in oxidative stress of methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MSRA) in the monkey retina. Exp Eye Res, 82:816–827. 2006.
165.
LeeKN, KangH-S, JeonJ-H, KimE-M, YoonS-R, SongH, LyuC-Y, PiaoZ-H, KimS-U, HanY-H, SongS-S, LeeY-H, SongK-S, KimY-M, YuD-Y, ChoiI. VDUP1 is required for the development of natural killer cells. Immunity, 22:195–208. 2005.
166.
LeeSR, YangKS, KwonJ, LeeC, JeongW, RheeSG. Reversible inactivation of the tumor suppressor PTEN by H2O2. J Biol Chem, 277:20336–20342. 2002.
167.
LeeYJ, GaloforoSS, BernsCM, ChenJC, DavisBH, SimJE, CorryPM, SpitzDR. Glucose deprivation-induced cytotoxicity and alterations in mitogen-activated protein kinase activation are mediated by oxidative stress in multidrug-resistant human breast carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem, 273:5294–5299. 1998.
168.
LiDM, SunH. TEP1, encoded by a candidate tumor suppressor locus, is a novel protein tyrosine phosphatase regulated by transforming growth factor beta. Cancer Res, 57:2124–2129. 1997.
169.
LiJ, YenC, LiawD, PodsypaninaK, BoseS, WangSI, PucJ, MiliaresisC, RodgersL, McCombieR, BignerSH, GiovanellaBC, IttmannM, TyckoB, HibshooshH, WiglerMH, ParsonsR. PTEN, a putative protein tyrosine phosphatase gene mutated in human brain, breast, and prostate cancer. Science, 275:1943–1947. 1997.
170.
LiX, RongY, ZhangM, WangXL, LeMaireSA, CoselliJS, ZhangY, ShenYH. Up-regulation of thioredoxin interacting protein (Txnip) by p38 MAPK and FOXO1 contributes to the impaired thioredoxin activity and increased ROS in glucose-treated endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 381:660–665. 2009.
171.
LiawD, MarshDJ, LiJ, DahiaPL, WangSI, ZhengZ, BoseS, CallKM, TsouHC, PeacockeM, EngC, ParsonsR. Germline mutations of the PTEN gene in Cowden disease, an inherited breast and thyroid cancer syndrome. Nat Genet, 16:64–67. 1997.
172.
LilligCH, HolmgrenA. Thioredoxin and related molecules—from biology to health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal, 9:25–47. 2007.
173.
LilligCH, LonnME, EnokssonM, FernandesAP, HolmgrenA. Short interfering RNA-mediated silencing of glutaredoxin 2 increases the sensitivity of HeLa cells toward doxorubicin and phenylarsine oxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 101:13227–13232. 2004.
174.
LippmanSM, KleinEA, GoodmanPJ, LuciaMS, ThompsonIM, FordLG, ParnesHL, MinasianLM, GazianoJM, HartlineJA, ParsonsJK, BeardenJD, CrawfordED, GoodmanGE, ClaudioJ, WinquistE, CookED, KarpDD, WaltherP, LieberMM, KristalAR, DarkeAK, ArnoldKB, GanzPA, SantellaRM, AlbanesD, TaylorPR, ProbstfieldJL, JagpalTJ, CrowleyJJ, MeyskensFL, BakerLH, ColtmanCA. Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)JAMA, 301:39–51. 2009.
175.
LiuH, NishitohH, IchijoH, KyriakisJM. Activation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) by tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 requires prior dissociation of the ASK1 inhibitor thioredoxin. Mol Cell Biol, 20:2198–2208. 2000.
176.
LiuY, MinW. Thioredoxin promotes ASK1 ubiquitination and degradation to inhibit ASK1-mediated apoptosis in a redox activity-independent manner. Circ Res, 90:1259–1266. 2002.
177.
LopiccoloJ, BallasMS, DennisPA. PTEN hamartomatous tumor syndromes (PHTS): rare syndromes with great relevance to common cancers and targeted drug development. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 63:203–214. 2007.
178.
LundbergM, FernandesAP, KumarS, HolmgrenA. Cellular and plasma levels of human glutaredoxin 1 and 2 detected by sensitive ELISA systems. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 319:801–809. 2004.
179.
ManevichY, FeinsteinSI, FisherAB. Activation of the antioxidant enzyme 1-CYS peroxiredoxin requires glutathionylation mediated by heterodimerization with pi GST. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 101:3780–3785. 2004.
180.
MarshDJ, CoulonV, LunettaKL, Rocca-SerraP, DahiaPL, ZhengZ, LiawD, CaronS, DubouéB, LinAY, RichardsonAL, BonnetblancJM, BressieuxJM, Cabarrot-MoreauA, ChompretA, DemangeL, EelesRA, YahandaAM, FearonER, FrickerJP, GorlinRJ, HodgsonSV, HusonS, LacombeD, EngC. Mutation spectrum and genotype-phenotype analyses in Cowden disease and Bannayan-Zonana syndrome, two hamartoma syndromes with germline PTEN mutation. Hum Mol Genet, 7:507–515. 1998.
181.
Martínez-GalisteoE, PadillaCA, HolmgrenA, BárcenaJA. Characterization of mammalian thioredoxin reductase, thioredoxin and glutaredoxin by immunochemical methods. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol, 111:17–25. 1995.
182.
MartinonF, TschoppJ. Inflammatory caspases and inflammasomes: master switches of inflammation. Cell Death Differ, 14:10–22. 2007.
183.
MassonE, KorenS, RazikF, GoldbergH, KwanEP, SheuL, GaisanoHY, FantusIG. High-cell mass prevents streptozotocin-induced diabetes in thioredoxin-interacting protein-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 296:E1251–E1261. 2009.
184.
MatsuzawaA, IchijoH. Molecular mechanisms of the decision between life and death: regulation of apoptosis by apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1. J Biochem (Tokyo), 130:1–8. 2001.
185.
MatsuzawaA, IchijoH. Redox control of cell fate by MAP kinase: physiological roles of ASK1-MAP kinase pathway in stress signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1780:1325–1336. 2008.
186.
MatsuzawaA, NishitohH, TobiumeK, TakedaK, IchijoH. Physiological roles of ASK1-mediated signal transduction in oxidative stress- and endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis: advanced findings from ASK1 knockout mice. Antioxid Redox Signal, 4:415–425. 2002.
187.
MatsuzawaA, SaegusaK, NoguchiT, SadamitsuC, NishitohH, NagaiS, KoyasuS, MatsumotoK, TakedaK, IchijoH. ROS-dependent activation of the TRAF6-ASK1-p38 pathway is selectively required for TLR4-mediated innate immunity. Nat Immunol, 6:587–592. 2005.
MeuilletEJ, MahadevanD, BerggrenM, CoonA, PowisG. Thioredoxin-1 binds to the C2 domain of PTEN inhibiting PTEN's lipid phosphatase activity and membrane binding: a mechanism for the functional loss of PTEN's tumor suppressor activity. Arch Biochem Biophys, 429:123–133. 2004.
190.
MinnAH, HafeleC, ShalevA. Thioredoxin-interacting protein is stimulated by glucose through a carbohydrate response element and induces beta-cell apoptosis. Endocrinology, 146:2397–2405. 2005.
Miranda-VizueteA, DamdimopoulosAE, PedrajasJR, GustafssonJA, SpyrouG. Human mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase cDNA cloning, expression and genomic organization. Eur J Biochem, 261:405–412. 1999.
193.
MohlerJL, MorrisTL, FordOH, AlveyRF, SakamotoC, GregoryCW. Identification of differentially expressed genes associated with androgen-independent growth of prostate cancer. Prostate, 51:247–255. 2002.
194.
MontrichardF, AlkhalfiouiF, YanoH, VenselWH, HurkmanWJ, BuchananBB. Thioredoxin targets in plants: the first 30 years. J Proteomics, 72:452–474. 2009.
195.
MoritaK, SaitohM, TobiumeK, MatsuuraH, EnomotoS, NishitohH, IchijoH. Negative feedback regulation of ASK1 by protein phosphatase 5 (PP5) in response to oxidative stress. EMBO J, 20:6028–6036. 2001.
196.
MoskovitzJ, Bar-NoyS, WilliamsWM, RequenaJ, BerlettBS, StadtmanER. Methionine sulfoxide reductase (MsrA) is a regulator of antioxidant defense and lifespan in mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 98:12920–12925. 2001.
197.
MunemasaY, AhnJH, KwongJMK, CaprioliJ, PiriN. Redox proteins thioredoxin 1 and thioredoxin 2 support retinal ganglion cell survival in experimental glaucoma. Gene Ther, 16:17–25. 2008.
198.
MunemasaY, KwongJMK, KimSH, AhnJH, CaprioliJ, PiriN. Thioredoxins 1 and 2 protect retinal ganglion cells from pharmacologically induced oxidative stress, optic nerve transection and ocular hypertension. Adv Exp Med Biol, 664:355–363. 2010.
199.
NabhanJF, HuR, OhRS, CohenSN, LuQ. Formation and release of arrestin domain-containing protein 1-mediated microvesicles (ARMMs) at plasma membrane by recruitment of TSG101 protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 109:4146–4151. 2012.
200.
NakagawaH, HirataY, TakedaK, HayakawaY, SatoT, KinoshitaH, SakamotoK, NakataW, HikibaY, OmataM, YoshidaH, KoikeK, IchijoH, MaedaS. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 inhibits hepatocarcinogenesis by controlling the tumor-suppressing function of stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase. Hepatology, 54:185–195. 2011.
201.
NakagawaT, ZhuH, MorishimaN, LiE, XuJ, YanknerBA, YuanJ. Caspase-12 mediates endoplasmic-reticulum-specific apoptosis and cytotoxicity by amyloid-beta. Nature, 403:98–103. 2000.
202.
NeumannCA, KrauseDS, CarmanCV, DasS, DubeyDP, AbrahamJL, BronsonRT, FujiwaraY, OrkinSH, Van EttenRA. Essential role for the peroxiredoxin Prdx1 in erythrocyte antioxidant defence and tumour suppression. Nature, 424:561–565. 2003.
203.
NishikawaT, EdelsteinD, DuXL, YamagishiS, MatsumuraT, KanedaY, YorekMA, BeebeD, OatesPJ, HammesHP, GiardinoI, BrownleeM. Normalizing mitochondrial superoxide production blocks three pathways of hyperglycaemic damage. Nature, 404:787–790. 2000.
204.
NishikawaT, KukidomeD, SonodaK, FujisawaK, MatsuhisaT, MotoshimaH, MatsumuraT, ArakiE. Impact of mitochondrial ROS production in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 77,Suppl 1:S161–S164. 2007.
NishinakaY, NishiyamaA, MasutaniH, OkaS-I, AhsanKM, NakayamaY, IshiiY, NakamuraH, MaedaM, YodoiJ. Loss of thioredoxin-binding protein-2/vitamin D3 up-regulated protein 1 in human T-cell leukemia virus type I-dependent T-cell transformation: implications for adult T-cell leukemia leukemogenesis. Cancer Res, 64:1287–1292. 2004.
207.
NishitohH, MatsuzawaA, TobiumeK, SaegusaK, TakedaK, InoueK, HoriS, KakizukaA, IchijoH. ASK1 is essential for endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced neuronal cell death triggered by expanded polyglutamine repeats. Genes Dev, 16:1345–1355. 2002.
208.
NishitohH, SaitohM, MochidaY, TakedaK, NakanoH, RotheM, MiyazonoK, IchijoH. ASK1 is essential for JNK/SAPK activation by TRAF2. Mol Cell, 2:389–395. 1998.
209.
NishiyamaA, MatsuiM, IwataS, HirotaK, MasutaniH, NakamuraH, TakagiY, SonoH, GonY, YodoiJ. Identification of thioredoxin-binding protein-2/vitamin D(3) up-regulated protein 1 as a negative regulator of thioredoxin function and expression. J Biol Chem, 274:21645–21650. 1999.
NobukuniT, JoaquinM, RoccioM, DannSG, KimSY, GulatiP, ByfieldMP, BackerJM, NattF, BosJL, ZwartkruisFJ, ThomasG. Amino acids mediate mTOR/raptor signaling through activation of class 3 phosphatidylinositol 3OH-kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 102:14238–14243. 2005.
212.
NoguchiT, TakedaK, MatsuzawaA, SaegusaK, NakanoH, GohdaJ, InoueJ-I, IchijoH. Recruitment of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor family proteins to apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 signalosome is essential for oxidative stress-induced cell death. J Biol Chem, 280:37033–37040. 2005.
213.
NordlundP, ReichardP. Ribonucleotide reductases. Annu Rev Biochem, 75:681–706. 2006.
214.
NovoselovSV, KimHY, HuaD, LeeBC, AstleCM, HarrisonDE, FriguetB, MoustafaME, CarlsonBA, HatfieldDL, GladyshevVN. Regulation of selenoproteins and methionine sulfoxide reductases A and B1 by age, calorie restriction, and dietary selenium in mice. Antioxid Redox Signal, 12:829–838. 2010.
215.
ObikaneH, AbikoY, UenoH, KusumiY, EsumiM, MitsumataM. Effect of endothelial cell proliferation on atherogenesis: a role of p21(Sdi/Cip/Waf1) in monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis, 212:116–122. 2010.
216.
OblongJE, GasdaskaPY, SherrillK, PowisG. Purification of human thioredoxin reductase: properties and characterization by absorption and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Biochemistry, 32:7271–7277. 1993.
217.
OhtaS, LaiEW, PangALY, BrouwersFM, ChanW-Y, EisenhoferG, de KrijgerR, KsinantovaL, BrezaJ, BlazicekP, KvetnanskyR, WesleyRA, PacakK. Downregulation of metastasis suppressor genes in malignant pheochromocytoma. Int J Cancer, 114:139–143. 2005.
218.
OkaS-I, LiuW, MasutaniH, HirataH, ShinkaiY, YamadaS-I, YoshidaT, NakamuraH, YodoiJ. Impaired fatty acid utilization in thioredoxin binding protein-2 (TBP-2)-deficient mice: a unique animal model of Reye syndrome. FASEB J, 20:121–123. 2006.
219.
OkaS-I, LiuW, YoshiharaE, AhsanMK, RamosDAL, SonA, OkuyamaH, ZhangL, MasutaniH, NakamuraH, YodoiJ. Thioredoxin binding protein-2 mediates metabolic adaptation in response to lipopolysaccharide in vivo. Crit Care Med, 38:2345–2351. 2010.
220.
OkaS-I, MasutaniH, LiuW, HoritaH, WangD, Kizaka-KondohS, YodoiJ. Thioredoxin-binding protein-2-like inducible membrane protein is a novel vitamin D3 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma ligand target protein that regulates PPARgamma signaling. Endocrinology, 147:733–743. 2006.
OkuyamaH, YoshidaT, SonA, OkaS-I, WangD, NakayamaR, MasutaniH, NakamuraH, NabeshimaY-I, YodoiJ. Thioredoxin binding protein 2 modulates natural killer T cell-dependent innate immunity in the liver: possible link to lipid metabolism. Antioxid Redox Signal, 11:2585–2593. 2009.
223.
OrloffMS, EngC. Genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity in the PTEN hamartoma tumour syndrome. Oncogene, 27:5387–5397. 2008.
224.
OsakaN, TakahashiT, MurakamiS, MatsuzawaA, NoguchiT, FujiwaraT, AburataniH, MoriyamaK, TakedaK, IchijoH. ASK1-dependent recruitment and activation of macrophages induce hair growth in skin wounds. J Cell Biol, 176:903–909. 2007.
ParkH-S, YuJ-W, ChoJ-H, KimM-S, HuhS-H, RyooK, ChoiE-J. Inhibition of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 by nitric oxide through a thiol redox mechanism. J Biol Chem, 279:7584–7590. 2004.
230.
PascualI, LarrayozIM, RodriguezIR. Retinoic acid regulates the human methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MSRA) gene via two distinct promoters. Genomics, 93:62–71. 2009.
231.
PatwariP, ChutkowWA, CummingsK, VerstraetenVLRM, LammerdingJ, SchreiterER, LeeRT. Thioredoxin-independent regulation of metabolism by the alpha-arrestin proteins. J Biol Chem, 284:24996–25003. 2009.
232.
PatwariP, EmilssonV, SchadtEE, ChutkowWA, LeeS, MarsiliA, ZhangY, DobrinR, CohenDE, LarsenPR, ZavackiAM, FongLG, YoungSG, LeeRT. The arrestin domain-containing 3 protein regulates body mass and energy expenditure. Cell Metab, 14:671–683. 2011.
233.
PatwariP, HigginsLJ, ChutkowWA, YoshiokaJ, LeeRT. The interaction of thioredoxin with Txnip. Evidence for formation of a mixed disulfide by disulfide exchange. J Biol Chem, 281:21884–21891. 2006.
234.
PedoneE, LimauroD, D'AmbrosioK, SimoneG, BartolucciS. Multiple catalytically active thioredoxin folds: a winning strategy for many functions. Cell Mol Life Sci, 67:3797–3814. 2010.
PelicanoH, XuRh, DuM, FengL, SasakiR, CarewJS, HuY, RamdasL, HuL, KeatingMJ, ZhangW, PlunkettW, HuangP. Mitochondrial respiration defects in cancer cells cause activation of Akt survival pathway through a redox-mediated mechanism. J Cell Biol, 175:913–923. 2006.
237.
PerroneL, DeviTS, HosoyaK-I, TerasakiT, SinghLP. Thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) induces inflammation through chromatin modification in retinal capillary endothelial cells under diabetic conditions. J Cell Physiol, 221:262–272. 2009.
238.
PerroneL, DeviTS, HosoyaK-I, TerasakiT, SinghLP. Inhibition of TXNIP expression in vivo blocks early pathologies of diabetic retinopathy. Cell Death Dis, 1:e65. 2010.
239.
PolekhinaG, AscherDB, KokSF, WalthamM. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the N-terminal domain of human thioredoxin-interacting protein. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun, 67:613–617. 2011.
240.
PoltorakA, HeX, SmirnovaI, LiuMY, Van HuffelC, DuX, BirdwellD, AlejosE, SilvaM, GalanosC, FreudenbergM, Ricciardi-CastagnoliP, LaytonB, BeutlerB. Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice: mutations in Tlr4 gene. Science, 282:2085–2088. 1998.
241.
PowisG, KirkpatrickDL. Thioredoxin signaling as a target for cancer therapy. Curr Opin Pharmacol, 7:392–397. 2007.
242.
ProsperiMT, FerbusD, KarczinskiI, GoubinG. A human cDNA corresponding to a gene overexpressed during cell proliferation encodes a product sharing homology with amoebic and bacterial proteins. J Biol Chem, 268:11050–11056. 1993.
243.
QiW, ChenX, HolianJ, TanCYR, KellyDJ, PollockCA. Transcription factors Krüppel-like factor 6 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ mediate high glucose-induced thioredoxin-interacting protein. Am J Pathol, 175:1858–1867. 2009.
244.
RaniS, MehtaJP, BarronN, DoolanP, JeppesenPB, ClynesM, O'DriscollL. Decreasing Txnip mRNA and protein levels in pancreatic MIN6 cells reduces reactive oxygen species and restores glucose regulated insulin secretion. Cell Physiol Biochem, 25:667–674. 2010.
245.
RauchS, Martin-SerranoJ. Multiple Interactions between the ESCRT machinery and arrestin-related proteins: implications for PPXY-dependent budding. J Virol, 85:3546–3556. 2011.
246.
RenY, ShiY, WangY, LiY, WuS, LiH, ZhangY, DuanH. p38 MAPK pathway is involved in high glucose-induced thioredoxin interacting protein induction in mouse mesangial cells. FEBS Lett, 584:3480–3485. 2010.
247.
RheeSG. Cell signaling. H2O2, a necessary evil for cell signaling. Science, 312:1882–1883. 2006.
248.
RheeSG, WooHA. Multiple functions of peroxiredoxins: peroxidases, sensors and regulators of the intracellular messenger H2O2, and protein chaperones. Antioxid Redox Signal, 15:781–794. 2011.
249.
RollinsMF, van der HeideDM, WeisendCM, KundertJA, ComstockKM, SuvorovaES, CapecchiMR, MerrillGF, SchmidtEE. Hepatocytes lacking thioredoxin reductase 1 have normal replicative potential during development and regeneration. J Cell Sci, 123:2402–2412. 2010.
250.
RuanH, TangXD, ChenML, JoinerML, SunG, BrotN, WeissbachH, HeinemannSH, IversonL, WuCF, HoshiT. High-quality life extension by the enzyme peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 99:2748–2753. 2002.
251.
RundlofAK, CarlstenM, ArnerES. The core promoter of human thioredoxin reductase 1: cloning, transcriptional activity, and Oct-1, Sp1, and Sp3 binding reveal a housekeeping-type promoter for the AU-rich element-regulated gene. J Biol Chem, 276:30542–30551. 2001.
252.
SachsenmaierC, Radler-PohlA, ZinckR, NordheimA, HerrlichP, RahmsdorfHJ. Involvement of growth factor receptors in the mammalian UVC response. Cell, 78:963–972. 1994.
253.
SagherD, BrunellD, HejtmancikJF, KantorowM, BrotN, WeissbachH. Thionein can serve as a reducing agent for the methionine sulfoxide reductases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 103:8656–8661. 2006.
254.
SaitohM, NishitohH, FujiiM, TakedaK, TobiumeK, SawadaY, KawabataM, MiyazonoK, IchijoH. Mammalian thioredoxin is a direct inhibitor of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK) 1. EMBO J, 17:2596–2606. 1998.
255.
SakuraiA, NishimotoM, HimenoS, ImuraN, TsujimotoM, KunimotoM, HaraS. Transcriptional regulation of thioredoxin reductase 1 expression by cadmium in vascular endothelial cells: role of NF-E2-related factor-2. J Cell Physiol, 203:529–537. 2005.
256.
SalvesenHB, MacDonaldN, RyanA, JacobsIJ, LynchED, AkslenLA, DasS. PTEN methylation is associated with advanced stage and microsatellite instability in endometrial carcinoma. Int J Cancer, 91:22–26. 2001.
257.
SaxenaG, ChenJ, ShalevA. Intracellular shuttling and mitochondrial function of thioredoxin-interacting protein. J Biol Chem, 285:3997–4005. 2010.
258.
SayamaK, HanakawaY, ShirakataY, YamasakiK, SawadaY, SunL, YamanishiK, IchijoH, HashimotoK. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is an intracellular inducer of keratinocyte differentiation. J Biol Chem, 276:999–1004. 2001.
259.
SbaiO, DeviTS, MeloneMAB, FeronF, KhrestchatiskyM, SinghLP, PerroneL. RAGE-TXNIP axis is required for S100B-promoted Schwann cell migration, fibronectin expression and cytokine secretion. J Cell Sci, 123:4332–4339. 2010.
260.
SchulzePC, De KeulenaerGW, YoshiokaJ, KassikKA, LeeRT. Vitamin D3-upregulated protein-1 (VDUP-1) regulates redox-dependent vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation through interaction with thioredoxin. Circ Res, 91:689–695. 2002.
SchulzePC, YoshiokaJ, TakahashiT, HeZ, KingGL, LeeRT. Hyperglycemia promotes oxidative stress through inhibition of thioredoxin function by thioredoxin-interacting protein. J Biol Chem, 279:30369–30374. 2004.
263.
SekineY, TakedaK, IchijoH. The ASK1-MAP kinase signaling in ER stress and neurodegenerative diseases. Curr Mol Med, 6:87–97. 2006.
264.
SeleniusM, FernandesAP, BrodinO, BjornstedtM, RundlofAK. Treatment of lung cancer cells with cytotoxic levels of sodium selenite: effects on the thioredoxin system. Biochem Pharmacol, 75:2092–2099. 2008.
265.
SeleniusM, RundlöfA-K, OlmE, FernandesAP, BjörnstedtM. Selenium and the selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase in the prevention, treatment and diagnostics of cancer. Antioxid Redox Signal, 12:867–880. 2010.
266.
SeoMS, KangSW, KimK, BainesIC, LeeTH, RheeSG. Identification of a new type of mammalian peroxiredoxin that forms an intramolecular disulfide as a reaction intermediate. J Biol Chem, 275:20346–20354. 2000.
267.
ShakedM, Ketzinel-GiladM, AriavY, CerasiE, KaiserN, LeibowitzG. Insulin counteracts glucotoxic effects by suppressing thioredoxin-interacting protein production in INS-1E beta cells and in Psammomys obesus pancreatic islets. Diabetologia, 52:636–644. 2009.
268.
ShalevA, Pise-MasisonCA, RadonovichM, HoffmannSC, HirshbergB, BradyJN, HarlanDM. Oligonucleotide microarray analysis of intact human pancreatic islets: identification of glucose-responsive genes and a highly regulated TGFbeta signaling pathway. Endocrinology, 143:3695–3698. 2002.
269.
ShaoW, YuZ, FantusIG, JinT. Cyclic AMP signaling stimulates proteasome degradation of thioredoxin interacting protein (TxNIP) in pancreatic β-cells. Cell Signal, 22:1240–1246. 2010.
270.
SharovVS, FerringtonDA, SquierTC, SchoneichC. Diastereoselective reduction of protein-bound methionine sulfoxide by methionine sulfoxide reductase. FEBS Lett, 455:247–250. 1999.
271.
ShauH, KimA. Identification of natural killer enhancing factor as a major antioxidant in human red blood cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 199:83–88. 1994.
272.
ShenWH, BalajeeAS, WangJ, WuH, EngC, PandolfiPP, YinY. Essential role for nuclear PTEN in maintaining chromosomal integrity. Cell, 128:157–170. 2007.
ShiY, RenY, ZhaoL, DuC, WangY, ZhangY, LiY, ZhaoS, DuanH. Knockdown of thioredoxin interacting protein attenuates high glucose-induced apoptosis and activation of ASK1 in mouse mesangial cells. FEBS Lett, 585:1789–1795. 2011.
276.
ShinK-H, KimRH, KimRH, KangMK, ParkN-H. hnRNP G elicits tumor-suppressive activity in part by upregulating the expression of Txnip. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 372:880–885. 2008.
277.
SinghA, Boldin-AdamskyS, ThimmulappaRK, RathSK, AshushH, CoulterJ, BlackfordA, GoodmanSN, BunzF, WatsonWH, GabrielsonE, FeinsteinE, BiswalS. RNAi-mediated silencing of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 gene expression in non-small cell lung cancer inhibits tumor growth and increases efficacy of chemotherapy. Cancer Res, 68:7975–7984. 2008.
278.
SlovakML, BedellV, HsuYH, EstrineDB, NowakNJ, DelioukinaML, WeissLM, SmithDD, FormanSJ. Molecular karyotypes of Hodgkin and Reed-sternberg cells at disease onset reveal distinct copy number alterations in chemosensitive versus refractory Hodgkin lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res, 17:3443–3454. 2011.
279.
SonA, NakamuraH, OkuyamaH, OkaS-I, YoshiharaE, LiuW, MatsuoY, KondoN, MasutaniH, IshiiY, IyodaT, InabaK, YodoiJ. Dendritic cells derived from TBP-2-deficient mice are defective in inducing T cell responses. Eur J Immunol, 38:1358–1367. 2008.
280.
SongJJ, LeeYJ. Differential role of glutaredoxin and thioredoxin in metabolic oxidative stress-induced activation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1. Biochem J, 373:845–853. 2003.
281.
SongJJ, RheeJG, SuntharalingamM, WalshSA, SpitzDR, LeeYJ. Role of glutaredoxin in metabolic oxidative stress. Glutaredoxin as a sensor of oxidative stress mediated by H2O2. J Biol Chem, 277:46566–46575. 2002.
282.
SongZ, SaghafiN, GokhaleV, BrabantM, MeuilletEJ. Regulation of the activity of the tumor suppressor PTEN by thioredoxin in Drosophila melanogaster. Exp Cell Res, 313:1161–1171. 2007.
283.
SoriaJ-C, LeeH-Y, LeeJI, WangL, IssaJ-P, KempBL, LiuDD, KurieJM, MaoL, KhuriFR. Lack of PTEN expression in non-small cell lung cancer could be related to promoter methylation. Clin Cancer Res, 8:1178–1184. 2002.
284.
SozoF, WallaceMJ, ZahraVA, FilbyCE, HooperSB. Gene expression profiling during increased fetal lung expansion identifies genes likely to regulate development of the distal airways. Physiol Genomics, 24:105–113. 2006.
285.
SpindelON, YanC, BerkBC. Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) mediates nuclear-to-plasma membrane communication: role in vascular endothelial growth factor 2 (VEGFR2) signaling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 32:1264–1270. 2012.
286.
StambolicV, SuzukiA, de la PompaJL, BrothersGM, MirtsosC, SasakiT, RulandJ, PenningerJM, SiderovskiDP, MakTW. Negative regulation of PKB/Akt-dependent cell survival by the tumor suppressor PTEN. Cell, 95:29–39. 1998.
287.
StaveleyBE, RuelL, JinJ, StambolicV, MastronardiFG, HeitzlerP, WoodgettJR, ManoukianAS. Genetic analysis of protein kinase B (AKT) in Drosophila. Curr Biol, 8:599–602. 1998.
288.
SteelmanLS, ChappellWH, AbramsSL, KempfRC, LongJ, LaidlerP, MijatovicS, Maksimovic-IvanicD, StivalaF, MazzarinoMC, DoniaM, FagoneP, MalaponteG, NicolettiF, LibraM, MilellaM, TafuriA, BonatiA, BäseckeJ, CoccoL, EvangelistiC, MartelliAM, MontaltoG, CervelloM, McCubreyJA. Roles of the Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathways in controlling growth and sensitivity to therapy-implications for cancer and aging. Aging, 3:192–222. 2011.
289.
StoltzmanCA, PetersonCW, BreenKT, MuoioDM, BillinAN, AyerDE. Glucose sensing by MondoA:Mlx complexes: a role for hexokinases and direct regulation of thioredoxin-interacting protein expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 105:6912–6917. 2008.
290.
StoyanovskyDA, TyurinaYY, TyurinVA, AnandD, MandaviaDN, GiusD, IvanovaJ, PittB, BilliarTR, KaganVE. Thioredoxin and lipoic acid catalyze the denitrosation of low molecular weight and protein S-nitrosothiols. J Am Chem Soc, 127:15815–15823. 2005.
291.
SumbayevVV. S-nitrosylation of thioredoxin mediates activation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1. Arch Biochem Biophys, 415:133–136. 2003.
292.
SunQA, KirnarskyL, ShermanS, GladyshevVN. Selenoprotein oxidoreductase with specificity for thioredoxin and glutathione systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 98:3673–3678. 2001.
293.
SunQA, ZappacostaF, FactorVM, WirthPJ, HatfieldDL, GladyshevVN. Heterogeneity within animal thioredoxin reductases. Evidence for alternative first exon splicing. J Biol Chem, 276:3106–3114. 2001.
294.
SutterwalaFS, OguraY, FlavellRA. The inflammasome in pathogen recognition and inflammation. J Leukoc Biol, 82:259–264. 2007.
TamuraK, PetersonD, PetersonN, StecherG, NeiM, KumarS. MEGA5: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol, 28:2731–2739. 2011.
300.
TanakaH, ArakawaH, YamaguchiT, ShiraishiK, FukudaS, MatsuiK, TakeiY, NakamuraY. A ribonucleotide reductase gene involved in a p53-dependent cell-cycle checkpoint for DNA damage. Nature, 404:42–49. 2000.
301.
TaniguchiCM, EmanuelliB, KahnCR. Critical nodes in signalling pathways: insights into insulin action. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 7:85–96. 2006.
302.
TibblesLA, WoodgettJR. The stress-activated protein kinase pathways. Cell Mol Life Sci, 55:1230–1254. 1999.
303.
TippleTE, WeltySE, NelinLD, HansenJM, RogersLK. Alterations of the thioredoxin system by hyperoxia: implications for alveolar development. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 41:612–619. 2009.
304.
TissingWJE, den BoerML, MeijerinkJPP, MenezesRX, SwagemakersS, van der SpekPJ, SallanSE, ArmstrongSA, PietersR. Genomewide identification of prednisolone-responsive genes in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Blood, 109:3929–3935. 2007.
305.
TobiumeK, InageT, TakedaK, EnomotoS, MiyazonoK, IchijoH. Molecular cloning and characterization of the mouse apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 239:905–910. 1997.
306.
TobiumeK, SaitohM, IchijoH. Activation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 by the stress-induced activating phosphorylation of pre-formed oligomer. J Cell Physiol, 191:95–104. 2002.
307.
TomeME. A redox signature score identifies diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients with a poor prognosis. Blood, 106:3594–3601. 2005.
308.
TorresJ, PulidoR. The tumor suppressor PTEN is phosphorylated by the protein kinase CK2 at its C terminus. Implications for PTEN stability to proteasome-mediated degradation. J Biol Chem, 276:993–998. 2001.
309.
TournierC, HessP, YangDD, XuJ, TurnerTK, NimnualA, Bar-SagiD, JonesSN, FlavellRA, DavisRJ. Requirement of JNK for stress-induced activation of the cytochrome c-mediated death pathway. Science, 288:870–874. 2000.
310.
TrotmanLC, NikiM, DotanZA, KoutcherJA, Di CristofanoA, XiaoA, KhooAS, Roy-BurmanP, GreenbergNM, DykeTV, Cordon-CardoC, PandolfiPP. Pten dose dictates cancer progression in the prostate. PLoS Biol, 1:e9. 2003.
TzivionG, ShenYH, ZhuJ. 14-3-3 proteins; bringing new definitions to scaffolding. Oncogene, 20:6331–6338. 2001.
313.
UranoF, WangX, BertolottiA, ZhangY, ChungP, HardingHP, RonD. Coupling of stress in the ER to activation of JNK protein kinases by transmembrane protein kinase IRE1. Science, 287:664–666. 2000.
314.
van der VleutenGM, HijmansA, KluijtmansLAJ, BlomHJ, StalenhoefAFH, de GraafJ. Thioredoxin interacting protein in Dutch families with familial combined hyperlipidemia. Am J Med Genet, 130A:73–75. 2004.
315.
VazquezF, RamaswamyS, NakamuraN, SellersWR. Phosphorylation of the PTEN tail regulates protein stability and function. Mol Cell Biol, 20:5010–5018. 2000.
316.
VivancoI, SawyersCL. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase AKT pathway in human cancer. Nat Rev Cancer, 2:489–501. 2002.
317.
WangX, MartindaleJL, HolbrookNJ. Requirement for ERK activation in cisplatin-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem, 275:39435–39443. 2000.
318.
WangXQ, NigroP, WorldC, FujiwaraK, YanC, BerkBC. Thioredoxin interacting protein promotes endothelial cell inflammation in response to disturbed flow by increasing leukocyte adhesion and repressing Kruppel-like factor 2. Circ Res, 110:560–568. 2012.
319.
WangY, De KeulenaerGW, LeeRT. Vitamin D(3)-up-regulated protein-1 is a stress-responsive gene that regulates cardiomyocyte viability through interaction with thioredoxin. J Biol Chem, 277:26496–26500. 2002.
320.
WangZ, RongYP, MaloneMH, DavisMC, ZhongF, DistelhorstCW. Thioredoxin-interacting protein (txnip) is a glucocorticoid-regulated primary response gene involved in mediating glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis. Oncogene, 25:1903–1913. 2005.
WooHA, YimSH, ShinDH, KangD, YuDY, RheeSG. Inactivation of peroxiredoxin I by phosphorylation allows localized H(2)O(2) accumulation for cell signaling. Cell, 140:517–528. 2010.
323.
WoodJM, DeckerH, HartmannH, ChavanB, RokosH, SpencerJD, HasseS, ThorntonMJ, ShalbafM, PausR, SchallreuterKU. Senile hair graying: H2O2-mediated oxidative stress affects human hair color by blunting methionine sulfoxide repair. FASEB J, 23:2065–2075. 2009.
324.
WorldC, SpindelON, BerkBC. Thioredoxin-interacting protein mediates TRX1 translocation to the plasma membrane in response to tumor necrosis factor-alpha: a key mechanism for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 transactivation by reactive oxygen species. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 31:1890–1897. 2011.
WuX, SenechalK, NeshatMS, WhangYE, SawyersCL. The PTEN/MMAC1 tumor suppressor phosphatase functions as a negative regulator of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 95:15587–15591. 1998.
327.
WullschlegerS, LoewithR, HallMN. TOR Signaling in growth and metabolism. Cell, 124:471–484. 2006.
328.
WurmserAE, EmrSD. Novel PtdIns(3)P-binding protein Etf1 functions as an effector of the Vps34 PtdIns 3-kinase in autophagy. J Cell Biol, 158:761–772. 2002.
329.
XiaZ, DickensM, RaingeaudJ, DavisRJ, GreenbergME. Opposing effects of ERK and JNK-p38 MAP kinases on apoptosis. Science, 270:1326–1331. 1995.
330.
XiangG, SekiT, SchusterMD, WitkowskiP, BoyleAJ, SeeF, MartensTP, KocherA, SondermeijerH, KrumH, ItescuS. Catalytic degradation of vitamin D up-regulated protein 1 mRNA enhances cardiomyocyte survival and prevents left ventricular remodeling after myocardial ischemia. J Biol Chem, 280:39394–39402. 2005.
331.
YamamotoT, MatsuiY, NatoriS, ObinataM. Cloning of a housekeeping-type gene (MER5) preferentially expressed in murine erythroleukemia cells. Gene, 80:337–343. 1989.
332.
YamanakaH, MaehiraF, OshiroM, AsatoT, YanagawaY, TakeiH, NakashimaY. A possible interaction of thioredoxin with VDUP1 in HeLa cells detected in a yeast two-hybrid system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 271:796–800. 2000.
333.
YamawakiH, PanS, LeeRT, BerkBC. Fluid shear stress inhibits vascular inflammation by decreasing thioredoxin-interacting protein in endothelial cells. J Clin Invest, 115:733–738. 2005.
334.
YanG-R, XuS-H, TanZ-L, LiuL, HeQ-Y. Global identification of miR-373-regulated genes in breast cancer by quantitative proteomics. Proteomics, 11:912–920. 2011.
335.
YanH, DobbieZ, GruberSB, MarkowitzS, RomansK, GiardielloFM, KinzlerKW, VogelsteinB. Small changes in expression affect predisposition to tumorigenesis. Nat Genet, 30:25–26. 2001.
336.
YanL, VatnerDE, O'ConnorJP, IvessaA, GeH, ChenW, HirotaniS, IshikawaY, SadoshimaJ, VatnerSF. Type 5 adenylyl cyclase disruption increases longevity and protects against stress. Cell, 130:247–258. 2007.
337.
YangDD, KuanCY, WhitmarshAJ, RinconM, ZhengTS, DavisRJ, RakicP, FlavellRA. Absence of excitotoxicity-induced apoptosis in the hippocampus of mice lacking the Jnk3 gene. Nature, 389:865–870. 1997.
338.
YangKS, KangSW, WooHA, HwangSC, ChaeHZ, KimK, RheeSG. Inactivation of human peroxiredoxin I during catalysis as the result of the oxidation of the catalytic site cysteine to cysteine-sulfinic acid. J Biol Chem, 277:38029–38036. 2002.
339.
YangX, YoungLH, VoigtJM. Expression of a vitamin D-regulated gene (VDUP-1) in untreated- and MNU-treated rat mammary tissue. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 48:33–44. 1998.
340.
YokoiT, FukuoK, YasudaO, HottaM, MiyazakiJ, TakemuraY, KawamotoH, IchijoH, OgiharaT. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 mediates cellular senescence induced by high glucose in endothelial cells. Diabetes, 55:1660–1665. 2006.
341.
YooMH, XuXM, CarlsonBA, PattersonAD, GladyshevVN, HatfieldDL. Targeting thioredoxin reductase 1 reduction in cancer cells inhibits self-sufficient growth and DNA replication. PLoS One, 2:e1112. 2007.
342.
YoshiharaE, FujimotoS, InagakiN, OkawaK, MasakiS, YodoiJ, MasutaniH. Disruption of TBP-2 ameliorates insulin sensitivity and secretion without affecting obesity. Nat Commun, 1:127–112. 2010.
343.
YoshiokaJ, ChutkowWA, LeeS, KimJB, YanJ, TianR, LindseyML, FeenerEP, SeidmanCE, SeidmanJG, LeeRT. Deletion of thioredoxin-interacting protein in mice impairs mitochondrial function but protects the myocardium from ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Clin Invest, 122:267–279. 2012.
344.
YoshiokaJ, ImahashiK, GabelSA, ChutkowWA, BurdsAA, GannonJ, SchulzePC, MacGillivrayC, LondonRE, MurphyE, LeeRT. Targeted deletion of thioredoxin-interacting protein regulates cardiac dysfunction in response to pressure overload. Circ Res, 101:1328–1338. 2007.
345.
YoshiokaJ, SchulzePC, CupesiM, SylvanJD, MacGillivrayC, GannonJ, HuangH, LeeRT. Thioredoxin-interacting protein controls cardiac hypertrophy through regulation of thioredoxin activity. Circulation, 109:2581–2586. 2004.
346.
YuF-X, ChaiTF, HeH, HagenT, LuoY. Thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip) gene expression: sensing oxidative phosphorylation status and glycolytic rate. J Biol Chem, 285:25822–25830. 2010.
347.
YuF-X, LuoY. Tandem ChoRE and CCAAT motifs and associated factors regulate txnip expression in response to glucose or adenosine-containing molecules. PLoS One, 4:e8397. 2009.
Zahedi AvvalF, HolmgrenA. Molecular mechanisms of thioredoxin and glutaredoxin as hydrogen donors for Mammalian s phase ribonucleotide reductase. J Biol Chem, 284:8233–8240. 2009.
350.
ZhangL, ChenJ, FuH. Suppression of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1-induced cell death by 14-3-3 proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 96:8511–8515. 1999.
351.
ZhangP, WangC, GaoK, WangD, MaoJ, AnJ, XuC, WuD, YuH, LiuJO, YuL. The ubiquitin ligase itch regulates apoptosis by targeting thioredoxin-interacting protein for ubiquitin-dependent degradation. J Biol Chem, 285:8869–8879. 2010.
352.
ZhangR, Al-LamkiR, BaiL, StrebJW, MianoJM, BradleyJ, MinW. Thioredoxin-2 inhibits mitochondria-located ASK1-mediated apoptosis in a JNK-independent manner. Circ Res, 94:1483–1491. 2004.
ZhouJ, BiC, CheongLL, MaharaS, LiuSC, TayKG, KohTL, YuQ, ChngWJ. The histone methyltransferase inhibitor DZNep upregulates TXNIP, increases ROS production, and targets leukemia cells in AML. Blood, 118:2830–2839. 2011.
355.
ZhouR, TardivelA, ThorensB, ChoiI, TschoppJ. Thioredoxin-interacting protein links oxidative stress to inflammasome activation. Nat Immunol, 11:136–140. 2009.
356.
ZhuoDX, NiuXH, ChenYC, XinDQ, GuoYL, MaoZB. Vitamin D3 up-regulated protein 1(VDUP1) is regulated by FOXO3A and miR-17-5p at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, respectively, in senescent fibroblasts. J Biol Chem, 285:31491–31501. 2010.
357.
ZivE, RotemC, MiodovnikM, RavidA, KorenR. Two modes of ERK activation by TNF in keratinocytes: different cellular outcomes and bi-directional modulation by vitamin D. J Cell Biochem, 104:606–619. 2008.
