Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are thought to have effects on T-cell function and proliferation. Low concentrations of ROS in T cells are a prerequisite for cell survival, and increased ROS accumulation can lead to apoptosis/necrosis. The cellular redox state of a T cell can also affect T-cell receptor signaling, skewing the immune response. Various T-cell subsets have different redox statuses, and this differential ROS susceptibility could modulate the outcome of an immune response in various disease states. Recent advances in T-cell redox signaling reveal that ROS modulate signaling cascades such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, and JAK/STAT pathways. Also, tumor microenvironments, chronic T-cell stimulation leading to replicative senescence, gender, and age affect T-cell susceptibility to ROS, thereby contributing to diverse immune outcomes. Antioxidants such as glutathione, thioredoxin, superoxide dismutase, and catalase balance cellular oxidative stress. T-cell redox states are also regulated by expression of various vitamins and dietary compounds. Changes in T-cell redox regulation may affect the pathogenesis of various human diseases. Many strategies to control oxidative stress have been employed for various diseases, including the use of active antioxidants from dietary products and pharmacologic or genetic engineering of antioxidant genes in T cells. Here, we discuss the existence of a complex web of molecules/factors that exogenously or endogenously affect oxidants, and we relate these molecules to potential therapeutics. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 18, 1497–1534.
AdachiK, DavisMM. T-cell receptor ligation induces distinct signaling pathways in naïve vs. antigen-experienced T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 108:1549–1554. 2011.
AggarwalBB, ShishodiaS. Molecular targets of dietary agents for prevention and therapy of cancer. Biochem Pharmacol, 71:1397–1421. 2006.
4.
AhnJ, GammonMD, SantellaRM, GaudetMM, BrittonJA, TeitelbaumSL, TerryMB, NeugutAI, JosephyPD, AmbrosoneCB. Myeloperoxidase genotype, fruit and vegetable consumption, and breast cancer risk. Cancer Res, 64:7634–7639. 2004.
5.
AkiyamaH, HoshinoK, TokuzumiM, TeshimaR, MoriH, InakumaT, IshiguroY, GodaY, SawadaJ, ToyodaM. The effect of feeding carrots on immunoglobulin E production and anaphylactic response in mice. Biol Pharm Bull, 22:551–555. 1999.
6.
AktasO, ProzorovskiT, SmorodchenkoA, SavaskanNE, LausterR, KloetzelPM, Infante-DuarteC, BrockeS, ZippF. Green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate mediates T cellular NF-kappa B inhibition and exerts neuroprotection in autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol, 173:5794–5800. 2004.
7.
Al-ShobailiHA, Al RobaeeAA, AlzolibaniA, KhanMI, RasheedZ. Hydroxyl radical modification of immunoglobulin g generated cross-reactive antibodies: its potential role in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Med Insights Arthritis Musculoskelet Disord, 4:11–19. 2011.
8.
AlshatwiAA. Catechin hydrate suppresses MCF-7 proliferation through TP53/Caspase-mediated apoptosis. J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 29:167. 2010.
9.
AmmiratiE, CianfloneD, VecchioV, BanfiM, VermiAC, De MetrioM, GrigoreL, PellegattaF, PirilloA, GarlaschelliK, ManfrediAAet al.Effector memory T cells are associated with atherosclerosis in humans and animal models. J Am Heart Assoc, 1:27–41. 2012.
10.
AndersenV, ChristensenJ, OvervadK, TjonnelandA, VogelU. Polymorphisms in NFkB, PXR, LXR and risk of colorectal cancer in a prospective study of Danes. BMC Cancer, 10:484. 2010.
11.
AndoT, MimuraK, JohanssonCC, HansonMG, MougiakakosD, LarssonC, Martins da PalmaT, SakuraiD, NorellH, LiM, NishimuraMIet al.Transduction with the antioxidant enzyme catalase protects human T cells against oxidative stress. J Immunol, 181:8382–8390. 2008.
12.
Aparicio-FernandezX, Reynoso-CamachoR, Castano-TostadoE, Garcia-GascaT, Gonzalez de MejiaE, Guzman-MaldonadoSH, ElizondoG, YousefGG, LilaMA, Loarca-PinaG. Antiradical capacity and induction of apoptosis on HeLa cells by a Phaseolus vulgaris extract. Plant Foods Hum Nutr, 63:35–40. 2008.
13.
AppelSH, BeersDR, HenkelJS. T cell-microglial dialogue in Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: are we listening?Trends Immunol, 31:7–17. 2010.
AvalosI, ChungCP, OeserA, MilneGL, MorrowJD, GebretsadikT, ShintaniA, YuC, SteinCM. Oxidative stress in systemic lupus erythematosus: relationship to disease activity and symptoms. Lupus, 16:195–200. 2007.
16.
BabiorBM. The respiratory burst oxidase. Adv Enzymol Relat Areas Mol Biol, 65:49–95. 1992.
17.
BaekKH, ShinHJ, YooJK, ChoJH, ChoiYH, SungYC, McKeonF, LeeCW. p53 deficiency and defective mitotic checkpoint in proliferating T lymphocytes increase chromosomal instability through aberrant exit from mitotic arrest. J Leukoc Biol, 73:850–861. 2003.
18.
BahlK, KimSK, CalcagnoC, GhersiD, PuzoneR, CeladaF, SelinLK, WelshRM. IFN-induced attrition of CD8 T cells in the presence or absence of cognate antigen during the early stages of viral infections. J Immunol, 176:4284–4295. 2006.
19.
BanerjeeA, SchambachF, DeJongCS, HammondSM, ReinerSL. Micro-RNA-155 inhibits IFN-gamma signaling in CD4+ T cells. Eur J Immunol, 40:225–231. 2010.
20.
BarataJT, CardosoAA, BoussiotisVA. Interleukin-7 in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: an extrinsic factor supporting leukemogenesis?Leuk Lymphoma, 46:483–495. 2005.
21.
BarfodL, KempK, HansenM, KharazmiA. Chalcones from Chinese liquorice inhibit proliferation of T cells and production of cytokines. Int Immunopharmacol, 2:545–555. 2002.
22.
BeersDR, HenkelJS, ZhaoW, WangJ, AppelSH. CD4+ T cells support glial neuroprotection, slow disease progression, and modify glial morphology in an animal model of inherited ALS. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 105:15558–15563. 2008.
23.
BeersDR, HenkelJS, ZhaoW, WangJ, HuangA, WenS, LiaoB, AppelSH. Endogenous regulatory T lymphocytes ameliorate amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in mice and correlate with disease progression in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain, 134:1293–1314. 2011.
24.
BeesonCC, BeesonGC, SchnellmannRG. A high-throughput respirometric assay for mitochondrial biogenesis and toxicity. Anal Biochem, 404:75–81. 2010.
25.
BennettMR. Reactive oxygen species and death: oxidative DNA damage in atherosclerosis. Circ Res, 88:648–650. 2001.
26.
BernerV, LiuH, ZhouQ, AldersonKL, SunK, WeissJM, BackTC, LongoDL, BlazarBR, WiltroutRH, WelniakLAet al.IFN-gamma mediates CD4+ T-cell loss and impairs secondary antitumor responses after successful initial immunotherapy. Nat Med, 13:354–360. 2007.
BirdMD, KaravitisJ, KovacsEJ. Sex differences and estrogen modulation of the cellular immune response after injury. Cell Immunol, 252:57–67. 2008.
29.
BjartmarC, WujekJR, TrappBD. Axonal loss in the pathology of MS: consequences for understanding the progressive phase of the disease. J Neurol Sci, 206:165–171. 2003.
30.
BogdanC. Regulation of lymphocytes by nitric oxide. Methods Mol Biol, 677:375–393. 2011.
31.
BristowRG, HillRP. Hypoxia and metabolism. Hypoxia, DNA repair and genetic instability. Nat Rev Cancer, 8:180–192. 2008.
32.
BronteV, SerafiniP, De SantoC, MarigoI, ToselloV, MazzoniA, SegalDM, StaibC, LowelM, SutterG, ColomboMPet al.IL-4-induced arginase 1 suppresses alloreactive T cells in tumor-bearing mice. J Immunol, 170:270–278. 2003.
33.
BronteV, ZanovelloP. Regulation of immune responses by L-arginine metabolism. Nat Rev Immunol, 5:641–654. 2005.
BuluaAC, SimonA, MaddipatiR, PelletierM, ParkH, KimKY, SackMN, KastnerDL, SiegelRM. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species promote production of proinflammatory cytokines and are elevated in TNFR1-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS)J Exp Med, 208:519–533. 2011.
CacciatoreI, CornacchiaC, PinnenF, MollicaA, Di StefanoA. Prodrug approach for increasing cellular glutathione levels. Molecules, 15:1242–1264. 2010.
38.
CappelliniA, TazzariPL, MantovaniI, BilliAM, TassiC, RicciF, ConteR, MartelliAM. Antiapoptotic role of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase in Jurkat T cells and normal human T lymphocytes treated with 8-methoxypsoralen and ultraviolet-A radiation. Apoptosis, 10:141–152. 2005.
39.
CarretteF, FabreS, BismuthG. FOXO1, T-cell trafficking and immune responses. Adv Exp Med Biol, 665:3–16. 2009.
40.
CaseAJ, McGillJL, TygrettLT, ShirasawaT, SpitzDR, WaldschmidtTJ, LeggeKL, DomannFE. Elevated mitochondrial superoxide disrupts normal T cell development, impairing adaptive immune responses to an influenza challenge. Free Radic Biol Med, 50:448–458. 2011.
ChengAM, ByromMW, SheltonJ, FordLP. Antisense inhibition of human miRNAs and indications for an involvement of miRNA in cell growth and apoptosis. Nucleic Acids Res, 33:1290–1297. 2005.
48.
ChoHY, JedlickaAE, ReddySP, ZhangLY, KenslerTW, KleebergerSR. Linkage analysis of susceptibility to hyperoxia. Nrf2 is a candidate gene. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 26:42–51. 2002.
49.
ChoiJ, OhS, LeeD, OhHJ, ParkJY, LeeSB, LimDS. Mst1-FoxO signaling protects Naïve T lymphocytes from cellular oxidative stress in mice. PLoS One, 4:e8011. 2009.
50.
ChristensenLP. Aliphatic c(17)-polyacetylenes of the falcarinol type as potential health promoting compounds in food plants of the apiaceae family. Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric, 3:64–77. 2011.
51.
ClementsPJ, RothMD, ElashoffR, TashkinDP, GoldinJ, SilverRM, SterzM, SeiboldJR, SchraufnagelD, SimmsRW, BolsterMet al.Scleroderma lung study (SLS): differences in the presentation and course of patients with limited versus diffuse systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis, 66:1641–1647. 2007.
52.
ColicM, VucevicD, KilibardaV, RadicevicN, SavicM. Modulatory effects of garlic extracts on proliferation of T-lymphocytes in vitro stimulated with concanavalin A. Phytomedicine, 9:117–124. 2002.
53.
CrackPJ, TaylorJM. Reactive oxygen species and the modulation of stroke. Free Radic Biol Med, 38:1433–1444. 2005.
54.
CsiszarA, UngvariZ, KollerA, EdwardsJG, KaleyG. Aging-induced proinflammatory shift in cytokine expression profile in coronary arteries. FASEB J, 17:1183–1185. 2003.
55.
D'SouzaWN, ChangCF, FischerAM, LiM, HedrickSM. The Erk2 MAPK regulates CD8 T cell proliferation and survival. J Immunol, 181:7617–7629. 2008.
56.
DanelC, ErzurumSC, PrayssacP, EissaNT, CrystalRG, HerveP, BaudetB, MazmanianM, LemarchandP. Gene therapy for oxidant injury-related diseases: adenovirus-mediated transfer of superoxide dismutase and catalase cDNAs protects against hyperoxia but not against ischemia-reperfusion lung injury. Hum Gene Ther, 9:1487–1496. 1998.
57.
DaynesRA, EnioutinaEY, JonesDC. Role of redox imbalance in the molecular mechanisms responsible for immunosenescence. Antioxid Redox Signal, 5:537–548. 2003.
58.
de la FuenteH, Richaud-PatinY, Jakez-OcampoJ, Gonzalez-AmaroR, LlorenteL. Innate immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)Immunol Lett, 77:175–180. 2001.
59.
De SantoC, SerafiniP, MarigoI, DolcettiL, BollaM, Del SoldatoP, MelaniC, GuiducciC, ColomboMP, IezziM, MusianiPet al.Nitroaspirin corrects immune dysfunction in tumor-bearing hosts and promotes tumor eradication by cancer vaccination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 102:4185–4190. 2005.
60.
DesaintS, LuriauS, AudeJC, RousseletG, ToledanoMB. Mammalian antioxidant defenses are not inducible by H2O2. J Biol Chem, 279:31157–31163. 2004.
61.
DevadasS, ZaritskayaL, RheeSG, OberleyL, WilliamsMS. Discrete generation of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide by T cell receptor stimulation: selective regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and fas ligand expression. J Exp Med, 195:59–70. 2002.
62.
DonaldsonMS. Nutrition and cancer: a review of the evidence for an anti-cancer diet. Nutr J, 3:19. 2004.
63.
DongC, YangDD, WyskM, WhitmarshAJ, DavisRJ, FlavellRA. Defective T cell differentiation in the absence of Jnk1. Science, 282:2092–2095. 1998.
64.
DongC, YangDD, TournierC, WhitmarshAJ, XuJ, DavisRJ, FlavellRA. JNK is required for effector T-cell function but not for T-cell activation. Nature, 405:91–94. 2000.
65.
EckHP, FreyH, DrogeW. Elevated plasma glutamate concentrations in HIV-1-infected patients may contribute to loss of macrophage and lymphocyte functions. Int Immunol, 1:367–372. 1989.
66.
EckHP, GmunderH, HartmannM, PetzoldtD, DanielV, DrogeW. Low concentrations of acid-soluble thiol (cysteine) in the blood plasma of HIV-1-infected patients. Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler, 370:101–108. 1989.
67.
EckHP, Stahl-HennigC, HunsmannG, DrogeW. Metabolic disorder as early consequence of simian immunodeficiency virus infection in rhesus macaques. Lancet, 338:346–347. 1991.
68.
EfimovaO, SzankasiP, KelleyTW. Ncf1 (p47phox) is essential for direct regulatory T cell mediated suppression of CD4+ effector T cells. PLoS One, 6:e16013. 2011.
69.
EmersonMR, LeVineSM. Heme oxygenase-1 and NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase expression in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: an expanded view of the stress response. J Neurochem, 75:2555–2562. 2000.
70.
EpperlyMW, BrayJA, EsocobarP, BigbeeWL, WatkinsS, GreenbergerJS. Overexpression of the human manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) transgene in subclones of murine hematopoietic progenitor cell line 32D cl 3 decreases irradiation-induced apoptosis but does not alter G2/M or G1/S phase cell cycle arrest. Radiat Oncol Investig, 7:331–342. 1999.
FiersW, BeyaertR, DeclercqW, VandenabeeleP. More than one way to die: apoptosis, necrosis and reactive oxygen damage. Oncogene, 18:7719–7730. 1999.
75.
FrancoR, PanayiotidisMI, CidlowskiJA. Glutathione depletion is necessary for apoptosis in lymphoid cells independent of reactive oxygen species formation. J Biol Chem, 282:30452–30465. 2007.
76.
FrelinC, ImbertV, GriessingerE, PeyronAC, RochetN, PhilipP, DagevilleC, SirventA, HummelsbergerM, BerardE, DreanoMet al.Targeting NF-kappaB activation via pharmacologic inhibition of IKK2-induced apoptosis of human acute myeloid leukemia cells. Blood, 105:804–811. 2005.
77.
FrossiB, De CarliM, PiemonteM, PucilloC. Oxidative microenvironment exerts an opposite regulatory effect on cytokine production by Th1 and Th2 cells. Mol Immunol, 45:58–64. 2008.
78.
FrostegardJ, WuR, GiscombeR, HolmG, LefvertAK, NilssonJ. Induction of T-cell activation by oxidized low density lipoprotein. Arterioscler Thromb, 12:461–467. 1992.
79.
FuschiottiP. CD8+ T cells in systemic sclerosis. Immunol Res, 50:188–194. 2011.
80.
GasparT, DomokiF, LentiL, InstitorisA, SnipesJA, BariF, BusijaDW. Neuroprotective effect of adenoviral catalase gene transfer in cortical neuronal cultures. Brain Res, 1270:1–9. 2009.
81.
GeldermanKA, HultqvistM, HolmbergJ, OlofssonP, HolmdahlR. T cell surface redox levels determine T cell reactivity and arthritis susceptibility. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 103:12831–12836. 2006.
82.
GeldermanKA, HultqvistM, OlssonLM, BauerK, PizzollaA, OlofssonP, HolmdahlR. Rheumatoid arthritis: the role of reactive oxygen species in disease development and therapeutic strategies. Antioxid Redox Signal, 9:1541–1567. 2007.
83.
GergelyPJr., GrossmanC, NilandB, PuskasF, NeupaneH, AllamF, BankiK, PhillipsPE, PerlA. Mitochondrial hyperpolarization and ATP depletion in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum, 46:175–190. 2002.
Gil-DelValleL, GonzalezI, TarinasA, Al-VerezA, MolinaR, TapanesR, PerezJ. Evaluation of oxidative stress in AIDS pediatric patients. Acta Farm Bonaerense, 23:466–471. 2004.
87.
GlassmanSJ. Vitiligo, reactive oxygen species and T-cells. Clin Sci (Lond), 120:99–120. 2011.
88.
GoYM, KangSM, RoedeJR, OrrM, JonesDP. Increased inflammatory signaling and lethality of influenza H1N1 by nuclear thioredoxin-1. PLoS One, 6:e18918. 2011.
89.
GothL, RassP, PayA. Catalase enzyme mutations and their association with diseases. Mol Diagn, 8:141–149. 2004.
90.
GriffithCE, ZhangW, WangeRL. ZAP-70-dependent and -independent activation of Erk in Jurkat T cells. Differences in signaling induced by H2o2 and Cd3 cross-linking. J Biol Chem, 273:10771–10776. 1998.
91.
GringhuisSI, LeowA, Papendrecht-Van Der VoortEA, RemansPH, BreedveldFC, VerweijCL. Displacement of linker for activation of T cells from the plasma membrane due to redox balance alterations results in hyporesponsiveness of synovial fluid T lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. J Immunol, 164:2170–2179. 2000.
92.
GulowK, KaminskiM, DarvasK, SussD, Li-WeberM, KrammerPH. HIV-1 trans-activator of transcription substitutes for oxidative signaling in activation-induced T cell death. J Immunol, 174:5249–5260. 2005.
93.
GuzikTJ, HochNE, BrownKA, McCannLA, RahmanA, DikalovS, GoronzyJ, WeyandC, HarrisonDG. Role of the T cell in the genesis of angiotensin II induced hypertension and vascular dysfunction. J Exp Med, 204:2449–2460. 2007.
HainautP, MilnerJ. Redox modulation of p53 conformation and sequence-specific DNA binding in vitro. Cancer Res, 53:4469–4473. 1993.
97.
HammondSM. RNAi, microRNAs, and human disease. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 58 Suppl, 1:s63–s68. 2006.
98.
HansonMG, OzenciV, CarlstenMC, GlimeliusBL, FrodinJE, MasucciG, MalmbergKJ, KiesslingRV. A short-term dietary supplementation with high doses of vitamin E increases NK cell cytolytic activity in advanced colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother, 56:973–984. 2007.
99.
HanssonGK, HermanssonA. The immune system in atherosclerosis. Nat Immunol, 12:204–212. 2011.
100.
HardwickJS, SeftonBM. Activation of the Lck tyrosine protein kinase by hydrogen peroxide requires the phosphorylation of Tyr-394. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 92:4527–4531. 1995.
101.
Hernandez-SaavedraD, ZhouH, McCordJM. Anti-inflammatory properties of a chimeric recombinant superoxide dismutase: SOD2/3. Biomed Pharmacother, 59:204–208. 2005.
102.
Hernandez-SaavedraD, McCordJM. Association of a new intronic polymorphism of the SOD2 gene (G1677T) with cancer. Cell Biochem Funct, 27:223–227. 2009.
103.
HerzenbergLA, De RosaSC, DubsJG, RoedererM, AndersonMT, ElaSW, DeresinskiSC. Glutathione deficiency is associated with impaired survival in HIV disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 94:1967–1972. 1997.
104.
HibiM, LinA, SmealT, MindenA, KarinM. Identification of an oncoprotein- and UV-responsive protein kinase that binds and potentiates the c-Jun activation domain. Genes Dev, 7:2135–2148. 1993.
105.
HildemanDA, MitchellT, TeagueTK, HensonP, DayBJ, KapplerJ, MarrackPC. Reactive oxygen species regulate activation-induced T cell apoptosis. Immunity, 10:735–744. 1999.
106.
HildemanDA, MitchellT, KapplerJ, MarrackP. T cell apoptosis and reactive oxygen species. J Clin Invest, 111:575–581. 2003.
107.
HochNE, GuzikTJ, ChenW, DeansT, MaaloufSA, GratzeP, WeyandC, HarrisonDG. Regulation of T-cell function by endogenously produced angiotensin II. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 296:R208–R216. 2009.
108.
HoffmanRA, MahidharaRS, Wolf-JohnstonAS, LuL, ThomsonAW, SimmonsRL. Differential modulation of CD4 and CD8 T-cell proliferation by induction of nitric oxide synthesis in antigen presenting cells. Transplantation, 74:836–845. 2002.
109.
HolleyAK, DharSK, St ClairDK. Manganese superoxide dismutase vs. p53: regulation of mitochondrial ROS. Mitochondrion, 10:649–661. 2010.
110.
HolmstromTH, SchmitzI, SoderstromTS, PoukkulaM, JohnsonVL, ChowSC, KrammerPH, ErikssonJE. MAPK/ERK signaling in activated T cells inhibits CD95/Fas-mediated apoptosis downstream of DISC assembly. EMBO J, 19:5418–5428. 2000.
111.
HowardAN, BridgesKA, MeynRE, ChandraJ. ABT-737, a BH3 mimetic, induces glutathione depletion and oxidative stress. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 65:41–54. 2009.
112.
HuangCP, AuLC, ChiouRY, ChungPC, ChenSY, TangWC, ChangCL, FangWH, LinSB. Arachidin-1, a peanut stilbenoid, induces programmed cell death in human leukemia HL-60 cells. J Agric Food Chem, 58:12123–12129. 2010.
HuangYC, GuhJH, ChengZJ, ChangYL, HwangTL, LinCN, TengCM. Inhibitory effect of DCDC on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide synthesis in RAW 264.7 cells. Life Sci, 68:2435–2447. 2001.
115.
HultqvistM, OlofssonP, GeldermanKA, HolmbergJ, HolmdahlR. A new arthritis therapy with oxidative burst inducers. PLoS Med, 3:e348. 2006.
116.
HultqvistM, BacklundJ, BauerK, GeldermanKA, HolmdahlR. Lack of reactive oxygen species breaks T cell tolerance to collagen type II and allows development of arthritis in mice. J Immunol, 179:1431–1437. 2007.
117.
IchiharaF, KonoK, SekikawaT, MatsumotoY. Surgical stress induces decreased expression of signal-transducing zeta molecules in T cells. Eur Surg Res, 31:138–146. 1999.
IwataM, HirakiyamaA, EshimaY, KagechikaH, KatoC, SongSY. Retinoic acid imprints gut-homing specificity on T cells. Immunity, 21:527–538. 2004.
120.
IwataS, HoriT, SatoN, HirotaK, SasadaT, MitsuiA, HirakawaT, YodoiJ. Adult T cell leukemia (ATL)-derived factor/human thioredoxin prevents apoptosis of lymphoid cells induced by L-cystine and glutathione depletion: possible involvement of thiol-mediated redox regulation in apoptosis caused by pro-oxidant state. J Immunol, 158:3108–3117. 1997.
121.
JaarsmaD, HaasdijkED, GrashornJA, HawkinsR, van DuijnW, VerspagetHW, LondonJ, HolstegeJC. Human Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) overexpression in mice causes mitochondrial vacuolization, axonal degeneration, and premature motoneuron death and accelerates motoneuron disease in mice expressing a familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mutant SOD1. Neurobiol Dis, 7:623–643. 2000.
122.
JagetiaGC, AggarwalBB. “Spicing up” of the immune system by curcumin. J Clin Immunol, 27:19–35. 2007.
123.
JainMR, GeWW, ElkabesS, LiH. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: protein chaperone dysfunction revealed by proteomic studies of animal models. Proteomics Clin Appl, 2:670–684. 2008.
124.
JeongYJ, HongSW, KimJH, JinDH, KangJS, LeeWJ, HwangYI. Vitamin C-treated murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells preferentially drive naïve T cells into Th1 cells by increased IL-12 secretions. Cell Immunol, 266:192–199. 2011.
125.
JiaZ, SongZ, ZhaoY, WangX, LiuP. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract protects human lens epithelial cells from oxidative stress via reducing NF-small ka, CyrillicB and MAPK protein expression. Mol Vis, 17:210–217. 2011.
126.
JohnsonDA, AmirahmadiS, WardC, FabryZ, JohnsonJA. The absence of the pro-antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2 exacerbates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Toxicol Sci, 114:237–246. 2010.
127.
JoosseA, De VriesE, van EijckCH, EggermontAM, NijstenT, CoeberghJW. Reactive oxygen species and melanoma: an explanation for gender differences in survival?Pigment Cell Melanoma Res, 23:352–364. 2010.
128.
KaminskiM, KiesslingM, SussD, KrammerPH, GulowK. Novel role for mitochondria: protein kinase Ctheta-dependent oxidative signaling organelles in activation-induced T-cell death. Mol Cell Biol, 27:3625–3639. 2007.
129.
KaminskiMM, SauerSW, KlemkeCD, SussD, OkunJG, KrammerPH, GulowK. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species control T cell activation by regulating IL-2 and IL-4 expression: mechanism of ciprofloxacin-mediated immunosuppression. J Immunol, 184:4827–4841. 2010.
130.
KaneLP, LinJ, WeissA. It's all Rel-ative: NF-kappaB and CD28 costimulation of T-cell activation. Trends Immunol, 23:413–420. 2002.
131.
KannanK, JainSK. Oxidative stress and apoptosis. Pathophysiology, 7:153–163. 2000.
132.
KarawajewL, RheinP, CzerwonyG, LudwigWD. Stress-induced activation of the p53 tumor suppressor in leukemia cells and normal lymphocytes requires mitochondrial activity and reactive oxygen species. Blood, 105:4767–4775. 2005.
133.
KarpuzogluE, AhmedSA. Estrogen regulation of nitric oxide and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in immune cells: implications for immunity, autoimmune diseases, and apoptosis. Nitric Oxide, 15:177–186. 2006.
134.
KaschulaCH, HunterR, ParkerMI. Garlic-derived anticancer agents: structure and biological activity of ajoene. Biofactors, 36:78–85. 2010.
135.
KasicT, ColomboP, SoldaniC, WangCM, MirandaE, RoncalliM, BronteV, ViolaA. Modulation of human T cell functions by reactive nitrogen species. Eur J Immunol, 41:1843–1849. 2011.
136.
KaszubowskaL. Telomere shortening and ageing of the immune system. J Physiol Pharmacol 59 Suppl, 9:169–186. 2008.
137.
KatakamiN, SakamotoK, KanetoH, MatsuhisaM, ShimizuI, IshibashiF, OsonoiT, KashiwagiA, KawamoriR, HoriM, YamasakiY. Combined effect of oxidative stress-related gene polymorphisms on atherosclerosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 379:861–865. 2009.
138.
KaurN, NagaOS, NorellH, Al-KhamiAA, ScheffelMJ, ChakrabortyNG, Voelkel-JohnsonC, MukherjiB, MehrotraS. T cells expanded in presence of IL-15 exhibit increased antioxidant capacity and innate effector molecules. Cytokine, 55:307–317. 2011.
139.
KerdilesYM, BeisnerDR, TinocoR, DejeanAS, CastrillonDH, DePinhoRA, HedrickSM. Foxo1 links homing and survival of naïve T cells by regulating L-selectin, CCR7 and interleukin 7 receptor. Nat Immunol, 10:176–184. 2009.
140.
KikuchiN, IshiiY, MorishimaY, YagetaY, HaraguchiN, ItohK, YamamotoM, HizawaN. Nrf2 protects against pulmonary fibrosis by regulating the lung oxidant level and Th1/Th2 balance. Respir Res, 11:31. 2010.
141.
KimHJ, BarajasB, WangM, NelAE. Nrf2 activation by sulforaphane restores the age-related decrease of T(H)1 immunity: role of dendritic cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 121:1255–1261, e1257. 2008.
142.
KimW, FanYY, SmithR, PatilB, JayaprakashaGK, McMurrayDN, ChapkinRS. Dietary curcumin and limonin suppress CD4+ T-cell proliferation and interleukin-2 production in mice. J Nutr, 139:1042–1048. 2009.
143.
KimWH, GooSY, ShinMH, ChunSJ, LeeH, LeeKH, ParkSJ. Vibrio vulnificus-induced death of Jurkat T-cells requires activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase by NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species. Cell Immunol, 253:81–91. 2008.
144.
KipnisJ, AvidanH, CaspiRR, SchwartzM. Dual effect of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in neurodegeneration: a dialogue with microglia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101 Suppl, 2:14663–14669. 2004.
145.
KlineMP, RajkumarSV, TimmMM, KimlingerTK, HaugJL, LustJA, GreippPR, KumarS. ABT-737, an inhibitor of Bcl-2 family proteins, is a potent inducer of apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells. Leukemia, 21:1549–1560. 2007.
146.
KoikeT, YamagishiH, HatanakaY, FukushimaA, ChangJW, XiaY, FieldsM, ChandlerP, IwashimaM. A novel ERK-dependent signaling process that regulates interleukin-2 expression in a late phase of T cell activation. J Biol Chem, 278:15685–15692. 2003.
147.
KonczA, PasztoiM, MazanM, FazakasF, BuzasE, FalusA, NagyG. Nitric oxide mediates T cell cytokine production and signal transduction in histidine decarboxylase knockout mice. J Immunol, 179:6613–6619. 2007.
148.
KouraT, GonY, HashimotoS, AzumaA, KudohS, FukudaY, SugawaraI, YodoiJ, HorieT. Expression of thioredoxin in granulomas of sarcoidosis: possible role in the development of T lymphocyte activation. Thorax, 55:755–761. 2000.
149.
KraaijMD, SavageND, van der KooijSW, KoekkoekK, WangJ, van den BergJM, OttenhoffTH, KuijpersTW, HolmdahlR, van KootenC, GeldermanKA. Induction of regulatory T cells by macrophages is dependent on production of reactive oxygen species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 107:17686–17691. 2010.
150.
KrajinovicM, SinnettH, RicherC, LabudaD, SinnettD. Role of NQO1, MPO and CYP2E1 genetic polymorphisms in the susceptibility to childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Int J Cancer, 97:230–236. 2002.
151.
KusmartsevS, NefedovaY, YoderD, GabrilovichDI. Antigen-specific inhibition of CD8+ T cell response by immature myeloid cells in cancer is mediated by reactive oxygen species. J Immunol, 172:989–999. 2004.
LanQ, ZhengT, ShenM, ZhangY, WangSS, ZahmSH, HolfordTR, LeadererB, BoyleP, ChanockS. Genetic polymorphisms in the oxidative stress pathway and susceptibility to non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Hum Genet, 121:161–168. 2007.
154.
LaniewskiNG, GraysonJM. Antioxidant treatment reduces expansion and contraction of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells during primary but not secondary viral infection. J Virol, 78:11246–11257. 2004.
155.
LeeK, WonHY, BaeMA, HongJH, HwangES. Spontaneous and aging-dependent development of arthritis in NADPH oxidase 2 deficiency through altered differentiation of CD11b+ and Th/Treg cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 108:9548–9553. 2011.
156.
LeiXG, VatamaniukMZ. Two tales of antioxidant enzymes on beta cells and diabetes. Antioxid Redox Signal, 14:489–503. 2011.
157.
Li-WeberM, WeigandMA, GiaisiM, SussD, TreiberMK, BaumannS, RitsouE, BreitkreutzR, KrammerPH. Vitamin E inhibits CD95 ligand expression and protects T cells from activation-induced cell death. J Clin Invest, 110:681–690. 2002.
158.
LiW, NieS, XieM, ChenY, LiC, ZhangH. A major green tea component, (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, ameliorates doxorubicin-mediated cardiotoxicity in cardiomyocytes of neonatal rats. J Agric Food Chem, 58:8977–8982. 2010.
159.
LieszA, Suri-PayerE, VeltkampC, DoerrH, SommerC, RivestS, GieseT, VeltkampR. Regulatory T cells are key cerebroprotective immunomodulators in acute experimental stroke. Nat Med, 15:192–199. 2009.
LintonPJ, HaynesL, KlinmanNR, SwainSL. Antigen-independent changes in naïve CD4 T cells with aging. J Exp Med, 184:1891–1900. 1996.
162.
LiuL, LiC, GaoJ, LiK, ZhangR, WangG, GaoT. Promoter variant in the catalase gene is associated with vitiligo in Chinese people. J Invest Dermatol, 130:2647–2653. 2010.
163.
LiuY, ZhuB, LuoL, LiP, PatyDW, CynaderMS. Heme oxygenase-1 plays an important protective role in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neuroreport, 12:1841–1845. 2001.
164.
LobHE, MarvarPJ, GuzikTJ, SharmaS, McCannLA, WeyandC, GordonFJ, HarrisonDG. Induction of hypertension and peripheral inflammation by reduction of extracellular superoxide dismutase in the central nervous system. Hypertension, 55:277–283. 2010.
165.
LothariusJ, BrundinP. Impaired dopamine storage resulting from alpha-synuclein mutations may contribute to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Hum Mol Genet, 11:2395–2407. 2002.
166.
LuLF, ThaiTH, CaladoDP, ChaudhryA, KuboM, TanakaK, LoebGB, LeeH, YoshimuraA, RajewskyK, RudenskyAY. Foxp3-dependent microRNA155 confers competitive fitness to regulatory T cells by targeting SOCS1 protein. Immunity, 30:80–91. 2009.
167.
LucasSM, RothwellNJ, GibsonRM. The role of inflammation in CNS injury and disease. Br J Pharmacol 147 Suppl, 1:S232–S240. 2006.
168.
MaQ, WangY, LoAS, GomesEM, JunghansRP. Cell density plays a critical role in ex vivo expansion of T cells for adoptive immunotherapy. J Biomed Biotechnol, 2010:386545. 2010.
169.
MagentaA, CencioniC, FasanaroP, ZaccagniniG, GrecoS, Sarra-FerrarisG, AntoniniA, MartelliF, CapogrossiMC. miR-200c is upregulated by oxidative stress and induces endothelial cell apoptosis and senescence via ZEB1 inhibition. Cell Death Differ, 18:1628–1639. 2011.
170.
MagginiS, WintergerstES, BeveridgeS, HornigDH. Selected vitamins and trace elements support immune function by strengthening epithelial barriers and cellular and humoral immune responses. Br J Nutr 98 Suppl, 1:S29–S35. 2007.
171.
MallingTH, SigsgaardT, AndersenHR, DeguchiY, BrandslundI, SkadhaugeL, ThomsenG, BaelumJ, ShersonD, OmlandO. Differences in associations between markers of antioxidative defense and asthma are sex specific. Gend Med, 7:115–124. 2010.
172.
MalmbergKJ, ArulampalamV, IchiharaF, PeterssonM, SekiK, AnderssonT, LenkeiR, MasucciG, PetterssonS, KiesslingR. Inhibition of activated/memory (CD45RO(+)) T cells by oxidative stress associated with block of NF-kappaB activation. J Immunol, 167:2595–2601. 2001.
173.
MalmbergKJ, LenkeiR, PeterssonM, OhlumT, IchiharaF, GlimeliusB, FrodinJE, MasucciG, KiesslingR. A short-term dietary supplementation of high doses of vitamin E increases T helper 1 cytokine production in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res, 8:1772–1778. 2002.
174.
MalorniW, StrafaceE, MatarreseP, AscioneB, CoinuR, CanuS, GalluzzoP, MarinoM, FranconiF. Redox state and gender differences in vascular smooth muscle cells. FEBS Lett, 582:635–642. 2008.
175.
MannoR, BoinF. Immunotherapy of systemic sclerosis. Immunotherapy, 2:863–878. 2010.
176.
MantovaniG, MaccioA, MelisG, MuraL, MassaE, MuduMC. Restoration of functional defects in peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from cancer patients by thiol antioxidants alpha-lipoic acid and N-acetyl cysteine. Int J Cancer, 86:842–847. 2000.
177.
MarkoMG, PangHJ, RenZ, AzziA, HuberBT, BunnellSC, MeydaniSN. Vitamin E reverses impaired linker for activation of T cells activation in T cells from aged C57BL/6 mice. J Nutr, 139:1192–1197. 2009.
178.
MarquesCD, DantasAT, FragosoTS, DuarteAL. The importance of vitamin D levels in autoimmune diseases. Rev Bras Reumatol, 50:67–80. 2010.
179.
MasopustD, HaSJ, VezysV, AhmedR. Stimulation history dictates memory CD8 T cell phenotype: implications for prime-boost vaccination. J Immunol, 177:831–839. 2006.
McCollBW, RothwellNJ, AllanSM. Systemic inflammatory stimulus potentiates the acute phase and CXC chemokine responses to experimental stroke and exacerbates brain damage via interleukin-1- and neutrophil-dependent mechanisms. J Neurosci, 27:4403–4412. 2007.
182.
MebiusRE. Vitamins in control of lymphocyte migration. Nat Immunol, 8:229–230. 2007.
183.
MehrotraS, StevensR, ZengouR, ChakrabortyNG, ButterfieldLH, EconomouJS, DorskyDI, MukherjiB. Regulation of melanoma epitope-specific cytolytic T lymphocyte response by immature and activated dendritic cells, in vitro. Cancer Res, 63:5607–5614. 2003.
184.
MehrotraS, ChhabraA, ChattopadhyayS, DorskyDI, ChakrabortyNG, MukherjiB. Rescuing melanoma epitope-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes from activation-induced cell death, by SP600125, an inhibitor of JNK: implications in cancer immunotherapy. J Immunol, 173:6017–6024. 2004.
185.
MehrotraS, ChhabraA, HegdeU, ChakrabortyNG, MukherjiB. Inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase rescues influenza epitope-specific human cytolytic T lymphocytes from activation-induced cell death. J Leukoc Biol, 81:539–547. 2007.
186.
MehrotraS, MougiakakosD, JohanssonCC, Voelkel-JohnsonC, KiesslingR. Oxidative stress and lymphocyte persistence: implications in immunotherapy. Adv Cancer Res, 102:197–227. 2009.
187.
MeisterA, AndersonME. Glutathione. Annu Rev Biochem, 52:711–760. 1983.
188.
MichalekRD, NelsonKJ, HolbrookBC, YiJS, StridironD, DanielLW, FetrowJS, KingSB, PooleLB, GraysonJM. The requirement of reversible cysteine sulfenic acid formation for T cell activation and function. J Immunol, 179:6456–6467. 2007.
189.
MirshafieyA, MohsenzadeganM. The role of reactive oxygen species in immunopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol, 7:195–202. 2008.
190.
MoR, ChenJ, Grolleau-JuliusA, MurphyHS, RichardsonBC, YungRL. Estrogen regulates CCR gene expression and function in T lymphocytes. J Immunol, 174:6023–6029. 2005.
191.
MolanoA, MeydaniSN. Vitamin E, signalosomes and gene expression in T cells. Mol Aspects Med, 33:55–62. 2012.
192.
MorenoMU, San JoseG, FortunoA, BeloquiO, DiezJ, ZalbaG. The C242T CYBA polymorphism of NADPH oxidase is associated with essential hypertension. J Hypertens, 24:1299–1306. 2006.
193.
MoriT, OhnishiM, KomiyamaM, TsutsuiA, YabushitaH, OkadaH. Growth inhibitory effect of paradicsompaprika in cancer cell lines. Oncol Rep, 9:807–810. 2002.
194.
MoritoN, YohK, ItohK, HirayamaA, KoyamaA, YamamotoM, TakahashiS. Nrf2 regulates the sensitivity of death receptor signals by affecting intracellular glutathione levels. Oncogene, 22:9275–9281. 2003.
195.
MougiakakosD, JohanssonCC, KiesslingR. Naturally occurring regulatory T cells show reduced sensitivity toward oxidative stress-induced cell death. Blood, 113:3542–3545. 2009.
196.
MougiakakosD, JohanssonCC, JitschinR, BottcherM, KiesslingR. Increased thioredoxin-1 production in human naturally occurring regulatory T cells confers enhanced tolerance to oxidative stress. Blood, 117:857–861. 2011.
197.
MoynaghPN. The NF-kappaB pathway. J Cell Sci, 118:4589–4592. 2005.
198.
MuhammadS, BierhausA, SchwaningerM. Reactive oxygen species in diabetes-induced vascular damage, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis, 16:775–785. 2009.
199.
MyrsetAH, BostadA, JaminN, LirsacPN, TomaF, GabrielsenOS. DNA and redox state induced conformational changes in the DNA-binding domain of the Myb oncoprotein. EMBO J, 12:4625–4633. 1993.
200.
NagarajS, GabrilovichDI. Tumor escape mechanism governed by myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Cancer Res, 68:2561–2563. 2008.
201.
NagyG, KonczA, TelaricoT, FernandezD, ErsekB, BuzasE, PerlA. Central role of nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther, 12:210. 2010.
202.
NakanishiS, YamaneK, OhishiW, NakashimaR, YonedaM, NojimaH, WatanabeH, KohnoN. Manganese superoxide dismutase Ala16Val polymorphism is associated with the development of type 2 diabetes in Japanese-Americans. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 81:381–385. 2008.
203.
NencioniL, IuvaraA, AquilanoK, CirioloMR, CozzolinoF, RotilioG, GaraciE, PalamaraAT. Influenza A virus replication is dependent on an antioxidant pathway that involves GSH and Bcl-2. FASEB J, 17:758–760. 2003.
204.
NencioniL, SgarbantiR, De ChiaraG, GaraciE, PalamaraAT. Influenza virus and redox mediated cell signaling: a complex network of virus/host interaction. New Microbiol, 30:367–375. 2007.
205.
NeyestaniTR, ShariatzadehN, GharaviA, KalayiA, KhalajiN. Physiological dose of lycopene suppressed oxidative stress and enhanced serum levels of immunoglobulin M in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a possible role in the prevention of long-term complications. J Endocrinol Invest, 30:833–838. 2007.
206.
NishikawaM, HashidaM, TakakuraY. Catalase delivery for inhibiting ROS-mediated tissue injury and tumor metastasis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 61:319–326. 2009.
207.
NorellH, Martins da PalmaT, LesherA, KaurN, MehrotraM, NagaOS, SpiveyN, OlafimihanS, ChakrabortyNG, Voelkel-JohnsonC, NishimuraMIet al.Inhibition of superoxide generation upon T-cell receptor engagement rescues Mart-1(27-35)-reactive T cells from activation-induced cell death. Cancer Res, 69:6282–6289. 2009.
208.
NoubadeR, KrementsovDN, Del RioR, ThorntonT, NagaleekarV, SaligramaN, SpitzackA, SpachK, SabioG, DavisRJ, RinconMet al.Activation of p38 MAPK in CD4 T cells controls IL-17 production and autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Blood, 118:3290–3300. 2011.
209.
O'SheaJJ, PaulWE. Mechanisms underlying lineage commitment and plasticity of helper CD4+ T cells. Science, 327:1098–1102. 2010.
210.
OkazukaK, WakabayashiY, KashiharaM, InoueJ, SatoT, YokoyamaM, AizawaS, AizawaY, MishimaY, KominamiR. p53 prevents maturation of T cell development to the immature CD4-CD8+ stage in Bcl11b−/− mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 328:545–549. 2005.
211.
OlofssonP, HolmbergJ, TordssonJ, LuS, AkerstromB, HolmdahlR. Positional identification of Ncf1 as a gene that regulates arthritis severity in rats. Nat Genet, 33:25–32. 2003.
212.
OuyangW, LiMO. Foxo: in command of T lymphocyte homeostasis and tolerance. Trends Immunol, 32:26–33. 2011.
213.
OzkanY, Yardym-AkaydynS, SepiciA, KeskinE, SepiciV, SimsekB. Oxidative status in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol, 26:64–68. 2007.
PalmerMT, LeeYK, MaynardCL, OliverJR, BikleDD, JettenAM, WeaverCT. Lineage-specific effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the development of effector CD4 T cells. J Biol Chem, 286:997–1004. 2011.
216.
PaniG, ColavittiR, BorrelloS, GaleottiT. Endogenous oxygen radicals modulate protein tyrosine phosphorylation and JNK-1 activation in lectin-stimulated thymocytes. Biochem J 347 Pt, 1:173–181. 2000.
217.
PardoM, MelendezJA, TiroshO. Manganese superoxide dismutase inactivation during Fas (CD95)-mediated apoptosis in Jurkat T cells. Free Radic Biol Med, 41:1795–1806. 2006.
218.
ParkMK, ParkJS, ChoML, OhHJ, HeoYJ, WooYJ, HeoYM, ParkMJ, ParkHS, ParkSH, KimHYet al.Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) differentially regulates Foxp3(+) regulatory and IL-17(+) pathogenic T cell in autoimmune arthritis. Immunol Lett, 135:50–58. 2011.
219.
ParraS, MarsillachJ, AragonesG, BeltranR, MonteroM, CollB, MacknessB, MacknessM, Alonso-VillaverdeC, JovenJ, CampsJ. Paraoxonase-1 gene haplotypes are associated with metabolic disturbances, atherosclerosis, and immunologic outcome in HIV-infected patients. J Infect Dis, 201:627–634. 2010.
220.
PawelecG, SolanaR, RemarqueE, MarianiE. Impact of aging on innate immunity. J Leukoc Biol, 64:703–712. 1998.
221.
PelicanoH, CarneyD, HuangP. ROS stress in cancer cells and therapeutic implications. Drug Resist Updat, 7:97–110. 2004.
222.
PeterhansE. Oxidants and antioxidants in viral diseases: disease mechanisms and metabolic regulation. J Nutr, 127:962S–965S. 1997.
223.
PiganelliJD, FloresSC, CruzC, KoeppJ, Batinic-HaberleI, CrapoJ, DayB, KachadourianR, YoungR, BradleyB, HaskinsK. A metalloporphyrin-based superoxide dismutase mimic inhibits adoptive transfer of autoimmune diabetes by a diabetogenic T-cell clone. Diabetes, 51:347–355. 2002.
224.
PinkusR, WeinerLM, DanielV. Role of oxidants and antioxidants in the induction of AP-1, NF-kappaB, and glutathione S-transferase gene expression. J Biol Chem, 271:13422–13429. 1996.
225.
PolyakK, XiaY, ZweierJL, KinzlerKW, VogelsteinB. A model for p53-induced apoptosis. Nature, 389:300–305. 1997.
226.
PowersSK, JacksonMJ. Exercise-induced oxidative stress: cellular mechanisms and impact on muscle force production. Physiol Rev, 88:1243–1276. 2008.
227.
PurupS, LarsenE, ChristensenLP. Differential effects of falcarinol and related aliphatic C(17)-polyacetylenes on intestinal cell proliferation. J Agric Food Chem, 57:8290–8296. 2009.
228.
PurushothamanD, SarinA. Cytokine-dependent regulation of NADPH oxidase activity and the consequences for activated T cell homeostasis. J Exp Med, 206:1515–1523. 2009.
229.
QuY, WangJ, RayPS, GuoH, HuangJ, Shin-SimM, BukoyeBA, LiuB, LeeAV, LinX, HuangPet al.Thioredoxin-like 2 regulates human cancer cell growth and metastasis via redox homeostasis and NF-kappaB signaling. J Clin Invest, 121:212–225. 2011.
230.
RabinovichGA, GabrilovichD, SotomayorEM. Immunosuppressive strategies that are mediated by tumor cells. Annu Rev Immunol, 25:267–296. 2007.
231.
RajasinghJ, RaikwarHP, MuthianG, JohnsonC, BrightJJ. Curcumin induces growth-arrest and apoptosis in association with the inhibition of constitutively active JAK-STAT pathway in T cell leukemia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 340:359–368. 2006.
232.
RatjenF, WonneR, PosseltHG, StoverB, HofmannD, BenderSW. A double-blind placebo controlled trial with oral ambroxol and N-acetylcysteine for mucolytic treatment in cystic fibrosis. Eur J Pediatr, 144:374–378. 1985.
233.
RemansPH, GringhuisSI, van LaarJM, SandersME, Papendrecht-van der VoortEA, ZwartkruisFJ, LevarhtEW, RosasM, CofferPJ, BreedveldFC, BosJLet al.Rap1 signaling is required for suppression of Ras-generated reactive oxygen species and protection against oxidative stress in T lymphocytes. J Immunol, 173:920–931. 2004.
234.
RexTS, TsuiI, HahnP, MaguireAM, DuanD, BennettJ, DunaiefJL. Adenovirus-mediated delivery of catalase to retinal pigment epithelial cells protects neighboring photoreceptors from photo-oxidative stress. Hum Gene Ther, 15:960–967. 2004.
235.
RheeSG, YangKS, KangSW, WooHA, ChangTS. Controlled elimination of intracellular H(2)O(2): regulation of peroxiredoxin, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase via post-translational modification. Antioxid Redox Signal, 7:619–626. 2005.
236.
RiderV, AbdouNI. Gender differences in autoimmunity: molecular basis for estrogen effects in systemic lupus erythematosus. Int Immunopharmacol, 1:1009–1024. 2001.
237.
RinconM, Pedraza-AlvaG. JNK and p38 MAP kinases in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Immunol Rev, 192:131–142. 2003.
238.
RiouC, Yassine-DiabB, Van grevenyngheJ, SomogyiR, GrellerLD, GagnonD, GimmigS, WilkinsonP, ShiY, CameronMJ, Campos-GonzalezRet al.Convergence of TCR and cytokine signaling leads to FOXO3a phosphorylation and drives the survival of CD4+ central memory T cells. J Exp Med, 204:79–91. 2007.
239.
RiveraA, MaxwellSA. The p53-induced gene-6 (proline oxidase) mediates apoptosis through a calcineurin-dependent pathway. J Biol Chem, 280:29346–29354. 2005.
240.
RobbinsD, ZhaoY. Oxidative stress induced by MnSOD-p53 interaction: pro- or anti-tumorigenic?J Signal Transduct, 2012:101465. 2012.
241.
RoedererM, ElaSW, StaalFJ, HerzenbergLA. N-acetylcysteine: a new approach to anti-HIV therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses, 8:209–217. 1992.
242.
RozmerZ, BerkiT, PerjesiP. Different effects of two cyclic chalcone analogues on cell cycle of Jurkat T cells. Toxicol In Vitro, 20:1354–1362. 2006.
243.
SablinaAA, BudanovAV, IlyinskayaGV, AgapovaLS, KravchenkoJE, ChumakovPM. The antioxidant function of the p53 tumor suppressor. Nat Med, 11:1306–1313. 2005.
244.
SachsenmaierC, Radler-PohlA, MullerA, HerrlichP, RahmsdorfHJ. Damage to DNA by UV light and activation of transcription factors. Biochem Pharmacol, 47:129–136. 1994.
245.
SahafB, HeydariK, HerzenbergLA, HerzenbergLA. Lymphocyte surface thiol levels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100:4001–4005. 2003.
246.
SahafB, HeydariK, HerzenbergLA, HerzenbergLA. The extracellular microenvironment plays a key role in regulating the redox status of cell surface proteins in HIV-infected subjects. Arch Biochem Biophys, 434:26–32. 2005.
247.
This reference has been deleted.
248.
SallustoF, GeginatJ, LanzavecchiaA. Central memory and effector memory T cell subsets: function, generation, and maintenance. Annu Rev Immunol, 22:745–763. 2004.
249.
SalminenA, HuuskonenJ, OjalaJ, KauppinenA, KaarnirantaK, SuuronenT. Activation of innate immunity system during aging: NF-kB signaling is the molecular culprit of inflamm-aging. Ageing Res Rev, 7:83–105. 2008.
250.
SalminenA, KauppinenA, SuuronenT, KaarnirantaK. SIRT1 longevity factor suppresses NF-kappaB -driven immune responses: regulation of aging via NF-kappaB acetylation?Bioessays, 30:939–942. 2008.
251.
SamiecPS, Drews-BotschC, FlaggEW, KurtzJC, SternbergPJr., ReedRL, JonesDP. Glutathione in human plasma: decline in association with aging, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetes. Free Radic Biol Med, 24:699–704. 1998.
252.
SandstromPA, ButtkeTM. Autocrine production of extracellular catalase prevents apoptosis of the human CEM T-cell line in serum-free medium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 90:4708–4712. 1993.
253.
SandstromPA, TebbeyPW, Van CleaveS, ButtkeTM. Lipid hydroperoxides induce apoptosis in T cells displaying a HIV-associated glutathione peroxidase deficiency. J Biol Chem, 269:798–801. 1994.
254.
SandstromPA, MannieMD, ButtkeTM. Inhibition of activation-induced death in T cell hybridomas by thiol antioxidants: oxidative stress as a mediator of apoptosis. J Leukoc Biol, 55:221–226. 1994.
255.
SatohH, MoriguchiT, TaguchiK, TakaiJ, MaherJM, SuzukiT, WinnardPTJr., RamanV, EbinaM, NukiwaT, YamamotoM. Nrf2-deficiency creates a responsive microenvironment for metastasis to the lung. Carcinogenesis, 31:1833–1843. 2010.
256.
SchmielauJ, FinnOJ. Activated granulocytes and granulocyte-derived hydrogen peroxide are the underlying mechanism of suppression of t-cell function in advanced cancer patients. Cancer Res, 61:4756–4760. 2001.
ServettazA, GoulvestreC, KavianN, NiccoC, GuilpainP, ChereauC, VuibletV, GuillevinL, MouthonL, WeillB, BatteuxF. Selective oxidation of DNA topoisomerase 1 induces systemic sclerosis in the mouse. J Immunol, 182:5855–5864. 2009.
259.
ShahCA, AllisonKH, GarciaRL, GrayHJ, GoffBA, SwisherEM. Intratumoral T cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and regulatory T cells: association with p53 mutations, circulating tumor DNA and survival in women with ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol, 109:215–219. 2008.
260.
ShahD, KiranR, WanchuA, BhatnagarA. Oxidative stress in systemic lupus erythematosus: relationship to Th1 cytokine and disease activity. Immunol Lett, 129:7–12. 2010.
261.
ShaoL, DiccianniMB, TanakaT, GribiR, YuAL, PullenJD, CamittaBM, YuJ. Thioredoxin expression in primary T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and its therapeutic implication. Cancer Res, 61:7333–7338. 2001.
262.
ShenHM, LiuZG. JNK signaling pathway is a key modulator in cell death mediated by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Free Radic Biol Med, 40:928–939. 2006.
263.
ShichitaT, SugiyamaY, OoboshiH, SugimoriH, NakagawaR, TakadaI, IwakiT, OkadaY, IidaM, CuaDJ, IwakuraYet al.Pivotal role of cerebral interleukin-17-producing gammadeltaT cells in the delayed phase of ischemic brain injury. Nat Med, 15:946–950. 2009.
264.
SigmundsdottirH, PanJ, DebesGF, AltC, HabtezionA, SolerD, ButcherEC. DCs metabolize sunlight-induced vitamin D3 to ‘program’ T cell attraction to the epidermal chemokine CCL27. Nat Immunol, 8:285–293. 2007.
265.
SilvaA, GirioA, CebolaI, SantosCI, AntunesF, BarataJT. Intracellular reactive oxygen species are essential for PI3K/Akt/mTOR-dependent IL-7-mediated viability of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Leukemia, 2011.
266.
SinghN, HuangL, QinH. Defective T-cell receptor-induced apoptosis of T cells and rejection of transplanted immunogenic tumors in p53(−/−) mice. Eur J Immunol, 40:559–568. 2010.
267.
SitkovskyM, LukashevD. Regulation of immune cells by local-tissue oxygen tension: HIF1 alpha and adenosine receptors. Nat Rev Immunol, 5:712–721. 2005.
268.
SonNH, MurrayS, YanovskiJ, HodesRJ, WengN. Lineage-specific telomere shortening and unaltered capacity for telomerase expression in human T and B lymphocytes with age. J Immunol, 165:1191–1196. 2000.
269.
StaalFJ, RoedererM, HerzenbergLA. Intracellular thiols regulate activation of nuclear factor kappa B and transcription of human immunodeficiency virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 87:9943–9947. 1990.
270.
StahlM, DijkersPF, KopsGJ, LensSM, CofferPJ, BurgeringBM, MedemaRH. The forkhead transcription factor FoxO regulates transcription of p27Kip1 and Bim in response to IL-2. J Immunol, 168:5024–5031. 2002.
271.
SunJ, MadanR, KarpCL, BracialeTJ. Effector T cells control lung inflammation during acute influenza virus infection by producing IL-10. Nat Med, 15:277–284. 2009.
272.
SunXF, ZhangH. NFKB and NFKBI polymorphisms in relation to susceptibility of tumour and other diseases. Histol Histopathol, 22:1387–1398. 2007.
273.
SuzukiYJ, FormanHJ, SevanianA. Oxidants as stimulators of signal transduction. Free Radic Biol Med, 22:269–285. 1997.
274.
SwainsonL, KinetS, ManelN, BattiniJL, SitbonM, TaylorN. Glucose transporter 1 expression identifies a population of cycling CD4+CD8+ human thymocytes with high CXCR4-induced chemotaxis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 102:12867–12872. 2005.
275.
SzatrowskiTP, NathanCF. Production of large amounts of hydrogen peroxide by human tumor cells. Cancer Res, 51:794–798. 1991.
276.
TackeRS, LeeHC, GohC, CourtneyJ, PolyakSJ, RosenHR, HahnYS. Myeloid suppressor cells induced by hepatitis C virus suppress T-cell responses through the production of reactive oxygen species. Hepatology, 55:343–353. 2012.
277.
TakahashiA, HansonMG, NorellHR, HavelkaAM, KonoK, MalmbergKJ, KiesslingRV. Preferential cell death of CD8+ effector memory (CCR7-CD45RA-) T cells by hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. J Immunol, 174:6080–6087. 2005.
278.
TakayanagiR, InoguchiT, OhnakaK. Clinical and experimental evidence for oxidative stress as an exacerbating factor of diabetes mellitus. J Clin Biochem Nutr, 48:72–77. 2011.
279.
TangQ, BluestoneJA. The Foxp3+ regulatory T cell: a jack of all trades, master of regulation. Nat Immunol, 9:239–244. 2008.
280.
ThorntonTM, RinconM. Non-classical p38 map kinase functions: cell cycle checkpoints and survival. Int J Biol Sci, 5:44–51. 2009.
281.
ThulasingamS, MassilamanyC, GangaplaraA, DaiH, YarbaevaS, SubramaniamS, RiethovenJJ, EudyJ, LouM, ReddyJ. miR-27b*, an oxidative stress-responsive microRNA modulates nuclear factor-kB pathway in RAW 264.7 cells. Mol Cell Biochem, 352:181–188. 2011.
282.
TothovaZ, KolliparaR, HuntlyBJ, LeeBH, CastrillonDH, CullenDE, McDowellEP, Lazo-KallanianS, WilliamsIR, SearsC, ArmstrongSAet al.FoxOs are critical mediators of hematopoietic stem cell resistance to physiologic oxidative stress. Cell, 128:325–339. 2007.
TseHM, MiltonMJ, PiganelliJD. Mechanistic analysis of the immunomodulatory effects of a catalytic antioxidant on antigen-presenting cells: implication for their use in targeting oxidation-reduction reactions in innate immunity. Free Radic Biol Med, 36:233–247. 2004.
285.
TseHM, MiltonMJ, SchreinerS, ProfozichJL, TruccoM, PiganelliJD. Disruption of innate-mediated proinflammatory cytokine and reactive oxygen species third signal leads to antigen-specific hyporesponsiveness. J Immunol, 178:908–917. 2007.
UppstadH, OsnesGH, ColeKJ, PhillipsDH, HaugenA, MollerupS. Sex differences in susceptibility to PAHs is an intrinsic property of human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Lung Cancer, 71:264–270. 2011.
288.
ValdimarssonH, ThorleifsdottirRH, SigurdardottirSL, GudjonssonJE, JohnstonA. Psoriasis—as an autoimmune disease caused by molecular mimicry. Trends Immunol, 30:494–501. 2009.
289.
van den BoornJG, KonijnenbergD, DellemijnTA, van der VeenJP, BosJD, MeliefCJ, Vyth-DreeseFA, LuitenRM. Autoimmune destruction of skin melanocytes by perilesional T cells from vitiligo patients. J Invest Dermatol, 129:2220–2232. 2009.
290.
van der WindtGJ, EvertsB, ChangCH, CurtisJD, FreitasTC, AmielE, PearceEJ, PearceEL. Mitochondrial respiratory capacity is a critical regulator of CD8+ T cell memory development. Immunity, 36:68–78. 2012.
291.
van GrevenyngheJ, ProcopioFA, HeZ, ChomontN, RiouC, ZhangY, GimmigS, BoucherG, WilkinsonP, ShiY, Yassine-DiabBet al.Transcription factor FOXO3a controls the persistence of memory CD4(+) T cells during HIV infection. Nat Med, 14:266–274. 2008.
292.
VandenabeeleP, GalluzziL, Vanden BergheT, KroemerG. Molecular mechanisms of necroptosis: an ordered cellular explosion. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 11:700–714. 2010.
293.
VenceL, PaluckaAK, FayJW, ItoT, LiuYJ, BanchereauJ, UenoH. Circulating tumor antigen-specific regulatory T cells in patients with metastatic melanoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 104:20884–20889. 2007.
294.
VenkataramanS, AlimovaI, FanR, HarrisP, ForemanN, VibhakarR. MicroRNA 128a increases intracellular ROS level by targeting Bmi-1 and inhibits medulloblastoma cancer cell growth by promoting senescence. PLoS One, 5:e10748. 2010.
295.
VigM, SrivastavaS, KandpalU, SadeH, LewisV, SarinA, GeorgeA, BalV, DurdikJM, RathS. Inducible nitric oxide synthase in T cells regulates T cell death and immune memory. J Clin Invest, 113:1734–1742. 2004.
VoglerS, PahnkeJ, RoussetS, RicquierD, MochH, MirouxB, IbrahimSM. Uncoupling protein 2 has protective function during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Am J Pathol, 168:1570–1575. 2006.
298.
von EssenMR, KongsbakM, SchjerlingP, OlgaardK, OdumN, GeislerC. Vitamin D controls T cell antigen receptor signaling and activation of human T cells. Nat Immunol, 11:344–349. 2010.
299.
WagnerEF, SchonthalerHB, Guinea-ViniegraJ, TschachlerE. Psoriasis: what we have learned from mouse models. Nat Rev Rheumatol, 6:704–714. 2010.
300.
WalshAC, MichaudSG, MalossiJA, LawrenceDA. Glutathione depletion in human T lymphocytes: analysis of activation-associated gene expression and the stress response. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 133:249–261. 1995.
301.
WanchuA, RanaSV, PallikkuthS, SachdevaRK. Short communication: oxidative stress in HIV-infected individuals: a cross-sectional study. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses, 25:1307–1311. 2009.
302.
WangSS, DavisS, CerhanJR, HartgeP, SeversonRK, CozenW, LanQ, WelchR, ChanockSJ, RothmanN. Polymorphisms in oxidative stress genes and risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Carcinogenesis, 27:1828–1834. 2006.
303.
WangZ, LiuY, HanN, ChenX, YuW, ZhangW, ZouF. Profiles of oxidative stress-related microRNA and mRNA expression in auditory cells. Brain Res, 1346:14–25. 2010.
304.
WeberM, BakerMB, MooreJP, SearlesCD. MiR-21 is induced in endothelial cells by shear stress and modulates apoptosis and eNOS activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 393:643–648. 2010.
305.
WilliamsMA, RangasamyT, BauerSM, KilledarS, KarpM, KenslerTW, YamamotoM, BreysseP, BiswalS, GeorasSN. Disruption of the transcription factor Nrf2 promotes pro-oxidative dendritic cells that stimulate Th2-like immunoresponsiveness upon activation by ambient particulate matter. J Immunol, 181:4545–4559. 2008.
WuD, MeydaniSN. Age-associated changes in immune and inflammatory responses: impact of vitamin E intervention. J Leukoc Biol, 84:900–914. 2008.
308.
WuD, GuoZ, RenZ, GuoW, MeydaniSN. Green tea EGCG suppresses T cell proliferation through impairment of IL-2/IL-2 receptor signaling. Free Radic Biol Med, 47:636–643. 2009.
309.
WuJ, LevyEM, BlackPH. 2-Mercaptoethanol and n-acetylcysteine enhance T cell colony formation in AIDS and ARC. Clin Exp Immunol, 77:7–10. 1989.
310.
WycheKE, WangSS, GriendlingKK, DikalovSI, AustinH, RaoS, FinkB, HarrisonDG, ZafariAM. C242T CYBA polymorphism of the NADPH oxidase is associated with reduced respiratory burst in human neutrophils. Hypertension, 43:1246–1251. 2004.
311.
YadavVR, PrasadS, SungB, AggarwalBB. The role of chalcones in suppression of NF-kappaB-mediated inflammation and cancer. Int Immunopharmacol, 11:295–309. 2011.
312.
YamaguchiM, HasegawaI, YahagiN, IshigakiY, TakanoF, OhtaT. Carotenoids modulate cytokine production in Peyer's patch cells ex vivo. J Agric Food Chem, 58:8566–8572. 2010.
YanZ, GargSK, BanerjeeR. Regulatory T cells interfere with glutathione metabolism in dendritic cells and T cells. J Biol Chem, 285:41525–41532. 2010.
315.
YangDD, ConzeD, WhitmarshAJ, BarrettT, DavisRJ, RinconM, FlavellRA. Differentiation of CD4+ T cells to Th1 cells requires MAP kinase JNK2. Immunity, 9:575–585. 1998.
316.
YangY, PaikJH, ChoD, ChoJA, KimCW. Resveratrol induces the suppression of tumor-derived CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. Int Immunopharmacol, 8:542–547. 2008.
317.
YiJ, LuoJ. SIRT1 and p53, effect on cancer, senescence and beyond. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1804:1684–1689. 2010.
318.
YiJS, HolbrookBC, MichalekRD, LaniewskiNG, GraysonJM. Electron transport complex I is required for CD8+ T cell function. J Immunol, 177:852–862. 2006.
319.
YuD, dos SantosCO, ZhaoG, JiangJ, AmigoJD, KhandrosE, DoreLC, YaoY, D'SouzaJ, ZhangZ, GhaffariSet al.miR-451 protects against erythroid oxidant stress by repressing 14–3-3zeta. Genes Dev, 24:1620–1633. 2010.
320.
Zafra-StoneS, YasminT, BagchiM, ChatterjeeA, VinsonJA, BagchiD. Berry anthocyanins as novel antioxidants in human health and disease prevention. Mol Nutr Food Res, 51:675–683. 2007.
321.
ZhangQ, ZengX, GuoJ, WangX. Oxidant stress mechanism of homocysteine potentiating Con A-induced proliferation in murine splenic T lymphocytes. Cardiovasc Res, 53:1035–1042. 2002.
322.
ZhouQ, MrowietzU, Rostami-YazdiM. Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Free Radic Biol Med, 47:891–905. 2009.
323.
ZhouY, HilemanEO, PlunkettW, KeatingMJ, HuangP. Free radical stress in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and its role in cellular sensitivity to ROS-generating anticancer agents. Blood, 101:4098–4104. 2003.
324.
ZhuJ, PaulWE. CD4 T cells: fates, functions, and faults. Blood, 112:1557–1569. 2008.
325.
ZhuJ, PaulWE. Peripheral CD4+ T-cell differentiation regulated by networks of cytokines and transcription factors. Immunol Rev, 238:247–262. 2010.
326.
ZongWX, ThompsonCB. Necrotic death as a cell fate. Genes Dev, 20:1–15. 2006.
327.
ZouY, ChenCH, FikeJR, HuangTT. A new mouse model for temporal- and tissue-specific control of extracellular superoxide dismutase. Genesis, 47:142–154. 2009.
