This review covers current knowledge of selenium in the environment, dietary intakes, metabolism and status, functions in the body, thyroid hormone metabolism, antioxidant defense systems and oxidative metabolism, and the immune system. Selenium toxicity and links between deficiency and Keshan disease and Kashin-Beck disease are described. The relationships between selenium intake/status and various health outcomes, in particular gastrointestinal and prostate cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and male fertility, are reviewed, and recent developments in genetics of selenoproteins are outlined. The rationale behind current dietary reference intakes of selenium is explained, and examples of differences between countries and/or expert bodies are given. Throughout the review, gaps in knowledge and research requirements are identified. More research is needed to improve our understanding of selenium metabolism and requirements for optimal health. Functions of the majority of the selenoproteins await characterization, the mechanism of absorption has yet to be identified, measures of status need to be developed, and effects of genotype on metabolism require further investigation. The relationships between selenium intake/status and health, or risk of disease, are complex but require elucidation to inform clinical practice, to refine dietary recommendations, and to develop effective public health policies. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 14, 1337–1383.
AachmannFL, FomenkoDE, SoragniA, GladyshevVN, DikiyA. Solution structure of selenoprotein W and NMR analysis of its interaction with 14-3-3 proteins. J Biol Chem, 282:37036–37044. 2007.
2.
AdamsML, LombiE, ZhaoFJ, McGrathSP. Evidence of low selenium concentrations in UK bread-making wheat grain. J Sci Food Agric, 82:1160–1165. 2002.
3.
AhsanMK, LekliI, RayD, YodoiJ, DasDK. Redox regulation of cell survival by the thioredoxin superfamily: an implication of redox gene therapy in the heart. Antioxid Redox Signal, 11:2741–2758. 2009.
4.
AkbaralyTN, ArnaudJ, RaymanMP, Hininger-FavierI, RousselAM, BerrC, FontbonneA. Plasma selenium and risk of dysglycemia in an elderly French population: results from the prospective Epidemiology of Vascular Ageing Study. Nutr Metab (Lond), 7:21. 2010.
5.
AlkanI, SimsekF, HaklarG, KervanciogluE, OzveriH, YalcinS, AkdasA. Reactive oxygen species production by the spermatozoa of patients with idiopathic infertility: relationship to seminal plasma antioxidants. J Urol, 157:140–3. 1997.
AllamandV, RichardP, LescureA, LedeuilC, DesjardinD, PetitN, GartiouxC, FerreiroA, KrolA, PellegriniN, UrtizbereaJA, GuicheneyP. A single homozygous point mutation in a 3'untranslated region motif of selenoprotein N mRNA causes SEPN1-related myopathy. EMBO Rep, 7:450–454. 2006.
8.
AllanderE. Kashin-Beck disease. An analysis of research and public health activities based on a bibliography 1849–1992. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl, 99:1–36. 1994.
9.
AllardJP, AghdassiE, ChauJ, SalitI, WalmsleyS. Oxidative stress and plasma antioxidant micronutrients in humans with HIV infection. Am J Clin Nutr, 67:143–147. 1998.
10.
Al-TaieOH, SeufertJ, KarvarS, AdolphC, MorkH, ScheurlenM, KohrleJ, JakobF. Selenium supplementation enhances low selenium levels and stimulates glutathione peroxidase activity in peripheral blood and distal colon mucosa in past and present carriers of colon adenomas. Nutr Cancer, 46:125–130. 2003.
11.
Al-TaieOH, SeufertJ, MorkH, TreisH, MentrupB, ThalheimerA, StarostikP, AbelJ, ScheurlenM, KohrleJ, JakobF. A complex DNA-repeat structure within the Selenoprotein P promoter contains a functionally relevant polymorphism and is genetically unstable under conditions of mismatch repair deficiency. Eur J Hum Genet, 10:499–504. 2002.
12.
Al-TaieOH, UceylerN, EubnerU, JakobF, MorkH, ScheurlenM, Brigelius-FloheR, SchottkerK, AbelJ, ThalheimerA, KatzenbergerT, IllertB, MelcherR, KohrleJ. Expression profiling and genetic alterations of the selenoproteins GI-GPx and SePP in colorectal carcinogenesis. Nutr Cancer, 48:6–14. 2004.
13.
AndrewsPJ. Selenium and glutamine supplements: where are we heading? A critical care perspective. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 13:192–197. 2010.
14.
AngstwurmMW, EngelmannL, ZimmermannT, LehmannC, SpesCH, AbelP, StraussR, Meier-HellmannA, InselR, RadkeJ, SchuttlerJ, GartnerR. Selenium in Intensive Care (SIC): results of a prospective randomized, placebo-controlled, multiple-center study in patients with severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, and septic shock. Crit Care Med, 35:118–126. 2007.
15.
AngstwurmMW, GaertnerR. Practicalities of selenium supplementation in critically ill patients. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 9:233–238. 2006.
16.
AngstwurmMW, SchopohlJ, GaertnerR. Selenium substitution has no direct effect on thyroid hormone metabolism in critically ill patients. Eur J Endocrinol, 151:47–54. 2004.
17.
ArbogastS, FerreiroA. Selenoproteins and protection against oxidative stress: selenoprotein N as a novel player at the crossroads of redox signaling and calcium homeostasis. Antioxid Redox Signal, 12:893–904. 2010.
18.
ArdanazN, YangXP, CifuentesME, HauraniMJ, JacksonKW, LiaoTD, CarreteroOA, PaganoPJ. Lack of glutathione peroxidase 1 accelerates cardiac-specific hypertrophy and dysfunction in angiotensin II hypertension. Hypertension, 55:116–123. 2010.
19.
ArnerES, HolmgrenA. Physiological functions of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase. Eur J Biochem, 267:6102–6109. 2000.
20.
AroA, AlfthanG, VaroP. Effects of supplementation of fertilizers on human selenium status in Finland. Analyst, 120:841–843. 1995.
21.
ArthurJR, McKenzieRC, BeckettGJ. Selenium in the immune system. J Nutr, 133:1457S–1459S. 2003.
22.
AsfourIA, El-TehewiMM, AhmedMH, Abdel-SattarMA, MoustafaNN, HegabHM, FatheyOM. High-dose sodium selenite can induce apoptosis of lymphoma cells in adult patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Biol Trace Elem Res, 127:200–210. 2009.
23.
AshtonK, HooperL, HarveyLJ, HurstR, CasgrainA, Fairweather-TaitSJ. Methods of assessment of selenium status in humans: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr, 89:2025S–2039S. 2009.
24.
AtamerY, KocyigitY, YokusB, AtamerA, ErdenAC. Lipid peroxidation, antioxidant defense, status of trace metals and leptin levels in preeclampsia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 119:60–66. 2005.
25.
AtkinsonM, WorthleyLI. Nutrition in the critically ill patient: part II. Parenteral nutrition. Crit Care Resusc, 5:121–136. 2003.
26.
Australian Government Department of Health and Aging, New Zealand Ministry of Health and National Health and Medical Research Council. Nutrient reference values for Australia and New Zealand. Commonwealth of Australia, 2005; 221–227.
BaiJ. [The combined effect of selenium deficiency and viral infection on the myocardium of mice (preliminary study) (author's transl)]Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao, 2:29–31. 1980.
29.
BardiaA, TleyjehIM, CerhanJR, SoodAK, LimburgPJ, ErwinPJ, MontoriVM. Efficacy of antioxidant supplementation in reducing primary cancer incidence and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc, 83:23–34. 2008.
30.
BarringtonJW, LindsayP, JamesD, SmithS, RobertsA. Selenium deficiency and miscarriage: a possible link?Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 103:130–132. 1996.
31.
BaumMK, Shor-PosnerG, LaiS, ZhangG, LaiH, FletcherMA, SauberlichH, PageJB. High risk of HIV-related mortality is associated with selenium deficiency. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol, 15:370–374. 1997.
32.
BeckEB. To the problem of disforming endemic osteoarthritis in the Baikal area. Russk Vrach. Russian Physician, 3:74–75. 1906.
BeckMA, NelsonHK, ShiQ, Van DaelP, SchiffrinEJ, BlumS, BarclayD, LevanderOA. Selenium deficiency increases the pathology of an influenza virus infection. FASEB J, 15:1481–1483. 2001.
36.
BeckMA, ShiQ, MorrisVC, LevanderOA. Rapid genomic evolution of a non-virulent coxsackievirus B3 in selenium-deficient mice results in selection of identical virulent isolates. Nat Med, 1:433–436. 1995.
37.
BehneD, GessnerH, WoltersG, BrothertonJ. Selenium, rubidium and zinc in human semen and semen fractions. Int J Androl, 11:415–423. 1988.
38.
BehneD, HoferT, vonBerswordt-Wallrabe R, ElgerW. Selenium in the testis of the rat: studies on its regulation and its importance for the organism. J Nutr, 112:1682–1687. 1982.
39.
BellingerFP, RamanAV, ReevesMA, BerryMJ. Regulation and function of selenoproteins in human disease. Biochem J, 422:11–22. 2009.
BergerMM, SoguelL, ShenkinA, RevellyJP, PingetC, BainesM, ChioleroRL. Influence of early antioxidant supplements on clinical evolution and organ function in critically ill cardiac surgery, major trauma, and subarachnoid hemorrhage patients. Crit Care, 12:R101. 2008.
42.
BermanoG, ArthurJR, HeskethJE. Role of the 3' untranslated region in the regulation of cytosolic glutathione peroxidase and phospholipid-hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase gene expression by selenium supply. Biochem J, 320,Pt 3:891–895. 1996.
43.
BermanoG, NicolF, DyerJA, SundeRA, BeckettGJ, ArthurJR, HeskethJE. Tissue-specific regulation of selenoenzyme gene expression during selenium deficiency in rats. Biochem J, 311,Pt 2:425–430. 1995.
44.
BermanoG, PagmantidisV, HollowayN, KadriS, MowatNA, ShielRS, ArthurJR, MathersJC, DalyAK, BroomJ, HeskethJE. Evidence that a polymorphism within the 3'UTR of glutathione peroxidase 4 is functional and is associated with susceptibility to colorectal cancer. Genes Nutr, 2:225–232. 2007.
45.
BerryMJ. Insights into the hierarchy of selenium incorporation. Nat Genet, 37:1162–1163. 2005.
46.
BierlC, VoetschB, JinRC, HandyDE, LoscalzoJ. Determinants of human plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPx-3) expression. J Biol Chem, 279:26839–26845. 2004.
47.
BierlaK, DernovicsM, VacchinaV, SzpunarJ, BertinG, LobinskiR. Determination of selenocysteine and selenomethionine in edible animal tissues by 2D size-exclusion reversed-phase HPLC-ICP MS following carbamidomethylation and proteolytic extraction. Anal Bioanal Chem, 390:1789–1798. 2008.
48.
BizhanovaA, KoppP. Minireview: The sodium-iodide symporter NIS and pendrin in iodide homeostasis of the thyroid. Endocrinology, 150:1084–1090. 2009.
BleauG, LemarbreJ, FaucherG, RobertsKD, ChapdelaineA. Semen selenium and human fertility. Fertil Steril, 42:890–894. 1984.
51.
BleysJ, Navas-AcienA, GuallarE. Selenium and diabetes: more bad news for supplements. Ann Intern Med, 147:271–272. 2007.
52.
BleysJ, Navas-AcienA, GuallarE. Serum selenium and diabetes in U.S. adults. Diabetes Care, 30:829–834. 2007.
53.
BleysJ, Navas-AcienA, GuallarE. Serum selenium levels and all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality among US adults. Arch Intern Med, 168:404–410. 2008.
54.
BleysJ, Navas-AcienA, LaclaustraM, Pastor-BarriusoR, MenkeA, OrdovasJ, StrangesS, GuallarE. Serum selenium and peripheral arterial disease: results from the national health and nutrition examination survey, 2003–2004. Am J Epidemiol, 169:996–1003. 2009.
55.
BlotWJ, LiJY, TaylorPR, GuoW, DawseyS, WangGQ, YangCS, ZhengSF, GailM, LiGYet al.Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China: supplementation with specific vitamin/mineral combinations, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality in the general population. J Natl Cancer Inst, 85:1483–1492. 1993.
56.
BlotWJ, LiJY, TaylorPR, GuoW, DawseySM, LiB. The Linxian trials: mortality rates by vitamin-mineral intervention group. Am J Clin Nutr, 62:1424S–1426S. 1995.
57.
BogdenJD, KempFW, ChenX, Stagnaro-GreenA, SteinTP, SchollTO. Low-normal serum selenium early in human pregnancy predicts lower birth weight. Nutr Res, 26:497–502. 2006.
58.
BoilaRJ, StothersSC, CampbellLD. The concentration of selenium in the grain from wheat, barley and oats grown at selected locations throughout Manitoba. Can J Anim Sci, 73:217–221. 1993.
59.
BoitaniC, PuglisiR. Selenium, a key element in spermatogenesis and male fertility. Adv Exp Med Biol, 636:65–73. 2008.
60.
Brigelius-FloheR, BanningA. Part of the series: from dietary antioxidants to regulators in cellular signaling and gene regulation. Sulforaphane and selenium, partners in adaptive response and prevention of cancer. Free Radic Res, 40:775–787. 2006.
61.
BrinkmanM, ReulenRC, KellenE, BuntinxF, ZeegersMP. Are men with low selenium levels at increased risk of prostate cancer?Eur J Cancer, 42:2463–2471. 2006.
62.
BroadleyMR, AlcockJ, AlfordJ, CartwrightP, FootI, Fairweather-TaitSJ, HartDJ, HurstR, KnottP, McGrathSP, MeachamMC, NormanK, MowatH, ScottP, StroudJL, ToveyM, TuckerM, WhitePJ, YoungSD, ZhaoF-J. Selenium biofortification of high-yielding winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by liquid or granular Se fertilisation. Plant Soil, 332:5–18. 2010.
63.
BroadleyMR, WhitePJ. Eats roots and leaves. Can edible horticultural crops address dietary calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) deficiencies in humans?Proc Nutr Soc, 69:601–612. 2010.
64.
BroadleyMR, WhitePJ, BrysonRJ, MeachamMC, BowenHC, JohnsonSE, HawkesfordMJ, McGrathSP, ZhaoF-J, BrewardN, HarrimanM, TuckerM. Biofortification of UK food crops with selenium. Proc Nutr Soc, 65:169–181. 2006.
65.
BroomeCS, McArdleF, KyleJA, AndrewsF, LoweNM, HartCA, ArthurJR, JacksonMJ. An increase in selenium intake improves immune function and poliovirus handling in adults with marginal selenium status. Am J Clin Nutr, 80:154–162. 2004.
66.
BrunsF, BuntzelJ, MuckeR, SchonekaesK, KistersK, MickeO. Selenium in the treatment of head and neck lymphedema. Med Princ Pract, 13:185–190. 2004.
67.
BurkRF, HillKE. Selenoprotein P-expression, functions, and roles in mammals. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1790:1441–1447. 2009.
68.
BurkRF, HillKE, MotleyAK. Plasma selenium in specific and non-specific forms. Biofactors, 14:107–114. 2001.
69.
BurkRF, NorsworthyBK, HillKE, MotleyAK, ByrneDW. Effects of chemical form of selenium on plasma biomarkers in a high-dose human supplementation trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 15:804–810. 2006.
70.
Burke-GaffneyA, CallisterME, NakamuraH. Thioredoxin: friend or foe in human disease?Trends Pharmacol Sci, 26:398–404. 2005.
71.
BurneyP, PottsJ, MakowskaJ, KowalskiM, PhillipsJ, GnatiucL, ShaheenS, JoosG, Van CauwenbergeP, Van ZeleT, VerbruggenK, Van DurmeY, DerudderI, WohrlS, Godnic-CvarJ, SalamehB, SkadhaugeL, ThomsenG, ZuberbierT, BergmannKC, HeinzerlingL, RenzH, Al-FakhriN, KoscheB, HildenbergA, PapadopoulosNG, XepapadakiP, ZannikosK, GjomarkajM, BrunoA, PaceE, BoniniS, BrescianiM, GramiccioniC, FokkensW, WeersinkEJM, CarlsenKH, BakkeheimE, LoureiroC, VillanuevaCM, SanjuasC, ZockJP, LundbackB, JansonC. A case-control study of the relation between plasma selenium and asthma in European populations: A GA2LEN project. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol, 63:865–871. 2008.
72.
CaiL, YouNC, LuH, MuLN, LuQY, YuSZ, LeAD, MarshallJ, HeberD, ZhangZF. Dietary selenium intake, aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 and X-ray repair cross-complementing 1 genetic polymorphisms, and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer, 106:2345–2354. 2006.
73.
CaiQ, ShuXO, WenW, ChengJR, DaiQ, GaoYT, ZhengW. Genetic polymorphism in the manganese superoxide dismutase gene, antioxidant intake, and breast cancer risk: results from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. Breast Cancer Res, 6:R647–R655. 2004.
74.
CalvoA, XiaoN, KangJ, BestCJ, LeivaI, Emmert-BuckMR, JorcykC, GreenJE. Alterations in gene expression profiles during prostate cancer progression: functional correlations to tumorigenicity and down-regulation of selenoprotein-P in mouse and human tumors. Cancer Res, 62:5325–5335. 2002.
75.
CanterPH, WiderB, ErnstE. The antioxidant vitamins A, C, E and selenium in the treatment of arthritis: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Rheumatology, 46:1223–1233. 2007.
76.
CaoJ, LiS, ShiZ, YueY, SunJ, ChenJ, FuQ, HughesCE, CatersonB. Articular cartilage metabolism in patients with Kashin-Beck Disease: an endemic osteoarthropathy in China. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 16:680–688. 2008.
77.
CapponCJ, SmithJC. Chemical form and distribution of mercury and selenium in edible seafood. J Anal Toxicol, 6:10–21. 1982.
ChenJ, ChuY, CaoJ, YangZ, GuoX, WangZ. T-2 toxin induces apoptosis, and selenium partly blocks, T-2 toxin induced apoptosis in chondrocytes through modulation of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Food Chem Toxicol, 44:567–573. 2006.
83.
ChenY, ZhaiJM, WangZL, TanXW, XueL, GengD. A comparative research on the treatment effect of Se supplement, Vit C supplement and cereals dryness on Kaschin-Beck disease. Chin J Ctrl Endem Dis, 18:343–346. 2003.
84.
CherkesLA, AptekarSG, VolgarevMN. Tumors of the liver produced by selenium. Biull Eksp Biol Med, 3:78–83. 1962.
85.
ChuFF, EsworthyRS, ChuPG, LongmateJA, HuyckeMM, WilczynskiS, DoroshowJH. Bacteria-induced intestinal cancer in mice with disrupted Gpx1 and Gpx2 genes. Cancer Res, 64:962–968. 2004.
86.
ClarkLC, CombsGFJr., TurnbullBW, SlateEH, ChalkerDK, ChowJ, DavisLS, GloverRA, GrahamGF, GrossEG, KrongradA, LesherJLJr., ParkHK, SandersBBJr., SmithCL, TaylorJR. Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study Group. JAMA, 276:1957–1963. 1996.
87.
CombsGFJr.Selenium in global food systems. Br J Nutr, 85:517–547. 2001.
88.
CombsGFJr., ClarkLC, TurnbullBW. An analysis of cancer prevention by selenium. Biofactors, 14:153–159. 2001.
89.
CooperML, AdamiHO, GronbergH, WiklundF, GreenFR, RaymanMP. Interaction between single nucleotide polymorphisms in selenoprotein P and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase determines prostate cancer risk. Cancer Res, 68:10171–10177. 2008.
90.
CoxDG, TamimiRM, HunterDJ. Gene x Gene interaction between MnSOD and GPX-1 and breast cancer risk: a nested case-control study. BMC Cancer, 6:217. 2006.
91.
CurranJE, JowettJB, ElliottKS, GaoY, GluschenkoK, WangJ, Abel AzimDM, CaiG, MahaneyMC, ComuzzieAG, DyerTD, WalderKR, ZimmetP, MacCluerJW, CollierGR, KissebahAH, BlangeroJ. Genetic variation in selenoprotein S influences inflammatory response. Nat Genet, 37:1234–1241. 2005.
92.
de JongN, GibsonRS, ThomsonCD, FergusonEL, McKenzieJE, GreenTJ, HorwathCC. Selenium and zinc status are suboptimal in a sample of older New Zealand women in a community-based study. J Nutr, 131:2677–2684. 2001.
93.
Department of Health. Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom. Report on Health and Social Subjects 41. London: Panel on Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom, 1991; 174–177.
94.
DhillonKS, DhillonSK. Distribution and management of seleniferous soils. Adv Agron, 79:119–184. 2003.
95.
DhillonKS, DhillonSK, DograR. Selenium accumulation by forage and grain crops and volatilization from seleniferous soils amended with different organic materials. Chemosphere, 78:548–556. 2010.
96.
DowneyCM, HortonCR, CarlsonBA, ParsonsTE, HatfieldDL, HallgrimssonB, JirikFR. Osteo-chondroprogenitor-specific deletion of the selenocysteine tRNA gene, Trsp, leads to chondronecrosis and abnormal skeletal development: a putative model for Kashin-Beck disease. PLoS Genet, 5:e1000616. 2009.
97.
DrakeEN. Cancer chemoprevention: selenium as a prooxidant, not an antioxidant. Med Hypotheses, 67:318–322. 2006.
98.
DuanC, GuoX, ZhangXD, YuHJ, YanH, GaoY, MaWJ, GaoZQ, XuP, LammiM. Comparative analysis of gene expression profiles between primary knee osteoarthritis and an osteoarthritis endemic to Northwestern China, Kashin-Beck disease. Arthritis Rheum, 62:771–780. 2010.
99.
DuffieldAJ, ThomsonCD, HillKE, WilliamsS. An estimation of selenium requirements for New Zealanders. Am J Clin Nutr, 70:896–903. 1999.
100.
Duffield-LillicoAJ, DalkinBL, ReidME, TurnbullBW, SlateEH, JacobsET, MarshallJR, ClarkLC. Selenium supplementation, baseline plasma selenium status and incidence of prostate cancer: an analysis of the complete treatment period of the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial. BJU Int, 91:608–612. 2003.
101.
Duffield-LillicoAJ, ReidME, TurnbullBW, CombsGFJr., SlateEH, FischbachLA, MarshallJR, ClarkLC. Baseline characteristics and the effect of selenium supplementation on cancer incidence in a randomized clinical trial: a summary report of the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 11:630–639. 2002.
102.
Duffield-LillicoAJ, SlateEH, ReidME, TurnbullBW, WilkinsPA, CombsGFJr., ParkHK, GrossEG, GrahamGF, StrattonMS, MarshallJR, ClarkLC. Selenium supplementation and secondary prevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer in a randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst, 95:1477–1481. 2003.
103.
DumitrescuAM, LiaoXH, AbdullahMS, Lado-AbealJ, MajedFA, MoellerLC, BoranG, SchomburgL, WeissRE, RefetoffS. Mutations in SECISBP2 result in abnormal thyroid hormone metabolism. Nat Genet, 37:1247–1252. 2005.
DworkinBM, RosenthalWS, WormserGP, WeissL, NunezM, JolineC, HerpA. Abnormalities of blood selenium and glutathione peroxidase activity in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and aids-related complex. Biol Trace Elem Res, 15:167–177. 1988.
106.
DziamanT, HuzarskiT, GackowskiD, RozalskiR, SiomekA, SzpilaA, GuzJ, LubinskiJ, WasowiczW, RoszkowskiK, OlinskiR. Selenium supplementation reduced oxidative DNA damage in adnexectomized BRCA1 mutations carriers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 18:2923–2928. 2009.
107.
EggersH, MertensT. Viruses and myocardium: notes of a virologist. Eur Heart J, 8:129–133. 1987.
108.
El-BayoumyK, RichieJPJr., BoyiriT, KomninouD, ProkopczykB, TrushinN, KleinmanW, CoxJ, PittmanB, ColosimoS. Influence of selenium-enriched yeast supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative damage and hormone status in healthy adult males: a clinical pilot study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 11:1459–1465. 2002.
109.
El-BayoumyK, SinhaR. Mechanisms of mammary cancer chemoprevention by organoselenium compounds. Mutat Res, 551:181–197. 2004.
110.
ElsendoornTJ, WeijlNI, MithoeS, ZwindermanAH, Van DamF, De ZwartFA, TatesAD, OsantoS. Chemotherapy-induced chromosomal damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes of cancer patients supplemented with antioxidants or placebo. Mutat Res, 498:145–158. 2001.
Escobar-MorrealeHF, ObregonMJ, HernandezA, Escobar del ReyF, Morreale de EscobarG. Regulation of iodothyronine deiodinase activity as studied in thyroidectomized rats infused with thyroxine or triiodothyronine. Endocrinology, 138:2559–2568. 1997.
113.
EtminanM, FitzGeraldJM, GleaveM, ChambersK. Intake of selenium in the prevention of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control, 16:1125–1131. 2005.
114.
EurolaM, EkholmPi, YlinenM, KoivistoinenP, VaroP. Effects of selenium fertilization on the selenium content of selected finnish fruits and vegetables. Acta Agric Scand, 39:345–350. 1989.
115.
EurolaM, HietaniemiV, KontturiM, TuuriH, KangasA, NiskanenM, SaastamoinenM. Selenium content of Finnish oats in 1997–1999: effect of cultivars and cultivation techniques. Agric Food Sci, 13:46–53. 2004.
116.
EurolaMHEP, YlinenME, KoivistoinenPE, VaroPT. Selenium in Finnish foods after beginning the use of selenate supplemented fertilizers. J Sci Food Agric, 56:57–70. 1991.
117.
Fairweather-TaitSJ, CollingsR, HurstR. Selenium bioavailability: current knowledge and future research requirements. Am J Clin Nutr, 91:1484S–1491S. 2010.
118.
FakihMG, PendyalaL, BradyW, SmithPF, RossME, CreavenPJ, BadmaevV, PreyJD, RustumYM. A Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of selenomethionine in combination with a fixed dose of irinotecan in solid tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 62:499–508. 2008.
119.
FanM-S, ZhaoF-J, PoultonPR, McGrathSP. Historical changes in the concentrations of selenium in soil and wheat grain from the Broadbalk experiment over the last 160 years. Sci Total Environ, 389:532–538. 2008.
120.
FAO. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT (Online)http://faostat.fao.org/site/342/default.aspxMarch2010.
121.
FaureP, RamonO, FavierA, HalimiS. Selenium supplementation decreases nuclear factor-kappa B activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from type 2 diabetic patients. Eur J Clin Invest, 34:475–481. 2004.
122.
Ferreira AzevedoM, BarraGB, NavesLA, Ribeiro VelascoLF, Godoy Garcia CastroP, de CastroLC, AmatoAA, MiniardA, DriscollD, SchomburgL, de Assis Rocha NevesF. Selenoprotein-related disease in a young girl caused by nonsense mutations in the SBP2 gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 95:4066–4071. 2010.
123.
FinleyJW. Selenium accumulation in plant foods. Nutr Rev, 63:196–202. 2005.
FisininVI, PapazyanTT, SuraiPF. Producing selenium-enriched eggs and meat to improve the selenium status of the general population. Crit Rev Biotechnol, 29:18–28. 2009.
126.
Flores-MateoG, Navas-AcienA, Pastor-BarriusoR, GuallarE. Selenium and coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr, 84:762–73. 2006.
127.
FlynnA, HirvonenT, MensinkGB, OckeMC, Serra-MajemL, StosK, SzponarL, TetensI, TurriniA, FletcherR, WildemannT. Intake of selected nutrients from foods, from fortification and from supplements in various European countries. Food Nutr Res, 53. 2009.
128.
FomenkoDE, NovoselovSV, NatarajanSK, LeeBC, KocA, CarlsonBA, LeeTH, KimHY, HatfieldDL, GladyshevVN. MsrB1 (methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase 1) knock-out mice: roles of MsrB1 in redox regulation and identification of a novel selenoprotein form. J Biol Chem, 284:5986–5993. 2009.
129.
ForcevilleX, MostertV, PierantoniA, VitouxD, Le ToumelinP, PlouvierE, DehouxM, ThuillierF, CombesA. Selenoprotein P, rather than glutathione peroxidase, as a potential marker of septic shock and related syndromes. Eur Surg Res, 43:338–347. 2009.
130.
FordyceF. Selenium deficiency and toxicity in the environment. Essentials of Medical Geology. SelinusO, AllowayB, CentenoJ, FinkelmanR, FugeR, LindhU, SmedleyP. London: Elsevier, 2005; 373–415.
131.
ForestaC, FloheL, GarollaA, RoveriA, UrsiniF, MaiorinoM. Male fertility is linked to the selenoprotein phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase. Biol Reprod, 67:967–971. 2002.
132.
FormanHJ, TorresM. Reactive oxygen species and cell signaling: respiratory burst in macrophage signaling. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 166:S4–S8. 2002.
133.
ForsbergL, de FaireU, MarklundSL, AnderssonPM, StegmayrB, MorgensternR. Phenotype determination of a common Pro-Leu polymorphism in human glutathione peroxidase 1. Blood Cells Mol Dis, 26:423–426. 2000.
134.
FriedrichsB, TepelC, ReinheckelT, DeussingJ, von FiguraK, HerzogV, PetersC, SaftigP, BrixK. Thyroid functions of mouse cathepsins B, K, and L. J Clin Invest, 111:1733–1745. 2003.
135.
Food Standards Agency. McCance and Widdowson's. The Composition of Foods, Sixth Summary. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2002.
136.
Food Standards Agency. Survey on measurement of the concentrations of metals and other elements from the 2006 UK total diet study. Food Survey Information Sheet 01/09, 2009: pp. 16–17, 33, 37–45. Food Standards Agency: LondonDate of publicationJanuary28, 2009. www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/fsis0109metals.pdf.
137.
Food Standards Agency, Department of Health. National Diet and Nutrition Survey, Headline Results of the Rolling Programme (2008/2009). Published online: 09/02/2010. Section 5.5.2, 5.7, Tables: 5.18–5.21. www.food.gov.uk/science/dietarysurveys/ndnsdocuments/ndns0809year1.
138.
GalanP, BrianconS, FavierA, BertraisS, PreziosiP, FaureH, ArnaudJ, ArnaultN, CzernichowS, MennenL, HercbergS. Antioxidant status and risk of cancer in the SU.VI.MAX study: is the effect of supplementation dependent on baseline levels?Br J Nutr, 94:125–132. 2005.
139.
GalleyHF, DaviesMJ, WebsterNR. Xanthine oxidase activity and free radical generation in patients with sepsis syndrome. Crit Care Med, 24:1649–1653. 1996.
140.
GandinV, FernandesAP, RigobelloMP, DaniB, SorrentinoF, TisatoF, BjornstedtM, BindoliA, SturaroA, RellaR, MarzanoC. Cancer cell death induced by phosphine gold(I) compounds targeting thioredoxin reductase. Biochem Pharmacol, 79:90–101. 2010.
141.
GanichkinOM, XuXM, CarlsonBA, MixH, HatfieldDL, GladyshevVN, WahlMC. Structure and catalytic mechanism of eukaryotic selenocysteine synthase. J Biol Chem, 283:5849–5865. 2008.
142.
GartnerR. Selenium and thyroid hormone axis in critical ill states: an overview of conflicting view points. J Trace Elem Med Biol, 23:71–74. 2009.
143.
GeK, YangG. The epidemiology of selenium deficiency in the etiological study of endemic diseases in China. Am J Clin Nutr, 57:259S–263S. 1993.
144.
GibsonRS. Principles of Nutritional Assessment, second. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005; 766–796.
145.
GnidehouS, CaillouB, TalbotM, OhayonR, KaniewskiJ, Noel-HudsonMS, MorandS, AgnangjiD, SezanA, CourtinF, VirionA, DupuyC. Iodotyrosine dehalogenase 1 (DEHAL1) is a transmembrane protein involved in the recycling of iodide close to the thyroglobulin iodination site. FASEB J, 18:1574–1576. 2004.
146.
GreenbergER, BaronJA, TostesonTD, FreemanDHJr., BeckGJ, BondJH, ColacchioTA, CollerJA, FranklHD, HaileRWet al.A clinical trial of antioxidant vitamins to prevent colorectal adenoma. Polyp Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med, 331:141–147. 1994.
147.
GrossM, OertelM, KohrleJ. Differential selenium-dependent expression of type I 5'-deiodinase and glutathione peroxidase in the porcine epithelial kidney cell line LLC-PK1. Biochem J, 306,Pt 3:851–856. 1995.
148.
HahnMH, KuennenRW, CarusoJA, FrickeFL. Determination of trace amounts of selenium in corn, lettuce, potatoes, soybeans, and wheat by hydride generation/condensation and flame atomic absorption spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem, 29:792–796. 1981.
149.
HammarqvistF, LuoJL, CotgreaveIA, AnderssonK, WernermanJ. Skeletal muscle glutathione is depleted in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med, 25:78–84. 1997.
150.
HansenJC, PedersenHS. Environmental exposure to heavy metals in North Greenland. Arctic Med Res, 41:21–34. 1986.
HawkerFH, StewartPM, SnitchPJ. Effects of acute illness on selenium homeostasis. Crit Care Med, 18:442–446. 1990.
153.
HawkesWC, AlkanZ. Regulation of redox signaling by selenoproteins. Biol Trace Elem Res, 134:235–251. 2010.
154.
HawkesWC, AlkanZ, WongK. Selenium supplementation does not affect testicular selenium status or semen quality in North American men. J Androl, 30:525–533. 2009.
155.
HawkesWC, LaslettLJ. Selenium supplementation does not improve vascular responsiveness in healthy North American men. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 296:H256–H262. 2009.
156.
HawkesWC, TurekPJ. Effects of dietary selenium on sperm motility in healthy men. J Androl, 22:764–772. 2001.
157.
HaygarthPM, CookeAI, JonesKC, HarrisonAF, JohnstonAE. Long-term change in the biogeochemical cycling of atmospheric selenium: deposition to plants and soil. J Geophys Res, 98:16769–16776. 1993.
158.
HendersonL, IrvingK, GregoryJet al.The National Diet and Nutrition Survey: Adults Aged 19–64 Years. 3Vitamin and Mineral Intake and Urinary Analysis. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO), 2003.
159.
HercbergS, EzzedineK, GuinotC, PreziosiP, GalanP, BertraisS, EstaquioC, BrianconS, FavierA, LatreilleJ, MalvyD. Antioxidant supplementation increases the risk of skin cancers in women but not in men. J Nutr, 137:2098–3105. 2007.
160.
HeskethJ. Nutrigenomics and selenium: gene expression patterns, physiological targets, and genetics. Annu Rev Nutr, 28:157–177. 2008.
161.
HeylandDK, DhaliwalR, SuchnerU, BergerMM. Antioxidant nutrients: a systematic review of trace elements and vitamins in the critically ill patient. Intensive Care Med, 31:327–337. 2005.
162.
HillKE, XiaY, AkessonB, BoeglinME, BurkRF. Selenoprotein P concentration in plasma is an index of selenium status in selenium-deficient and selenium-supplemented Chinese subjects. J Nutr, 126:138–145. 1996.
163.
HillKE, ZhouJ, McMahanWJ, MotleyAK, AtkinsJF, GestelandRF, BurkRF. Deletion of selenoprotein P alters distribution of selenium in the mouse. J Biol Chem, 278:13640–13646. 2003.
164.
HiraCK, PartalK, DhillonKS. Dietary selenium intake by men and women in high and low selenium areas of Punjab. Public Health Nutr, 7:39–43. 2004.
165.
HoareJ, HendersonL, BatesCJet al.The National Diet & Nutrition Survey: Adults Aged 19 to 64 Years. Summary Report.London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO), 2004.
166.
HoffmannPR. Selenium and asthma: a complex relationship. Allergy, 63:854–856. 2008.
167.
HoffmannPR, BerryMJ. The influence of selenium on immune responses. Mol Nutr Food Res, 52:1273–1280. 2008.
168.
HofstadB, AlmendingenK, VatnM, AndersenSN, OwenRW, LarsenS, OsnesM. Growth and recurrence of colorectal polyps: a double-blind 3-year intervention with calcium and antioxidants. Digestion, 59:148–156. 1998.
169.
HoweM. Selenium in the blood of South Dakotans. Arch Environ Health, 34:444–448. 1979.
170.
HuYJ, ChenY, ZhangYQ, ZhouMZ, SongXM, ZhangBZ, LuoL, XuPM, ZhaoYN, ZhaoYB, ChengG. The protective role of selenium on the toxicity of cisplatin-contained chemotherapy regimen in cancer patients. Biol Trace Elem Res, 56:331–341. 1997.
171.
HuYJ, DiamondAM. Role of glutathione peroxidase 1 in breast cancer: loss of heterozygosity and allelic differences in the response to selenium. Cancer Res, 63:3347–3351. 2003.
172.
HuYJ, KorotkovKV, MehtaR, HatfieldDL, RotimiCN, LukeA, PrewittTE, CooperRS, StockW, VokesEE, DolanME, GladyshevVN, DiamondAM. Distribution and functional consequences of nucleotide polymorphisms in the 3'-untranslated region of the human Sep15 gene. Cancer Res, 61:2307–2310. 2001.
173.
HuangZ, XiaY, JinQ, WuH. [Coxsackievirus B3 infection and Keshan disease]Wei Sheng Yan Jiu, 31:261–263. 2002.
174.
HurstR, ArmahCN, DaintyJR, HartDJ, TeucherB, GoldsonAJ, BroadleyMR, MotleyAK, Fairweather-TaitSJ. Establishing optimal selenium status: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr, 91:923–931. 2010.
175.
HurstR, ElliottRM, GoldsonAJ, Fairweather-TaitSJ. Se-methylselenocysteine alters collagen gene and protein expression in human prostate cells. Cancer Lett, 269:117–126. 2008.
176.
HwangD, SeoS, KimY, KimC, ShimS, JeeS, LeeS, JangM, KimM, YimS, LeeSK, KangB, JangI, ChoJ. Selenium acts as an insulin-like molecule for the down-regulation of diabetic symptoms via endoplasmic reticulum stress and insulin signalling proteins in diabetes-induced non-obese diabetic mice. J Biosci, 32:723–735. 2007.
177.
IchimuraY, HabuchiT, TsuchiyaN, WangL, OyamaC, SatoK, NishiyamaH, OgawaO, KatoT. Increased risk of bladder cancer associated with a glutathione peroxidase 1 codon 198 variant. J Urol, 172:728–732. 2004.
178.
ImaiH, HakkakuN, IwamotoR, SuzukiJ, SuzukiT, TajimaY, KonishiK, MinamiS, IchinoseS, IshizakaK, ShiodaS, ArataS, NishimuraM, NaitoS, NakagawaY. Depletion of selenoprotein GPx4 in spermatocytes causes male infertility in mice. J Biol Chem, 284:32522–32532. 2009.
179.
ImaiH, NarashimaK, AraiM, SakamotoH, ChibaN, NakagawaY. Suppression of leukotriene formation in RBL-2H3 cells that overexpressed phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase. J Biol Chem, 273:1990–1997. 1998.
180.
ImaiH, SuzukiK, IshizakaK, IchinoseS, OshimaH, OkayasuI, EmotoK, UmedaM, NakagawaY. Failure of the expression of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase in the spermatozoa of human infertile males. Biol Reprod, 64:674–683. 2001.
181.
IpC, BirringerM, BlockE, KotrebaiM, TysonJF, UdenPC, LiskDJ. Chemical speciation influences comparative activity of selenium-enriched garlic and yeast in mammary cancer prevention. J Agric Food Chem, 48:2062–2070. 2000.
182.
IpC, HayesC, BudnickRM, GantherHE. Chemical form of selenium, critical metabolites, and cancer prevention. Cancer Res, 51:595–600. 1991.
183.
IpC, ThompsonHJ, ZhuZ, GantherHE. In vitro and in vivo studies of methylseleninic acid: evidence that a monomethylated selenium metabolite is critical for cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Res, 60:2882–2886. 2000.
184.
IwanierK, ZacharaBA. Selenium supplementation enhances the element concentration in blood and seminal fluid but does not change the spermatozoal quality characteristics in subfertile men. J Androl, 16:441–447. 1995.
185.
JablonskaE, GromadzinskaJ, ReszkaE, WasowiczW, SobalaW, Szeszenia-DabrowskaN, BoffettaP. Association between GPx1 Pro198Leu polymorphism, GPx1 activity and plasma selenium concentration in humans. Eur J Nutr, 48:383–386. 2009.
186.
JablonskaE, GromadzinskaJ, SobalaW, ReszkaE, WasowiczW. Lung cancer risk associated with selenium status is modified in smoking individuals by Sep15 polymorphism. Eur J Nutr, 47:47–54. 2008.
187.
JacksonMI, CombsGFJr.Selenium and anticarcinogenesis: underlying mechanisms. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 11:718–726. 2008.
188.
JacobsET, JiangR, AlbertsDS, GreenbergER, GunterEW, KaragasMR, LanzaE, RatnasingheL, ReidME, SchatzkinA, Smith-WarnerSA, WallaceK, MartinezME. Selenium and colorectal adenoma: results of a pooled analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst, 96:1669–1675. 2004.
JeongD, KimTS, ChungYW, LeeBJ, KimIY. Selenoprotein W is a glutathione-dependent antioxidant in vivo. FEBS Lett, 517:225–228. 2002.
191.
JohnsonCC, FordyceFM, RaymanMP. Symposium on “Geographical and geological influences on nutrition”: factors controlling the distribution of selenium in the environment and their impact on health and nutrition. Proc Nutr Soc, 69:119–132. 2010.
192.
JoniauS, GoemanL, RoskamsT, LerutE, OyenR, Van PoppelH. Effect of nutritional supplement challenge in patients with isolated high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Urology, 69:1102–1106. 2007.
193.
JuniperDT, PhippsRH, Ramos-MoralesE, BertinG. Effect of dietary supplementation with selenium-enriched yeast or sodium selenite on selenium tissue distribution and meat quality in beef cattle. J Anim Sci, 86:3100–3109. 2008.
194.
KalantariP, NarayanV, NatarajanSK, MuralidharK, GandhiUH, VuntaH, HendersonAJ, PrabhuKS. Thioredoxin reductase-1 negatively regulates HIV-1 transactivating protein Tat-dependent transcription in human macrophages. J Biol Chem, 283:33183–33190. 2008.
195.
KapteinEM, WeinerJM, RobinsonWJ, WheelerWS, NicoloffJT. Relationship of altered thyroid hormone indices to survival in nonthyroidal illnesses. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 16:565–574. 1982.
196.
KashinNI. The description of endemic and other disease, prevailing in the Urov-river area. The Records of Physico-Medical Scientific Society Attached to the Moscow University: Moscow, 1859.
197.
Keskes-AmmarL, Feki-ChakrounN, RebaiT, SahnounZ, GhozziH, HammamiS, ZghalK, FkiH, DamakJ, BahloulA. Sperm oxidative stress and the effect of an oral vitamin E and selenium supplement on semen quality in infertile men. Arch Androl, 49:83–94. 2003.
198.
KienCL, GantherHE. Manifestations of chronic selenium deficiency in a child receiving total parenteral nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr, 37:319–328. 1983.
199.
KingJ, GarzaC. International harmonization of approaches for developing nutrient-based dietary standards. Food Nutr Bull, 28,suppl:S3–S153. 2007.
200.
Kiremidjian-SchumacherL, RoyM. Selenium and immune function. Z Ernahrungswiss, 37,Suppl 1:50–56. 1998.
201.
KleinCJ, NielsenFH, Moser-VeillonPB. Trace element loss in urine and effluent following traumatic injury. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 32:129–139. 2008.
202.
KljaiK, RunjeR. Selenium and glycogen levels in diabetic patients. Biol Trace Elem Res, 83:223–229. 2001.
203.
KluthD, BanningA, PaurI, BlomhoffR, Brigelius-FloheR. Modulation of pregnane X receptor- and electrophile responsive element-mediated gene expression by dietary polyphenolic compounds. Free Radic Biol Med, 42:315–325. 2007.
204.
KohrlJ, Brigelius-FloheR, BockA, GartnerR, MeyerO, FloheL. Selenium in biology: facts and medical perspectives. Biol Chem, 381:849–864. 2000.
205.
KohrleJ, GartnerR. Selenium and thyroid. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab, 23:815–827. 2009.
206.
KohrleJ, JakobF, ContempreB, DumontJE. Selenium, the thyroid, and the endocrine system. Endocr Rev, 26:944–984. 2005.
207.
KotrebaiM, BirringerM, TysonJF, BlockE, UdenPC. Selenium speciation in enriched and natural samples by HPLC-ICP-MS and HPLC-ESI-MS with perfluorinated carboxylic acid ion-pairing agents. Analyst, 125:71–78. 2000.
208.
KotsopoulosJ, ChenZ, VallisKA, PollA, GhadirianP, KennedyG, AinsworthP, NarodSA. Toenail selenium status and DNA repair capacity among female BRCA1 mutation carriers. Cancer Causes Control, 21:679–687. 2010.
209.
Kretz-RemyC, ArrigoAP. Selenium: a key element that controls NF-kappa B activation and I kappa B alpha half life. Biofactors, 14:117–125. 2001.
210.
KrittapholW, McDowellA, ThomsonCD, MikovM, FawcettJP. Biotransformation of L: Selenomethionine and selenite in rat gut contents. Biol Trace Elem Res, 2010[Epub ahead of print].
LaclaustraM, Navas-AcienA, StrangesS, OrdovasJM, GuallarE. Serum selenium concentrations and diabetes in U.S. adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2004. Environ Health Perspect, 117:1409–1413. 2009.
213.
LatrecheL, Jean-JeanO, DriscollDM, ChavatteL. Novel structural determinants in human SECIS elements modulate the translational recoding of UGA as selenocysteine. Nucleic Acids Res, 37:5868–5880. 2009.
214.
LawsonKA, WrightME, SubarA, MouwT, HollenbeckA, SchatzkinA, LeitzmannMF. Multivitamin use and risk of prostate cancer in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study. J Natl Cancer Inst, 99:754–764. 2007.
LeiC, NiuX, WeiJ, ZhuJ, ZhuY. Interaction of glutathione peroxidase-1 and selenium in endemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Clin Chim Acta, 399:102–108. 2009.
217.
LeiXG, ChengWH, McClungJP. Metabolic regulation and function of glutathione peroxidase-1. Annu Rev Nutr, 27:41–61. 2007.
218.
LescureA, RederstorffM, KrolA, GuicheneyP, AllamandV. Selenoprotein function and muscle disease. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1790:1569–1574. 2009.
219.
LevanderOA, MorrisVC. Dietary selenium levels needed to maintain balance in North American adults consuming self-selected diets. Am J Clin Nutr, 39:809–815. 1984.
220.
LiD, WuK, HowieAF, BeckettGJ, WangW, BaoY. Synergy between broccoli sprout extract and selenium in the upregulation of thioredoxin reductase in human hepatocytes. Food Chem, 110:193–198. 2008.
221.
LiH, LiHQ, WangY, XuHX, FanWT, WangML, SunPH, XieXY. An intervention study to prevent gastric cancer by micro-selenium and large dose of allitridum. Chin Med J (Engl), 117:1155–1160. 2004.
222.
LiSY, CaoJL, ShiZL, ChenJH, ZhangZT, HughesCE, CatersonB. Promotion of the articular cartilage proteoglycan degradation by T-2 toxin and selenium protective effect. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B, 9:22–33. 2008.
223.
LilligCH, HolmgrenA. Thioredoxin and related molecules-from biology to health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal, 9:25–47. 2007.
224.
LipiecE, SiaraG, BierlaK, OuerdaneL, SzpunarJ. Determination of selenomethionine, selenocysteine, and inorganic selenium in eggs by HPLC-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem, 397:731–741. 2010.
225.
LippmanSM, GoodmanPJ, KleinEA, ParnesHL, ThompsonIMJr., KristalAR, SantellaRM, ProbstfieldJL, MoinpourCM, AlbanesD, TaylorPR, MinasianLM, HoqueA, ThomasSM, CrowleyJJ, GazianoJM, StanfordJL, CookED, FleshnerNE, LieberMM, WaltherPJ, KhuriFR, KarpDD, SchwartzGG, FordLG, ColtmanCAJr.Designing the selenium and vitamin E cancer prevention trial (SELECT)J Natl Cancer Inst, 97:94–102. 2005.
226.
LippmanSM, KleinEA, GoodmanPJ, LuciaMS, ThompsonIM, FordLG, ParnesHL, MinasianLM, GazianoJM, HartlineJA, ParsonsJK, BeardenJD3rd, CrawfordED, GoodmanGE, ClaudioJ, WinquistE, CookED, KarpDD, WaltherP, LieberMM, KristalAR, DarkeAK, ArnoldKB, GanzPA, SantellaRM, AlbanesD, TaylorPR, ProbstfieldJL, JagpalTJ, CrowleyJJ, MeyskensFLJr., BakerLH, ColtmanCAJr.Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the selenium and vitamin E cancer prevention trial (SELECT)JAMA, 301:39–51. 2009.
227.
LookMP, RockstrohJK, RaoGS, KreuzerKA, SpenglerU, SauerbruchT. Serum selenium versus lymphocyte subsets and markers of disease progression and inflammatory response in human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. Biol Trace Elem Res, 56:31–41. 1997.
228.
LuC, QiuF, ZhouH, PengY, HaoW, XuJ, YuanJ, WangS, QiangB, XuC, PengX. Identification and characterization of selenoprotein K: an antioxidant in cardiomyocytes. FEBS Lett, 580:5189–5197. 2006.
229.
LuJ, BerndtC, HolmgrenA. Metabolism of selenium compounds catalyzed by the mammalian selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1790:1513–1519. 2009.
LuJ, JiangC. Selenium and cancer chemoprevention: hypotheses integrating the actions of selenoproteins and selenium metabolites in epithelial and non-epithelial target cells. Antioxid Redox Signal, 7:1715–1727. 2005.
232.
LubosE, SinningCR, SchnabelRB, WildPS, ZellerT, RupprechtHJ, BickelC, LacknerKJ, PeetzD, LoscalzoJ, MunzelT, BlankenbergS. Serum selenium and prognosis in cardiovascular disease: results from the AtheroGene study. Atherosclerosis, 209:271–7. 2010.
233.
LuoXM, WeiHJ, YangCL, XingJ, QiaoCH, FengYM, LiuJ, LiuZ, WuQ, LiuYXet al.Selenium intake and metabolic balance of 10 men from a low selenium area of China. Am J Clin Nutr, 42:31–37. 1985.
MacphersonA, BarclayMNI, ScottR, YatesRWS. Loss of Canadian wheat imports lowers selenium intake and status of Scottish population. Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Trace Elements in Man and Animals. FisherP, L'AbbéMR, CockellKA, GibsonRS. Ottowa: NRC Research Press, 1997; 203–205.
236.
MaehiraF, LuyoGA, MiyagiI, OshiroM, YamaneN, KubaM, NakazatoY. Alterations of serum selenium concentrations in the acute phase of pathological conditions. Clin Chim Acta, 316:137–146. 2002.
237.
ManzanaresW, BiestroA, GalussoF, TorreMH, ManayN, PittiniG, FacchinG, HardyG. Serum selenium and glutathione peroxidase-3 activity: biomarkers of systemic inflammation in the critically ill?Intensive Care Med, 35:882–889. 2009.
238.
MartinezA, SantiagoJL, VaradeJ, MarquezA, LamasJR, MendozaJL, de la CalleH, Diaz-RubioM, de la ConchaEG, Fernandez-GutierrezB, UrcelayE. Polymorphisms in the selenoprotein S gene: lack of association with autoimmune inflammatory diseases. BMC Genomics, 9:329. 2008.
239.
MartinezME, ReidME, Guillen-RodriguezJ, MarshallJR, SamplinerR, AickinM, RitenbaughC, van LeeuwenB, Mason-LiddilN, GiulianoA, VargasPA, AlbertsDS. Design and baseline characteristics of study participants in the Wheat Bran Fiber trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 7:813–816. 1998.
240.
MeplanC, CrosleyLK, NicolF, BeckettGJ, HowieAF, HillKE, HorganG, MathersJC, ArthurJR, HeskethJE. Genetic polymorphisms in the human selenoprotein P gene determine the response of selenoprotein markers to selenium supplementation in a gender-specific manner (the SELGEN study)FASEB J, 21:3063–3074. 2007.
241.
MeplanC, CrosleyLK, NicolF, HorganGW, MathersJC, ArthurJR, HeskethJE. Functional effects of a common single-nucleotide polymorphism (GPX4c718t) in the glutathione peroxidase 4 gene: interaction with sex. Am J Clin Nutr, 87:1019–1027. 2008.
MeplanC, NicolF, BurtleBT, CrosleyLK, ArthurJR, MathersJC, HeskethJE. Relative abundance of selenoprotein P isoforms in human plasma depends on genotype, se intake, and cancer status. Antioxid Redox Signal, 11:2631–2640. 2009.
244.
MeyerF, GalanP, DouvilleP, BairatiI, KegleP, BertraisS, EstaquioC, HercbergS. Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplementation and prostate cancer prevention in the SU.VI.MAX trial. Int J Cancer, 116:182–186. 2005.
245.
MeyerHA, HollenbachB, StephanC, EndermannT, MorgenthalerNG, CammannH, KohrleJ, JungK, SchomburgL. Reduced serum selenoprotein P concentrations in German prostate cancer patients. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 18:2386–2390. 2009.
246.
MichaelssonG, EdqvistLE. Erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity in acne vulgaris and the effect of selenium and vitamin E treatment. Acta Derm Venereol, 64:9–14. 1984.
247.
MichalkeB. Selenium speciation in human serum of cystic fibrosis patients compared to serum from healthy persons. J Chromatogr A, 1058:203–8. 2004.
248.
Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food. Food Surveillance Information Sheet, No. 126. Dietary intake of selenium. London: Joint Food Safety and Standards Group, 1997.
249.
Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare Japan. Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese. The Report from the Scientific Committee of “Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese- Reccommended Dietary Allowance.”, 2005; 91.
250.
MishraV, BainesM, PerrySE, McLaughlinPJ, CarsonJ, WenstoneR, ShenkinA. Effect of selenium supplementation on biochemical markers and outcome in critically ill patients. Clin Nutr, 26:41–50. 2007.
251.
Moreno-ReyesR, MathieuF, BoelaertM, BegauxF, SuetensC, RiveraMT, NeveJ, PerlmutterN, VanderpasJ. Selenium and iodine supplementation of rural Tibetan children affected by Kashin-Beck osteoarthropathy. Am J Clin Nutr, 78:137–144. 2003.
252.
Moreno-ReyesR, SuetensC, MathieuF, BegauxF, ZhuD, RiveraMT, BoelaertM, NeveJ, PerlmutterN, VanderpasJ. Kashin-Beck osteoarthropathy in rural Tibet in relation to selenium and iodine status. N Engl J Med, 339:1112–1120. 1998.
253.
MoschosMP. Selenoprotein P. Cell Mol Life Sci, 57:1836–1845. 2000.
254.
MosesEK, JohnsonMP, TommerdalL, ForsmoS, CurranJE, AbrahamLJ, CharlesworthJC, BrenneckeSP, BlangeroJ, AustgulenR. Genetic association of preeclampsia to the inflammatory response gene SEPS1. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 198:336e1–e5. 2008.
Muniz-NaveiroO, Dominguez-GonzalezR, Bermejo-BarreraA, Bermejo-BarreraP, CochoJA, FragaJM. Selenium speciation in cow milk obtained after supplementation with different selenium forms to the cow feed using liquid chromatography coupled with hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Talanta, 71:1587–1593. 2007.
257.
NacamulliD, MianC, PetriccaD, LazzarottoF, BarolloS, PozzaD, MasieroS, FaggianD, PlebaniM, GirelliME, ManteroF, BetterleC. Influence of physiological dietary selenium supplementation on the natural course of autoimmune thyroiditis. Clin Endocrinol, 73:535–539. 2009.
258.
NadeauPJ, CharetteSJ, ToledanoMB, LandryJ. Disulfide Bond-mediated multimerization of Ask1 and its reduction by thioredoxin-1 regulate H(2)O(2)-induced c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase activation and apoptosis. Mol Biol Cell, 18:3903–3913. 2007.
259.
Navarro-AlarconM, Lopez-G de laSH, Perez-ValeroV, Lopez-MartinezC. Serum and urine selenium concentrations as indicators of body status in patients with diabetes mellitus. Sci Total Environ, 228:79–85. 1999.
260.
Navas-AcienA, BleysJ, GuallarE. Selenium intake and cardiovascular risk: what is new?Curr Opin Lipidol, 19:43–49. 2008.
261.
NelsonHK, ShiQ, Van DaelP, SchiffrinEJ, BlumS, BarclayD, LevanderOA, BeckMA. Host nutritional selenium status as a driving force for influenza virus mutations. FASEB J, 15:1846–1848. 2001.
262.
NeveJ. Human selenium supplementation as assessed by changes in blood selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity. J Trace Elem Med Biol, 9:65–73. 1995.
263.
NickelA, KottraG, SchmidtG, DanierJ, HofmannT, DanielH. Characteristics of transport of selenoamino acids by epithelial amino acid transporters. Chem Biol Interact, 177:234–41. 2009.
264.
NomuraAM, LeeJ, StemmermannGN, CombsGFJr.Serum selenium and subsequent risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 9:883–887. 2000.
265.
Nordic Council of Ministers. Nordic Nutrition Reccommendations: Integrating Nutrition and Physical Activity. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 2004; 397–402.
266.
NovoselovSV, KryukovGV, XuXM, CarlsonBA, HatfieldDL, GladyshevVN. Selenoprotein H is a nucleolar thioredoxin-like protein with a unique expression pattern. J Biol Chem, 282:11960–11968. 2007.
267.
OhtaY, SuzukiKT. Methylation and demethylation of intermediates selenide and methylselenol in the metabolism of selenium. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 226:169–177. 2008.
268.
OjuawoA, KeithL. The serum concentrations of zinc, copper and selenium in children with inflammatory bowel disease. Cent Afr J Med, 48:116–119. 2002.
269.
OlivieriO, StanzialAM, GirelliD, TrevisanMT, GuariniP, TerziM, CaffiS, FontanaF, CasarilM, FerrariSet al.Selenium status, fatty acids, vitamins A and E, and aging: the Nove Study. Am J Clin Nutr, 60:510–517. 1994.
270.
OlsonGE, WinfreyVP, HillKE, BurkRF. Sequential development of flagellar defects in spermatids and epididymal spermatozoa of selenium-deficient rats. Reproduction, 127:335–342. 2004.
271.
OlsonGE, WinfreyVP, HillKE, BurkRF. Megalin mediates selenoprotein P uptake by kidney proximal tubule epithelial cells. J Biol Chem, 283:6854–6860. 2008.
272.
OlsonGE, WinfreyVP, NagdasSK, HillKE, BurkRF. Selenoprotein P is required for mouse sperm development. Biol Reprod, 73:201–211. 2005.
273.
OlsonGE, WinfreyVP, NagdasSK, HillKE, BurkRF. Apolipoprotein E receptor-2 (ApoER2) mediates selenium uptake from selenoprotein P by the mouse testis. J Biol Chem, 282:12290–12297. 2007.
274.
OttenJJ, Pitzi HellwigJ, MeyersLD. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington DC: National Academies Press, 2006.
275.
OvaskainenML, PaturiM, ReinivuoH, HannilaML, SinkkoH, LehtisaloJ, Pynnonen-PolariO, MannistoS. Accuracy in the estimation of food servings against the portions in food photographs. Eur J Clin Nutr, 62:674–681. 2008.
276.
PanC, HuangK, ZhaoY, QinS, ChenF, HuQ. Effect of selenium source and level in hen's diet on tissue selenium deposition and egg selenium concentrations. J Agric Food Chem, 55:1027–1032. 2007.
277.
PanQ, HuangK, HeK, LuF. Effect of different selenium sources and levels on porcine circovirus type 2 replication in vitro. J Trace Elem Med Biol, 22:143–148. 2008.
278.
PaneeJ, StoytchevaZR, LiuW, BerryMJ. Selenoprotein H is a redox-sensing high mobility group family DNA-binding protein that up-regulates genes involved in glutathione synthesis and phase II detoxification. J Biol Chem, 282:23759–23765. 2007.
279.
PappLV, LuJ, HolmgrenA, KhannaKK. From selenium to selenoproteins: synthesis, identity, and their role in human health. Antioxid Redox Signal, 9:775–806. 2007.
280.
PaszkowskiT, TraubAI, RobinsonSY, McMasterD. Selenium dependent glutathione peroxidase activity in human follicular fluid. Clin Chim Acta, 236:173–180. 1995.
281.
PatchingSG, GardinerPH. Recent developments in selenium metabolism and chemical speciation: a review. J Trace Elem Med Biol, 13:193–214. 1999.
282.
PeetersR, FeketeC, GoncalvesC, LegradiG, TuHM, HarneyJW, BiancoAC, LechanRM, LarsenPR. Regional physiological adaptation of the central nervous system deiodinases to iodine deficiency. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 281:E54–E61. 2001.
283.
PeetersRP, van der DeureWM, VisserTJ. Genetic variation in thyroid hormone pathway genes; polymorphisms in the TSH receptor and the iodothyronine deiodinases. Eur J Endocrinol, 155:655–662. 2006.
284.
PengT, LiY, YangY, NiuC, Morgan-CapnerP, ArchardLC, ZhangH. Characterization of enterovirus isolates from patients with heart muscle disease in a selenium-deficient area of China. J Clin Microbiol, 38:3538–3543. 2000.
285.
PeretzA, NeveJ, DuchateauJ, SiderovaV, HuygenK, FamaeyJP, CarpentierYA. Effects of selenium supplementation on immune parameters in gut failure patients on home parenteral nutrition. Nutrition, 7:215–221. 1991.
286.
PetersU, ChatterjeeN, HayesRB, SchoenRE, WangY, ChanockSJ, FosterCB. Variation in the selenoenzyme genes and risk of advanced distal colorectal adenoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 17:1144–1154. 2008.
287.
PintoJT, LeeJI, SinhaR, MacewanME, CooperAJ. Chemopreventive mechanisms of alpha-keto acid metabolites of naturally occurring organoselenium compounds. Amino Acids, 2010[Epub ahead of print].
288.
QiaoYL, DawseySM, KamangarF, FanJH, AbnetCC, SunXD, JohnsonLL, GailMH, DongZW, YuB, MarkSD, TaylorPR. Total and cancer mortality after supplementation with vitamins and minerals: follow-up of the Linxian General Population Nutrition Intervention Trial. J Natl Cancer Inst, 101:507–518. 2009.
289.
RadimerK, BindewaldB, HughesJ, ErvinB, SwansonC, PiccianoMF. Dietary supplement use by US adults: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2000. Am J Epidemiol, 160:339–349. 2004.
290.
RaichPC, LuJ, ThompsonHJ, CombsGFJr.Selenium in cancer prevention: clinical issues and implications. Cancer Invest, 19:540–53. 2001.
291.
RajpathakS, RimmE, MorrisJS, HuF. Toenail selenium and cardiovascular disease in men with diabetes. J Am Coll Nutr, 24:250–256. 2005.
292.
RannemT, Persson-MoschosM, HuangW, StaunM, AkessonB. Selenoprotein P in patients on home parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 20:287–291. 1996.
RavagliaG, FortiP, MaioliF, BastagliL, FacchiniA, MarianiE, SavarinoL, SassiS, CucinottaD, LenazG. Effect of micronutrient status on natural killer cell immune function in healthy free-living subjects aged >/=90 y. Am J Clin Nutr, 71:590–598. 2000.
295.
Ravn-HarenG, OlsenA, TjonnelandA, DragstedLO, NexoBA, WallinH, OvervadK, Raaschou-NielsenO, VogelU. Associations between GPX1 Pro198Leu polymorphism, erythrocyte GPX activity, alcohol consumption and breast cancer risk in a prospective cohort study. Carcinogenesis, 27:820–825. 2006.
296.
RaymanMP. The importance of selenium to human health. Lancet, 356:233–241. 2000.
297.
RaymanMP. The argument for increasing selenium intake. Proc Nutr Soc, 61:203–215. 2002.
298.
RaymanMP. The use of high-selenium yeast to raise selenium status: how does it measure up?Br J Nutr, 92:557–573. 2004.
299.
RaymanMP. Selenium in cancer prevention: a review of the evidence and mechanism of action. Proc Nutr Soc, 64:527–542. 2005.
300.
RaymanMP. Food-chain selenium and human health: emphasis on intake. Br J Nutr, 100:254–268. 2008.
301.
RaymanMP. Selenoproteins and human health: insights from epidemiological data. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1790:1533–1540. 2009.
302.
RaymanMP, InfanteHG, SargentM. Food-chain selenium and human health: spotlight on speciation. Br J Nutr, 100:238–253. 2008.
303.
ReidME, Duffield-LillicoAJ, SlateE, NatarajanN, TurnbullB, JacobsE, CombsGFJr., AlbertsDS, ClarkLC, MarshallJR. The nutritional prevention of cancer: 400 mcg per day selenium treatment. Nutr Cancer, 60:155–163. 2008.
304.
ReidME, Duffield-LillicoAJ, SungaA, FakihM, AlbertsDS, MarshallJR. Selenium supplementation and colorectal adenomas: an analysis of the nutritional prevention of cancer trial. Int J Cancer, 118:1777–1781. 2006.
305.
ReidME, StrattonMS, LillicoAJ, FakihM, NatarajanR, ClarkLC, MarshallJR. A report of high-dose selenium supplementation: response and toxicities. J Trace Elem Med Biol, 18:69–74. 2004.
306.
RenkoK, WernerM, Renner-MullerI, CooperTG, YeungCH, HollenbachB, ScharpfM, KohrleJ, SchomburgL, SchweizerU. Hepatic selenoprotein P (SePP) expression restores selenium transport and prevents infertility and motor-incoordination in Sepp-knockout mice. Biochem J, 409:741–749. 2008.
307.
RennieKL, CowardA, JebbSA. Estimating under-reporting of energy intake in dietary surveys using an individualised method. Br J Nutr, 97:1169–1176. 2007.
308.
RenwickAG, DragstedLO, FletcherRJ, FlynnA, ScottJM, TuijtelaarsS, WildemannT. Minimising the population risk of micronutrient deficiency and over-consumption: a new approach using selenium as an example. Eur J Nutr, 47:17–25. 2008.
309.
ReszkaE, GromadzinskaJ, JablonskaE, WasowiczW, JablonowskiZ, SosnowskiM. Level of selenoprotein transcripts in peripheral leukocytes of patients with bladder cancer and healthy individuals. Clin Chem Lab Med, 47:1125–1132. 2009.
310.
ReyesLH, MarJL, RahmanGM, SeybertB, FahrenholzT, KingstonHM. Simultaneous determination of arsenic and selenium species in fish tissues using microwave-assisted enzymatic extraction and ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Talanta, 78:983–990. 2009.
311.
RizkSL, Sky-PeckHH. Comparison between concentrations of trace elements in normal and neoplastic human breast tissue. Cancer Res, 44:5390–5394. 1984.
312.
SaaranenM, SuistomaaU, KantolaM, SaarikoskiS, Vanha-PerttulaT. Lead, magnesium, selenium and zinc in human seminal fluid: comparison with semen parameters and fertility. Hum Reprod, 2:475–479. 1987.
313.
SafarinejadMR, SafarinejadS. Efficacy of selenium and/or N-acetyl-cysteine for improving semen parameters in infertile men: a double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized study. J Urol, 181:741–751. 2009.
314.
SaitoY, HayashiT, TanakaA, WatanabeY, SuzukiM, SaitoE, TakahashiK. Selenoprotein P in human plasma as an extracellular phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase. Isolation and enzymatic characterization of human selenoprotein p. J Biol Chem, 274:2866–2871. 1999.
315.
SaitohM, NishitohH, FujiiM, TakedaK, TobiumeK, SawadaY, KawabataM, MiyazonoK, IchijoH. Mammalian thioredoxin is a direct inhibitor of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK) 1. EMBO J, 17:2596–2606. 1998.
316.
SatiaJA, KingIB, MorrisJS, StrattonK, WhiteE. Toenail and plasma levels as biomarkers of selenium exposure. Ann Epidemiol, 16:53–58. 2006.
SchlabergR, ChoeDJ, BrownKR, ThakerHM, SinghIR. XMRV is present in malignant prostatic epithelium and is associated with prostate cancer, especially high-grade tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 106:16351–16356. 2009.
319.
SchmutzlerC, MentrupB, SchomburgL, Hoang-VuC, HerzogV, KohrleJ. Selenoproteins of the thyroid gland: expression, localization and possible function of glutathione peroxidase 3. Biol Chem, 388:1053–1059. 2007.
320.
SchnabelR, LubosE, MessowCM, SinningCR, ZellerT, WildPS, PeetzD, HandyDE, MunzelT, LoscalzoJ, LacknerKJ, BlankenbergS. Selenium supplementation improves antioxidant capacity in vitro and in vivo in patients with coronary artery disease. The selenium therapy in coronary artery disease patients (SETCAP) study. Am Heart J, 156:1201.e1–1201.e11. 2008.
SchomburgL, KohrleJ. On the importance of selenium and iodine metabolism for thyroid hormone biosynthesis and human health. Mol Nutr Food Res, 52:1235–1246. 2008.
323.
SchomburgL, RieseC, MichaelisM, GriebertE, KleinMO, SapinR, SchweizerU, KohrleJ. Synthesis and metabolism of thyroid hormones is preferentially maintained in selenium-deficient transgenic mice. Endocrinology, 147:1306–1313. 2006.
324.
SchomburgL, SchweizerU. Hierarchical regulation of selenoprotein expression and sex-specific effects of selenium. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1790:1453–1462. 2009.
325.
SchomburgL, SchweizerU, HoltmannB, FloheL, SendtnerM, KohrleJ. Gene disruption discloses role of selenoprotein P in selenium delivery to target tissues. Biochem J, 370:397–402. 2003.
326.
SchrauzerGN, SuraiPF. Selenium in human and animal nutrition: resolved and unresolved issues. A partly historical treatise in commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the discovery of the biological essentiality of selenium, dedicated to the memory of Klaus Schwarz (1914–1978) on the occasion of the thirtieth anniversary of his death. Crit Rev Biotechnol, 29:2–9. 2009.
327.
SchwarzK, FoltzCM. Selenium as an integral part of factor 3 against dietary necrotic liver degeneration. J Am Chem Soc, 79:3292–3293. 1957.
328.
SchweizerU, StreckfussF, PeltP, CarlsonBA, HatfieldDL, KohrleJ, SchomburgL. Hepatically derived selenoprotein P is a key factor for kidney but not for brain selenium supply. Biochem J, 386:221–226. 2005.
329.
Scientific Committee for Food. Nutrient and energy intakes for the European Community. Chapter 28: Selenium. Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food, Thirty First Series. Nutrition. Luxembourg: European Commission, 1993; 202–207.
330.
ScottR, MacPhersonA, YatesRW, HussainB, DixonJ. The effect of oral selenium supplementation on human sperm motility. Br J Urol, 82:76–80. 1998.
331.
SeidererJ, DambacherJ, KuhnleinB, PfennigS, KonradA, TorokHP, HallerD, GokeB, OchsenkuhnT, LohseP, BrandS. The role of the selenoprotein S (SELS) gene −105G> A promoter polymorphism in inflammatory bowel disease and regulation of SELS gene expression in intestinal inflammation. Tissue Antigens, 70:238–246. 2007.
332.
SeleniusM, RundlofAK, OlmE, FernandesAP, BjornstedtM. Selenium and the selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase in the prevention, treatment and diagnostics of cancer. Antioxid Redox Signal, 12:867–880. 2010.
ShapiroJR. Selenium and carcinogenesis: a review. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 192:215–219. 1972.
335.
ShenkinA. Selenium in intravenous nutrition. Gastroenterology, 137:S61–S69. 2009.
336.
ShennanDB. Selenium (selenate) transport by human placental brush border membrane vesicles. Br J Nutr, 59:13–19. 1988.
337.
SheridanPA, ZhongN, CarlsonBA, PerellaCM, HatfieldDL, BeckMA. Decreased selenoprotein expression alters the immune response during influenza virus infection in mice. J Nutr, 137:1466–1471. 2007.
338.
ShiXW, GuoX, RenFL, LiJ, WuXM. The effect of short tandem repeat loci and low selenium levels on endemic osteoarthritis in China. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 92:72–80. 2010.
339.
ShibataT, ArisawaT, TaharaT, OhkuboM, YoshiokaD, MaruyamaN, FujitaH, KamiyaY, NakamuraM, NagasakaM, IwataM, TakahamaK, WatanabeM, HirataI. Selenoprotein S (SEPS1) gene −105G> A promoter polymorphism influences the susceptibility to gastric cancer in the Japanese population. BMC Gastroenterol, 9:2. 2009.
340.
ShrimaliRK, IronsRD, CarlsonBA, SanoY, GladyshevVN, ParkJM, HatfieldDL. Selenoproteins mediate T cell immunity through an antioxidant mechanism. J Biol Chem, 283:20181–20185. 2008.
341.
SmithM, FrankeKW, WestfallBB. The selenium problem in relation to public health. A preliminary survey to determine the possibility of selenium intoxication in the rural population living in seleniferous soil. US Public Health Report, 1936; 1496–1505.
342.
SoderbergA, SahafB, RosenA. Thioredoxin reductase, a redox-active selenoprotein, is secreted by normal and neoplastic cells: presence in human plasma. Cancer Res, 60:2281–2289. 2000.
343.
SongY, DriessensN, CostaM, De DekenX, DetoursV, CorvilainB, MaenhautC, MiotF, Van SandeJ, ManyMC, DumontJE. Roles of hydrogen peroxide in thyroid physiology and disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 92:3764–3773. 2007.
344.
SpallholzJE, BoylanLM, LarsenHS. Advances in understanding selenium's role in the immune system. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 587:123–139. 1990.
345.
St. GermainDL, GaltonVA, HernandezA. Minireview: Defining the roles of the iodothyronine deiodinases: current concepts and challenges. Endocrinology, 150:1097–1107. 2009.
346.
SteevensJ, Van Den BrandtPA, GoldbohmRA, SchoutenLJ. Selenium status and the risk of esophageal and gastric cancer subtypes: The Netherlands Cohort Study. Gastroenterology, 138:1704–1713. 2010.
347.
SteinbrennerH, SiesH. Protection against reactive oxygen species by selenoproteins. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1790:1478–1485. 2009.
348.
StoneR. Diseases. A medical mystery in middle China. Science, 324:1378–1381. 2009.
349.
StrangesS, MarshallJR, NatarajanR, DonahueRP, TrevisanM, CombsGF, CappuccioFP, CerielloA, ReidME. Effects of long-term selenium supplementation on the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med, 147:217–223. 2007.
350.
StrangesS, MarshallJR, TrevisanM, NatarajanR, DonahueRP, CombsGF, FarinaroE, ClarkLC, ReidME. Effects of selenium supplementation on cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality: secondary analyses in a randomized clinical trial. Am J Epidemiol, 163:694–699. 2006.
351.
StroudJL, BroadleyMR, FootI, Fairweather-TaitSJ, HartDJ, HurstR, KnottP, MowatH, NormanK, ScottP, TuckerM, WhitePJ, McGrathSP, ZhaoF-J. Soil factors affecting selenium concentration in wheat grain and the fate and speciation of Se fertilisers applied to soil. Plant Soil, 332:19–30. 2010.
352.
StroudJL, LiHF, Lopez-BellidoFJ, BroadleyMR, FootI, Fairweather-TaitSJ, HartDJ, HurstR, KnottP, MowatH, NormanK, ScottP, TuckerM, WhitePJ, McGrathSP, ZhaoF-J. Impact of sulphur fertilisation on crop response to selenium fertilisation. Plant Soil, 332:31–40. 2010.
353.
SunD, LiuY, LiQ. Determination of T-2 toxin in staple food from a Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) area and non-KBD areas in Heilongjiang Province. Chin J Epidem, 16:207–209. 1997.
354.
SunH, BaoYP, GaoYH, GuoL, WangY, ZhouLW, LiuY, ZhongXK. Effect of sulforaphane on Coxsakievirus B3m - induced myocardiopathy in Se-deficient mice. Chin J Endemiol, 23:412–414. 2004.
355.
SundeRA. mRNA transcripts as molecular biomarkers in medicine and nutrition. J Nutr Biochem, 21:665–670. 2010.
356.
SuzukiKT, KurasakiK, SuzukiN. Selenocysteine beta-lyase and methylselenol demethylase in the metabolism of Se-methylated selenocompounds into selenide. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1770:1053–1061. 2007.
357.
TabassumA, BristowRG, VenkateswaranV. Ingestion of selenium and other antioxidants during prostate cancer radiotherapy: a good thing?Cancer Treat Rev, 36:230–234. 2010.
358.
TakasakiN, TonamiH, SimizuA, UenoN, OgitaT, OkadaS, MiyazakiS, DegutiY, OgataA. Semen selenium in male infertility. Bull Osaka Med Sch, 33:87–96. 1987.
359.
TakebeG, YarimizuJ, SaitoY, HayashiT, NakamuraH, YodoiJ, NagasawaS, TakahashiK. A comparative study on the hydroperoxide and thiol specificity of the glutathione peroxidase family and selenoprotein P. J Biol Chem, 277:41254–41258. 2002.
360.
TamuraT, YamamotoS, TakahataM, SakaguchiH, TanakaH, StadtmanTC, InagakiK. Selenophosphate synthetase genes from lung adenocarcinoma cells: Sps1 for recycling L-selenocysteine and Sps2 for selenite assimilation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 101:16162–16167. 2004.
361.
TanJ, ZhuW, WangW, LiR, HouS, WangD, YangL. Selenium in soil and endemic diseases in China. Sci Total Environ, 284:227–235. 2002.
362.
TanakaT, NakamuraH, NishiyamaA, HosoiF, MasutaniH, WadaH, YodoiJ. Redox regulation by thioredoxin superfamily; protection against oxidative stress and aging. Free Radic Res, 33:851–855. 2000.
363.
TarpU. Selenium in rheumatoid arthritis. A review. Analyst, 120:877–81. 1995.
364.
TaylorPR, LiB, DawseySM, LiJY, YangCS, GuoW, BlotWJ. Prevention of esophageal cancer: the nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China. Linxian Nutrition Intervention Trials Study Group. Cancer Res, 54:2029s–2031s. 1994.
365.
ThomsonCD. Assessment of requirements for selenium and adequacy of selenium status: a review. Eur J Clin Nutr, 58:391–402. 2004.
366.
ThomsonCD. Selenium and iodine intakes and status in New Zealand and Australia. Br J Nutr, 91:661–672. 2004.
367.
ThomsonCD, ReaHM, DoesburgVM, RobinsonMF. Selenium concentrations and glutathione peroxidase activities in whole blood of New Zealand residents. Br J Nutr, 37:457–60. 1977.
368.
ThomsonCD, RobinsonMF. The changing selenium status of New Zealand residents. Eur J Clin Nutr, 50:107–114. 1996.
369.
TolandoR, JovanovicA, Brigelius-FloheR, UrsiniF, MaiorinoM. Reactive oxygen species and proinflammatory cytokine signaling in endothelial cells: effect of selenium supplementation. Free Radic Biol Med, 28:979–986. 2000.
370.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 2008. Nutrient Intakes from Food: Mean amounts consumed per individual, one day, 2005–2006. www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/fsrg. 2010March.
371.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Office of Dietary Supplements (2009) Dietary Supplement Ingredient Database release-1 (DSID-1)http://dietarysupplementdatabase.usda.nih.gov/. 2010March.
372.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. What's in the Food You Eat search tool, 3.0. 2010. www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=17032. 2010March.
373.
UdlerM, MaiaAT, CebrianA, BrownC, GreenbergD, ShahM, CaldasC, DunningA, EastonD, PonderB, PharoahP. Common germline genetic variation in antioxidant defense genes and survival after diagnosis of breast cancer. J Clin Oncol, 25:3015–3023. 2007.
374.
UrsiniF, HeimS, KiessM, MaiorinoM, RoveriA, WissingJ, FloheL. Dual function of the selenoprotein PHGPx during sperm maturation. Science, 285:1393–1396. 1999.
375.
ValdiglesiasV, PasaroE, MendezJ, LaffonB. In vitro evaluation of selenium genotoxic, cytotoxic, and protective effects: a review. Arch Toxicol, 84:337–351. 2010.
376.
ValentineJL, KangHK, SpiveyGH. Selenium levels in human blood, urine, and hair in response to exposure via drinking water. Environ Res, 17:347–355. 1978.
377.
Van CauwenberghR, RobberechtH, Van VlaslaerV, DeelstraH. Comparison of the serum selenium content of healthy adults living in the Antwerp region (Belgium) with recent literature data. J Trace Elem Med Biol, 18:99–112. 2004.
378.
VaroP, AlfthanG, EkholmP, AroA, KoivistoinenP. Selenium intake and serum selenium in Finland: effects of soil fertilization with selenium. Am J Clin Nutr, 48:324–329. 1988.
379.
VenalainenE-R, HirviT, HirnJ. Effect of selenium supplementation on the selenium content in muscle and liver of Finnish Pigs and Cattle. J Agric Food Chem, 45:810–813. 1997.
380.
VerlindenM, van SprundelM, Van der AuweraJ, EylenboschW. The selenium status of Belgian population groups. Biol Trace Elem Res, 5:103–113. 1983.
381.
VezinaD, MauffetteF, RobertsKD, BleauG. Selenium-vitamin E supplementation in infertile men. Effects on semen parameters and micronutrient levels and distribution. Biol Trace Elem Res, 53:65–83. 1996.
382.
VilletteS, KyleJA, BrownKM, PickardK, MilneJS, NicolF, ArthurJR, HeskethJE. A novel single nucleotide polymorphism in the 3' untranslated region of human glutathione peroxidase 4 influences lipoxygenase metabolism. Blood Cells Mol Dis, 29:174–178. 2002.
383.
VoetschB, JinRC, BierlC, BenkeKS, KenetG, SimioniP, OttavianoF, DamascenoBP, Annichino-BizacchiJM, HandyDE, LoscalzoJ. Promoter polymorphisms in the plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPx-3) gene: a novel risk factor for arterial ischemic stroke among young adults and children. Stroke, 38:41–49. 2007.
384.
VogtTM, ZieglerRG, GraubardBI, SwansonCA, GreenbergRS, SchoenbergJB, SwansonGM, HayesRB, MayneST. Serum selenium and risk of prostate cancer in U.S. blacks and whites. Int J Cancer, 103:664–670. 2003.
385.
VuckovicN, RitenbaughC, TarenDL, TobarM. A qualitative study of participants' experiences with dietary assessment. J Am Diet Assoc, 100:1023–1028. 2000.
WalderK, KanthamL, McMillanJS, TrevaskisJ, KerrL, De SilvaA, SunderlandT, GoddeN, GaoY, BisharaN, WindmillK, Tenne-BrownJ, AugertG, ZimmetPZ, CollierGR. Tanis: a link between type 2 diabetes and inflammation?Diabetes, 51:1859–66. 2002.
388.
WalstonJ, XueQ, SembaRD, FerrucciL, CappolaAR, RicksM, GuralnikJ, FriedLP. Serum antioxidants, inflammation, and total mortality in older women. Am J Epidemiol, 163:18–26. 2006.
389.
WangD, YangWZ, SunQY, GaoIP. 6. The studies on Se in environment and human body in Kaschin-Beck disease endemic area in Henan province and exploration of etiology. Chin J Endemiol, 6:108–111. 1987.
390.
WangGQ, DawseySM, LiJY, TaylorPR, LiB, BlotWJ, WeinsteinWM, LiuFS, LewinKJ, WangHet al.Effects of vitamin/mineral supplementation on the prevalence of histological dysplasia and early cancer of the esophagus and stomach: results from the General Population Trial in Linxian, China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 3:161–166. 1994.
391.
WangS, GuoX, TanWH, GengD, DengBP, WangCE, QuX. Detection of serum proteomic changes and discovery of serum biomarkers for Kashin-Beck disease using surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS)J Bone Miner Metab, 26:385–393. 2008.
392.
WangWC, MakelaAL, NantoV, MakelaP, LagstromH. The serum selenium concentrations in children and young adults: a long-term study during the Finnish selenium fertilization programme. Eur J Clin Nutr, 52:529–535. 1998.
393.
WangWZ, GuoX, DuanC, MaWJ, ZhangYG, XuP, GaoZQ, WangZF, YanH, ZhangYF, YuYX, ChenJC, LammiMJ. Comparative analysis of gene expression profiles between the normal human cartilage and the one with endemic osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 17:83–90. 2009.
394.
WangXD, VatamaniukMZ, WangSK, RonekerCA, SimmonsRA, LeiXG. Molecular mechanisms for hyperinsulinaemia induced by overproduction of selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase-1 in mice. Diabetologia, 51:1515–1524. 2008.
395.
WatkinsonJH. Changes of blood selenium in New Zealand adults with time and importation of Australian wheat. Am J Clin Nutr, 34:936–942. 1981.
396.
WeijlNI, ElsendoornTJ, LentjesEG, HopmanGD, Wipkink-BakkerA, ZwindermanAH, CletonFJ, OsantoS. Supplementation with antioxidant micronutrients and chemotherapy-induced toxicity in cancer patients treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur J Cancer, 40:1713–1723. 2004.
397.
WerzO, SteinhilberD. Selenium-dependent peroxidases suppress 5-lipoxygenase activity in B-lymphocytes and immature myeloid cells. The presence of peroxidase-insensitive 5-lipoxygenase activity in differentiated myeloid cells. Eur J Biochem, 242:90–97. 1996.
398.
WestDW, SlatteryML, RobisonLM, FrenchTK, MahoneyAW. Adult dietary intake and prostate cancer risk in Utah: a case-control study with special emphasis on aggressive tumors. Cancer Causes Control, 2:85–94. 1991.
399.
WestphalK, StanglV, FahlingM, DregerH, WellerA, BaumannG, StanglK, MeinersS. Human-specific induction of glutathione peroxidase-3 by proteasome inhibition in cardiovascular cells. Free Radic Biol Med, 47:1652–1660. 2009.
400.
WhangerPD. Selenocompounds in plants and animals and their biological significance. J Am Coll Nutr, 21:223–232. 2002.
401.
WillettWC, PolkBF, MorrisJS, StampferMJ, PresselS, RosnerB, TaylorJO, SchneiderK, HamesCG. Prediagnostic serum selenium and risk of cancer. Lancet, 2:130–134. 1983.
402.
WillettWC, StampferMJ. Selenium and cancer. BMJ, 297:573–574. 1988.
403.
WilliamsPN, LombiE, SunGX, ScheckelK, ZhuYG, FengX, ZhuJ, CareyAM, AdomakoE, LawgaliY, DeaconC, MehargAA. Selenium characterization in the global rice supply chain. Environ Sci Technol, 43:6024–6030. 2009.
404.
WojewodaM, DuszynskiJ, SzczepanowskaJ. Antioxidant defence systems and generation of reactive oxygen species in osteosarcoma cells with defective mitochondria: Effect of selenium. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1797:890–896. 2010.
405.
WolfWR, GoldschmidtRJ. Updated estimates of the selenomethionine content of NIST wheat reference materials by GC-IDMS. Anal Bioanal Chem, 387:2449–2452. 2007.
406.
WolfframS, ArduserF, ScharrerE. In vivo intestinal absorption of selenate and selenite by rats. J Nutr, 115:454–459. 1985.
407.
WolnikKA, FrickeFL, CaparSG, BraudeGL, MeyerMW, SatzgerRD, KuennenRW. Elements in major raw agricultural crops in the United States. 2. Other elements in lettuce, peanuts, potatoes, soybeans, sweet corn, and wheat. J Agric Food Chem, 31:1244–1249. 1983.
408.
World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective. Washington DC: AICR, 2007.
409.
World Health Organization. Trace Elements in Human Nutrition and Health. Geneva: World Health Organisation, 1996.
410.
World Health Organization. Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition. secondReport of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation, Bangkok, Thailand. Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2004; 194–216.
411.
WuAS, OldfieldJE, ShullLR, CheekePR. Specific effect of selenium deficiency on rat sperm. Biol Reprod, 20:793–798. 1979.
412.
WuJ, SalisburyC, GrahamR, LyonsG, FenechM. Increased consumption of wheat biofortified with selenium does not modify biomarkers of cancer risk, oxidative stress, or immune function in healthy Australian males. Environ Mol Mutagen, 50:489–501. 2009.
413.
XiaL, NordmanT, OlssonJM, DamdimopoulosA, Bjorkhem-BergmanL, NalvarteI, ErikssonLC, ArnerES, SpyrouG, BjornstedtM. The mammalian cytosolic selenoenzyme thioredoxin reductase reduces ubiquinone. A novel mechanism for defense against oxidative stress. J Biol Chem, 278:2141–2146. 2003.
414.
XiaY, HillKE, ByrneDW, XuJ, BurkRF. Effectiveness of selenium supplements in a low-selenium area of China. Am J Clin Nutr, 81:829–834. 2005.
415.
XiongY. Toxic effect of T-2 toxin on articular cartilage in Chinese experimental mini-pig. Chin J Endem Dis, 12:4–6. 1997.
416.
XiongYM, MoXY, ZouXZ, SongRX, SunWY, LuW, ChenQ, YuYX, ZangWJ. Association study between polymorphisms in selenoprotein genes and susceptibility to Kashin-Beck disease. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 18:817–824. 2010.
417.
XunP, LiuK, MorrisJS, DaviglusML, HeK. Longitudinal association between toenail selenium levels and measures of subclinical atherosclerosis: The CARDIA trace element study. Atherosclerosis, 210:662–667. 2010.
418.
YangF. Keshan disease and mitochondrial cardiomyopathy. Sci Chin Ser C Life Sci, 49:513–518. 2006.
419.
YangG, YinS, ZhouR, GuL, YanB, LiuY. Studies of safe maximal daily dietary Se-intake in a seleniferous area in China. Part II: Relation between Se-intake and the manifestation of clinical signs and certain biochemical alterations in blood and urine. J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis, 3:123–30. 1989.
420.
YangG, ZhouR. Further observations on the human maximum safe dietary selenium intake in a seleniferous area of China. J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis, 8:159–165. 1994.
421.
YangG-Q. Research on selenium-related problems in human health in China. Selenium in Biology and Medicine Part B, 3rd Int. Symp. Beijing, People's Republic of China. CombsGFJr., SpallholzJEet al.New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1987; 9–32.
422.
YangGQ, WangSZ, ZhouRH, SunSZ. Endemic selenium intoxication of humans in China. Am J Clin Nutr, 37:872–881. 1983.
423.
YangGQ, ZhuLZ, LiuSJ, GuLZ, QianPC, HuangJH, LuMD. Human selenium requirements in China. Selenium in Biology and Medicine. CombsGFJr., LevanderOA, OldfieldJE. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co, 1987; 589–607.
424.
YangJ. Mechanisms in occurrence and prevalence of Kashin-Beck disease (KBD)Chin J Epidem, 17:201–206. 1998.
425.
YangJ, WangT, WuC, LiuC. Selenium level surveillance for the year 2007 of Keshan disease in endemic areas and analysis on surveillance results between 2003 and 2007. Biol Trace Elem Res, 138:53–59. 2010.
426.
YuMW, HorngIS, HsuKH, ChiangYC, LiawYF, ChenCJ. Plasma selenium levels and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among men with chronic hepatitis virus infection. Am J Epidemiol, 150:367–374. 1999.
427.
YuSY, ZhuYJ, LiWG. Protective role of selenium against hepatitis B virus and primary liver cancer in Qidong. Biol Trace Elem Res, 56:117–124. 1997.
428.
ZacharaBA, DobrzynskiW, TrafikowskaU, SzymanskiW. Blood selenium and glutathione peroxidases in miscarriage. Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 108:244–247. 2001.
429.
ZhangJ, SvehlikovaV, BaoY, HowieAF, BeckettGJ, WilliamsonG. Synergy between sulforaphane and selenium in the induction of thioredoxin reductase 1 requires both transcriptional and translational modulation. Carcinogenesis, 24:497–503. 2003.
430.
ZhangWH, NeveJ, XuJP, VanderpasJ, WangZL. Selenium, iodine and fungal contamination in Yulin District (People's Republic of China) endemic for Kashin-Beck disease. Int Orthop, 25:188–190. 2001.
431.
ZhongX, ZhangFM, JiangZRet al.Relationship on Coxsackie B viruses and subacute Keshan disease in Yunnan Province using in situ hybridization. Chin J Endemiol, 1993:193–195. 1993.
432.
ZhuoH, SmithAH, SteinmausC. Selenium and lung cancer: a quantitative analysis of heterogeneity in the current epidemiological literature. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 13:771–778. 2004.
433.
ZhuoP, DiamondAM. Molecular mechanisms by which selenoproteins affect cancer risk and progression. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1790:1546–1554. 2009.
434.
ZimmermannT, LeonhardtH, KerstingS, AlbrechtS, RangeU, EckeltU. Reduction of postoperative lymphedema after oral tumor surgery with sodium selenite. Biol Trace Elem Res, 106:193–203. 2005.
435.
ZouK, LiuG, WuT, DuL. Selenium for preventing Kashin-Beck osteoarthropathy in children: a meta-analysis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 17:144–151. 2009.
