The development of an embryo constitutes a complex choreography of regulatory events that underlies precise temporal and spatial control. Throughout this process the embryo encounters ever changing environments, which challenge its metabolism. Oxygen is required for embryogenesis but it also poses a potential hazard via formation of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). These metabolites are capable of modifying macromolecules (lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) and altering their biological functions. On one hand, such modifications may have deleterious consequences and must be counteracted by antioxidant defense systems. On the other hand, ROS/RNS function as essential signal transducers regulating the cellular phenotype. In this context the combined maternal/embryonic redox homeostasis is of major importance and dysregulations in the equilibrium of pro- and antioxidative processes retard embryo development, leading to organ malformation and embryo lethality. Silencing the in vivo expression of pro- and antioxidative enzymes provided deeper insights into the role of the embryonic redox equilibrium. Moreover, novel mechanisms linking the cellular redox homeostasis to gene expression regulation have recently been discovered (oxygen sensing DNA demethylases and protein phosphatases, redox-sensitive microRNAs and transcription factors, moonlighting enzymes of the cellular redox homeostasis) and their contribution to embryo development is critically reviewed. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 13, 833–875.
AbdelmohsenK, PullmannRJr., LalA, KimHH, GalbanS, YangX, BlethrowJD, WalkerM, ShubertJ, GillespieDA, FurneauxH, GorospeM. Phosphorylation of HuR by Chk2 regulates SIRT1 expression. Mol Cell, 25:543–557. 2007.
2.
AlvarezJG, StoreyBT. Differential incorporation of fatty acids into and peroxidative loss of fatty acids from phospholipids of human spermatozoa. Mol Reprod Dev, 42:334–346. 1995.
3.
AminiSA, DunstanRH, DunkleyPR, MurdochRN. Oxidative stress and the fetotoxicity of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Free Radic Biol Med, 21:357–365. 1996.
4.
AndersonJ, SandhirR, HamiltonES, BermanNE. Impaired expression of neuroprotective molecules in the HIF-1alpha pathway following traumatic brain injury in aged mice. J Neurotrauma, 26:1557–1566. 2009.
5.
ArataniY, KoyamaH, NyuiS, SuzukiK, KuraF, MaedaN. Severe impairment in early host defense against Candida albicans in mice deficient in myeloperoxidase. Infect Immun, 67:1828–1836. 1999.
6.
ArcherSL, MichelakisED, ThebaudB, BonnetS, MoudgilR, WuXC, WeirEK. A central role for oxygen-sensitive K+ channels and mitochondria in the specialized oxygen-sensing system. Novartis Found Symp, 272:157–171. 2006discussion 171–175, 214–217.
7.
ArnerES. Focus on mammalian thioredoxin reductases. Important selenoproteins with versatile functions. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1790:495–526. 2009.
8.
Artero–CastroA, CallejasFB, CastellviJ, KondohH, CarneroA, Fernandez–MarcosPJ, SerranoM, Ramon y CajalS, LleonartME. Cold-inducible RNA-binding protein bypasses replicative senescence in primary cells through extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 activation. Mol Cell Biol, 29:1855–1868. 2009.
BaeuerlePA, HenkelT. Function and activation of NF-kappa B in the immune system. Annu Rev Immunol, 12:141–179. 1994.
11.
BalabanRS, NemotoS, FinkelT. Mitochondria, oxidants, and aging. Cell, 120:483–495. 2005.
12.
BaldwinASJr.The NF-kappa B and I kappa B proteins: New discoveries and insights. Annu Rev Immunol, 14:649–683. 1996.
13.
BarelaTD, JohnsonJD, HayekA. Metabolic acidosis in the newborn period. Clin Endocrinol Metab, 12:429–446. 1983.
14.
BartelDP. MicroRNAs: Genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell, 116:281–297. 2004.
15.
BavisterBD. Culture of preimplantation embryos: Facts and artifacts. Hum Reprod Update, 1:91–148. 1995.
16.
BeckAR, MillerIJ, AndersonP, StreuliM. RNA-binding protein TIAR is essential for primordial germ cell development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 95:2331–2336. 1998.
17.
BegAA, ShaWC, BronsonRT, GhoshS, BaltimoreD. Embryonic lethality and liver degeneration in mice lacking the RelA component of NF-kappa B. Nature, 376:167–170. 1995.
18.
Ben–Tabou de–LeonS, DavidsonEH. Gene regulation: Gene control network in development. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct, 36:191. 2007.
19.
BergCJ, ChangJ, CallaghanWM, WhiteheadSJ. Pregnancy-related mortality in the United States, 1991–1997. Obstet Gynecol, 101:289–296. 2003.
20.
BernsteinE, KimSY, CarmellMA, MurchisonEP, AlcornH, LiMZ, MillsAA, ElledgeSJ, AndersonKV, HannonGJ. Dicer is essential for mouse development. Nat Genet, 35:215–7. 2003.
21.
BhattacharyyaSN, HabermacherR, MartineU, ClossEI, FilipowiczW. Stress-induced reversal of microRNA repression and mRNA P-body localization in human cells. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol, 71:513–521. 2006.
22.
BijlsmaMF, PeppelenboschMP, SpekCA, RoelinkH. Leukotriene synthesis is required for hedgehog-dependent neurite projection in neuralized embryoid bodies but not for motor neuron differentiation. Stem Cells, 26:1138–1145. 2008.
23.
BlackintonJ, KumaranR, van der BrugMP, AhmadR, OlsonL, GalterD, LeesA, BandopadhyayR, CooksonMR. Post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA associated with DJ-1 in sporadic Parkinson disease. Neurosci Lett, 452:8–11. 2009.
24.
BondarevaAA, CapecchiMR, IversonSV, LiY, LopezNI, LucasO, MerrillGF, PriggeJR, SidersAM, WakamiyaM, WallinSL, SchmidtEE. Effects of thioredoxin reductase-1 deletion on embryogenesis and transcriptome. Free Radic Biol Med, 43:911–923. 2007.
25.
BonelloS, ZahringerC, BelAibaRS, DjordjevicT, HessJ, MichielsC, KietzmannT, GorlachA. Reactive oxygen species activate the HIF-1alpha promoter via a functional NFkappaB site. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 27:755–761. 2007.
26.
BorchertA, WangCC, UferC, SchiebelH, SavaskanNE, KuhnH. The role of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase isoforms in murine embryogenesis. J Biol Chem, 281:19655–19664. 2006.
27.
BoschanC, BorchertA, UferC, ThieleBJ, KuhnH. Discovery of a functional retrotransposon of the murine phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase: Chromosomal localization and tissue-specific expression pattern. Genomics, 79:387–394. 2002.
28.
BoslMR, TakakuK, OshimaM, NishimuraS, TaketoMM. Early embryonic lethality caused by targeted disruption of the mouse selenocysteine tRNA gene (Trsp)Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 94:5531–5534. 1997.
29.
BrownJR, YeH, BronsonRT, DikkesP, GreenbergME. A defect in nurturing in mice lacking the immediate early gene fosB. Cell, 86:297–309. 1996.
30.
BudimanME, BubenikJL, MiniardAC, MiddletonLM, GerberCA, CashA, DriscollDM. Eukaryotic initiation factor 4a3 is a selenium-regulated RNA-binding protein that selectively inhibits selenocysteine incorporation. Mol Cell, 35:479–489. 2009.
31.
BurklyL, HessionC, OgataL, ReillyC, MarconiLA, OlsonD, TizardR, CateR, LoD. Expression of relB is required for the development of thymic medulla and dendritic cells. Nature, 373:531–536. 1995.
32.
CaamanoJH, RizzoCA, DurhamSK, BartonDS, Raventos–SuarezC, SnapperCM, BravoR. Nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B2 (p100/p52) is required for normal splenic microarchitecture and B cell-mediated immune responses. J Exp Med, 187:185–196. 1998.
33.
CarlsonBA, YooMH, TsujiPA, GladyshevVN, HatfieldDL. Mouse models targeting selenocysteine tRNA expression for elucidating the role of selenoproteins in health and development. Molecules, 14:3509–3527. 2009.
34.
CarlssonLM, JonssonJ, EdlundT, MarklundSL. Mice lacking extracellular superoxide dismutase are more sensitive to hyperoxia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 92:6264–6268. 1995.
35.
CarrascoD, BravoR. Tissue-specific expression of the fos-related transcription factor fra-2 during mouse development. Oncogene, 10:1069–1079. 1995.
36.
CarrascoD, RyseckRP, BravoR. Expression of relB transcripts during lymphoid organ development: Specific expression in dendritic antigen-presenting cells. Development, 118:1221–1231. 1993.
37.
CarrascoD, WeihF, BravoR. Developmental expression of the mouse c-rel proto-oncogene in hematopoietic organs. Development, 120:2991–3004. 1994.
38.
CarriereA, CarmonaMC, FernandezY, RigouletM, WengerRH, PenicaudL, CasteillaL. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species control the transcription factor CHOP-10/GADD153 and adipocyte differentiation: A mechanism for hypoxia-dependent effect. J Biol Chem, 279:40462–40469. 2004.
39.
CarterBS, McNabbF, MerensteinGB. Prospective validation of a scoring system for predicting neonatal morbidity after acute perinatal asphyxia. J Pediatr, 132:619–623. 1998.
40.
CasesO, SeifI, GrimsbyJ, GasparP, ChenK, PourninS, MullerU, AguetM, BabinetC, ShihJCet al.Aggressive behavior and altered amounts of brain serotonin and norepinephrine in mice lacking MAOA. Science, 268:1763–1766. 1995.
41.
CasesO, VitalisT, SeifI, De MaeyerE, SoteloC, GasparP. Lack of barrels in the somatosensory cortex of monoamine oxidase A-deficient mice: Role of a serotonin excess during the critical period. Neuron, 16:297–307. 1996.
42.
CastagneV, LefevreK, NateroR, ClarkePG, BedkerDA. An optimal redox status for the survival of axotomized ganglion cells in the developing retina. Neuroscience, 93:313–320. 1999.
43.
CaubetJF. c-fos proto-oncogene expression in the nervous system during mouse development. Mol Cell Biol, 9:2269–2272. 1989.
44.
CesterN, StaffolaniR, RabiniRA, MagnanelliR, SalvoliniE, GalassiR, MazzantiL, RomaniniC. Pregnancy induced hypertension: A role for peroxidation in microvillus plasma membranes. Mol Cell Biochem, 131:151–155. 1994.
45.
ChaYI, Solnica–KrezelL, DuBoisRN. Fishing for prostanoids: Deciphering the developmental functions of cyclooxygenase-derived prostaglandins. Dev Biol, 289:263–272. 2006.
ChakrabartyA, TranguchS, DaikokuT, JensenK, FurneauxH, DeySK. MicroRNA regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 during embryo implantation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 104:15144–15149. 2007.
48.
ChanJY, KwongM, LuR, ChangJ, WangB, YenTS, KanYW. Targeted disruption of the ubiquitous CNC-bZIP transcription factor, Nrf-1, results in anemia and embryonic lethality in mice. EMBO J, 17:1779–1787. 1998.
49.
ChanK, LuR, ChangJC, KanYW. NRF2, a member of the NFE2 family of transcription factors, is not essential for murine erythropoiesis, growth, and development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 93:13943–13948. 1996.
50.
ChangTI, HoralM, JainSK, WangF, PatelR, LoekenMR. Oxidant regulation of gene expression and neural tube development: Insights gained from diabetic pregnancy on molecular causes of neural tube defects. Diabetologia, 46:538–545. 2003.
51.
ChekulaevaM, FilipowiczW. Mechanisms of miRNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation in animal cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol, 21:452–460. 2009.
52.
ChenEY, FujinagaM, GiacciaAJ. Hypoxic microenvironment within an embryo induces apoptosis and is essential for proper morphological development. Teratology, 60:215–225. 1999.
53.
ChenF, CastranovaV, ShiX. New insights into the role of nuclear factor-kappaB in cell growth regulation. Am J Pathol, 159:387–397. 2001.
54.
ChenK, CasesO, RebrinI, WuW, GallaherTK, SeifI, ShihJC. Forebrain-specific expression of monoamine oxidase A reduces neurotransmitter levels, restores the brain structure, and rescues aggressive behavior in monoamine oxidase A-deficient mice. J Biol Chem, 282:115–123. 2007.
55.
ChenK, HolschneiderDP, WuW, RebrinI, ShihJC. A spontaneous point mutation produces monoamine oxidase A/B knock-out mice with greatly elevated monoamines and anxiety-like behavior. J Biol Chem, 279:39645–39652. 2004.
56.
ChenL, FischleW, VerdinE, GreeneWC. Duration of nuclear NF-kappaB action regulated by reversible acetylation. Science, 293:1653–1657. 2001.
57.
ChenL, KwongM, LuR, GinzingerD, LeeC, LeungL, ChanJY. Nrf1 is critical for redox balance and survival of liver cells during development. Mol Cell Biol, 23:4673–4686. 2003.
58.
ChenXL, KunschC. Induction of cytoprotective genes through Nrf2/antioxidant response element pathway: A new therapeutic approach for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Curr Pharm Des, 10:879–891. 2004.
59.
ChenXS, ShellerJR, JohnsonEN, FunkCD. Role of leukotrienes revealed by targeted disruption of the 5-lipoxygenase gene. Nature, 372:179–182. 1994.
60.
ChengWH, HoYS, RossDA, ValentineBA, CombsGF, LeiXG. Cellular glutathione peroxidase knockout mice express normal levels of selenium-dependent plasma and phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidases in various tissues. J Nutr, 127:1445–1450. 1997.
61.
ChengY, LiuX, ZhangS, LinY, YangJ, ZhangC. MicroRNA-21 protects against the H(2)O(2)-induced injury on cardiac myocytes via its target gene PDCD4. J Mol Cell Cardiol, 47:5–14. 2009.
62.
ChiarugiP. PTPs versus PTKs: The redox side of the coin. Free Radic Res, 39:353–364. 2005.
63.
ChoYM, KwonS, PakYK, SeolHW, ChoiYM, Park doJ, ParkKS, LeeHK. Dynamic changes in mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant enzymes during the spontaneous differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 348:1472–1478. 2006.
64.
ChoiPS, ZakharyL, ChoiWY, CaronS, Alvarez–SaavedraE, MiskaEA, McManusM, HarfeB, GiraldezAJ, HorvitzHR, SchierAF, DulacC. Members of the miRNA-200 family regulate olfactory neurogenesis. Neuron, 57:41–55. 2008.
65.
ChungDJ, WrightAE, ClerchLB. The 3' untranslated region of manganese superoxide dismutase RNA contains a translational enhancer element. Biochemistry, 37:16298–16306. 1998.
66.
ClarkP, BoswellF, GreerIA. The neutrophil and preeclampsia. Semin Reprod Endocrinol, 16:57–64. 1998.
67.
ClerchLB, MassaroD. Rat lung antioxidant enzymes: Differences in perinatal gene expression and regulation. Am J Physiol, 263:L466–470. 1992.
68.
ClerchLB, WrightA, ChungDJ, MassaroD. Early divergent lung antioxidant enzyme expression in response to lipopolysaccharide. Am J Physiol, 271:L949–954. 1996.
69.
ClouthierDE. MicroRNAs in facial development. Nat Genet, 40:268–269. 2008.
70.
CoffmanJA, DenegreJM. Mitochondria, redox signaling and axis specification in metazoan embryos. Dev Biol, 308:266–280. 2007.
71.
CokSJ, ActonSJ, MorrisonAR. The proximal region of the 3'-untranslated region of cyclooxygenase-2 is recognized by a multimeric protein complex containing HuR, TIA-1, TIAR, and the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U. J Biol Chem, 278:36157–36162. 2003.
72.
CokSJ, ActonSJ, SextonAE, MorrisonAR. Identification of RNA-binding proteins in RAW 264.7 cells that recognize a lipopolysaccharide-responsive element in the 3-untranslated region of the murine cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA. J Biol Chem, 279:8196–8205. 2004.
73.
ConradM, JakupogluC, MorenoSG, LipplS, BanjacA, SchneiderM, BeckH, HatzopoulosAK, JustU, SinowatzF, SchmahlW, ChienKR, WurstW, BornkammGW, BrielmeierM. Essential role for mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase in hematopoiesis, heart development, and heart function. Mol Cell Biol, 24:9414–9423. 2004.
74.
ConradM, MorenoSG, SinowatzF, UrsiniF, KolleS, RoveriA, BrielmeierM, WurstW, MaiorinoM, BornkammGW. The nuclear form of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase is a protein thiol peroxidase contributing to sperm chromatin stability. Mol Cell Biol, 25:7637–7644. 2005.
75.
ConwaySJ, HendersonDJ, CoppAJ. Pax3 is required for cardiac neural crest migration in the mouse: Evidence from the splotch (Sp2H) mutant. Development, 124:505–514. 1997.
76.
CovarrubiasL, Hernandez–GarciaD, SchnabelD, Salas–VidalE, Castro–ObregonS. Function of reactive oxygen species during animal development: Passive or active?Dev Biol, 320:1–11. 2008.
77.
CuervoR, ValenciaC, ChandraratnaRA, CovarrubiasL. Programmed cell death is required for palate shelf fusion and is regulated by retinoic acid. Dev Biol, 245:145–156. 2002.
78.
CuezvaJM, ChitraCI, PatelMS. The newborn of diabetic rat. II. Impaired gluconeogenesis in the postnatal period. Pediatr Res, 16:638–643. 1982.
79.
CullinanSB, ZhangD, HanninkM, ArvisaisE, KaufmanRJ, DiehlJA. Nrf2 is a direct PERK substrate and effector of PERK-dependent cell survival. Mol Cell Biol, 23:7198–7209. 2003.
80.
D'AutreauxB, ToledanoMB. ROS as signalling molecules: Mechanisms that generate specificity in ROS homeostasis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 8:813–824. 2007.
81.
DanielssonBR, DanielsonK, TomsonT. Phenytoin causes phalangeal hypoplasia in the rabbit fetus at clinically relevant free plasma concentrations. Teratology, 52:252–259. 1995.
82.
DaviesKJ. The broad spectrum of responses to oxidants in proliferating cells: A new paradigm for oxidative stress. IUBMB Life, 48:41–47. 1999.
83.
DenneryPA. Effects of oxidative stress on embryonic development. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today, 81:155–162. 2007.
84.
DhakshinamoorthyS, LongDJ2nd, JaiswalAK. Antioxidant regulation of genes encoding enzymes that detoxify xenobiotics and carcinogens. Curr Top Cell Regul, 36:201–216. 2000.
85.
DinchukJE, CarBD, FochtRJ, JohnstonJJ, JaffeeBD, CovingtonMB, ContelNR, EngVM, CollinsRJ, CzerniakPMet al.Renal abnormalities and an altered inflammatory response in mice lacking cyclooxygenase II. Nature, 378:406–409. 1995.
86.
Dinkova–KostovaAT, HoltzclawWD, ColeRN, ItohK, WakabayashiN, KatohY, YamamotoM, TalalayP. Direct evidence that sulfhydryl groups of Keap1 are the sensors regulating induction of phase 2 enzymes that protect against carcinogens and oxidants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 99:11908–11913. 2002.
87.
DisherK, SkandalisA. Evidence of the modulation of mRNA splicing fidelity in humans by oxidative stress and p53. Genome, 50:946–953. 2007.
88.
DoginiDB, RibeiroPA, RochaC, PereiraTC, Lopes–CendesI. MicroRNA expression profile in murine central nervous system development. J Mol Neurosci, 35:331–337. 2008.
89.
DumollardR, CarrollJ, DuchenMR, CampbellK, SwannK. Mitochondrial function and redox state in mammalian embryos. Semin Cell Dev Biol, 20:346–353. 2009.
90.
EbertBL, BunnHF. Regulation of transcription by hypoxia requires a multiprotein complex that includes hypoxia-inducible factor 1, an adjacent transcription factor, and p300/CREB binding protein. Mol Cell Biol, 18:4089–4096. 1998.
91.
EdmondsonDE, BindaC, WangJ, UpadhyayAK, MatteviA. Molecular and mechanistic properties of the membrane-bound mitochondrial monoamine oxidases. Biochemistry, 48:4220–4230. 2009.
92.
El-BennaJ, DangPM, Gougerot–PocidaloMA, MarieJC, Braut–BoucherF. p47phox, the phagocyte NADPH oxidase/NOX2 organizer: Structure, phosphorylation and implication in diseases. Exp Mol Med, 41:217–225. 2009.
93.
El MouatassimS, GuerinP, MenezoY. Expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes in human and mouse oocytes during the final stages of maturation. Mol Hum Reprod, 5:720–725. 1999.
ErikssonUJ, BorgLA. Protection by free oxygen radical scavenging enzymes against glucose-induced embryonic malformations in vitro. Diabetologia, 34:325–331. 1991.
96.
ErikssonUJ, BorgLA, ForsbergH, StyrudJ. Diabetic embryopathy. Studies with animal and in vitro models. Diabetes, 40,Suppl 2:94–98. 1991.
97.
EsworthyRS, MannJR, SamM, ChuFF. Low glutathione peroxidase activity in Gpx1 knockout mice protects jejunum crypts from gamma-irradiation damage. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 279:G426–436. 2000.
98.
EversCSL. Biology:Concepts and Applications. United States: Thomson, 20062006.
99.
FantelAG. Reactive oxygen species in developmental toxicity: Review and hypothesis. Teratology, 53:196–217. 1996.
100.
FerrettiE, De SmaeleE, MieleE, LaneveP, PoA, PelloniM, PaganelliA, Di MarcotullioL, CaffarelliE, ScrepantiI, BozzoniI, GulinoA. Concerted microRNA control of Hedgehog signalling in cerebellar neuronal progenitor and tumour cells. EMBO J, 27:2616–2627. 2008.
101.
FischerB, BavisterBD. Oxygen tension in the oviduct and uterus of rhesus monkeys, hamsters and rabbits. J Reprod Fertil, 99:673–679. 1993.
102.
FoshayKM, GallicanoGI. miR-17 family miRNAs are expressed during early mammalian development and regulate stem cell differentiation. Dev Biol, 326:431–443. 2009.
103.
FrameS, CohenP. GSK3 takes centre stage more than 20 years after its discovery. Biochem J, 359:1–16. 2001.
104.
FuY, ChengWH, RossDA, LeiX. Cellular glutathione peroxidase protects mice against lethal oxidative stress induced by various doses of diquat. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 222:164–169. 1999.
105.
FunasakaY, IchihashiM. The effect of ultraviolet B induced adult T cell leukemia-derived factor/thioredoxin (ADF/TRX) on survival and growth of human melanocytes. Pigment Cell Res, 10:68–73. 1997.
106.
FunkCD, ChenXS, JohnsonEN, ZhaoL. Lipoxygenase genes and their targeted disruption. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat, 68–69:303–312. 2002.
107.
GalbanS, KuwanoY, PullmannRJr., MartindaleJL, KimHH, LalA, AbdelmohsenK, YangX, DangY, LiuJO, LewisSM, HolcikM, GorospeM. RNA-binding proteins HuR and PTB promote the translation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha. Mol Cell Biol, 28:93–107. 2008.
108.
GardinerCS, ReedDJ. Status of glutathione during oxidant-induced oxidative stress in the preimplantation mouse embryo. Biol Reprod, 51:1307–1314. 1994.
109.
GardnerLB. Hypoxic inhibition of nonsense-mediated RNA decay regulates gene expression and the integrated stress response. Mol Cell Biol, 28:3729–3741. 2008.
110.
GebauerF, XuW, CooperGM, RichterJD. Translational control by cytoplasmic polyadenylation of c-mos mRNA is necessary for oocyte maturation in the mouse. EMBO J, 13:5712–5720. 1994.
111.
GeorgeJ, StruthersAD. Role of urate, xanthine oxidase and the effects of allopurinol in vascular oxidative stress. Vasc Health Risk Manag, 5:265–272. 2009.
GerondakisS, GrossmannM, NakamuraY, PohlT, GrumontR. Genetic approaches in mice to understand Rel/NF-kappaB and IkappaB function: Transgenics and knockouts. Oncogene, 18:6888–6895. 1999.
114.
GodeckeA, DeckingUK, DingZ, HirchenhainJ, BidmonHJ, GodeckeS, SchraderJ. Coronary hemodynamics in endothelial NO synthase knockout mice. Circ Res, 82:186–194. 1998.
115.
GonzalezG, BehringerRR. Dicer is required for female reproductive tract development and fertility in the mouse. Mol Reprod Dev, 76:678–688. 2009.
116.
GorlachA, KietzmannT. Superoxide and derived reactive oxygen species in the regulation of hypoxia-inducible factors. Methods Enzymol, 435:421–446. 2007.
117.
GoubleA, MorelloD. Synchronous and regulated expression of two AU-binding proteins, AUF1 and HuR, throughout murine development. Oncogene, 19:5377–5384. 2000.
118.
GouletJL, SnouwaertJN, LatourAM, CoffmanTM, KollerBH. Altered inflammatory responses in leukotriene-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 91:12852–12856. 1994.
119.
GrandvauxN, Soucy–FaulknerA, FinkK. Innate host defense: Nox and Duox on phox's tail. Biochimie, 89:1113–1122. 2007.
GroegerG, QuineyC, CotterTG. Hydrogen peroxide as a cell-survival signaling molecule. Antioxid Redox Signal, 11:2655–2671. 2009.
122.
GuptaS, AzizN, SekhonL, AgarwalR, MansourG, LiJ, AgarwalA. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in preeclampsia: A systematic review. Obstet Gynecol Surv, 64:750–759. 2009.
123.
GyurkoR, LeupenS, HuangPL. Deletion of exon 6 of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene in mice results in hypogonadism and infertility. Endocrinology, 143:2767–2774. 2002.
124.
HageleS, KuhnU, BoningM, KatschinskiDM. Cytoplasmic polyadenylation-element-binding protein (CPEB)1 and 2 bind to the HIF-1alpha mRNA 3'-UTR and modulate HIF-1alpha protein expression. Biochem J, 417:235–246. 2009.
125.
HakeLE, MendezR, RichterJD. Specificity of RNA binding by CPEB: Requirement for RNA recognition motifs and a novel zinc finger. Mol Cell Biol, 18:685–693. 1998.
126.
HakeLE, RichterJD. CPEB is a specificity factor that mediates cytoplasmic polyadenylation during Xenopus oocyte maturation. Cell, 79:617–627. 1994.
127.
HamiltonBJ, BurnsCM, NicholsRC, RigbyWF. Modulation of AUUUA response element binding by heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 in human T lymphocytes. The roles of cytoplasmic location, transcription, and phosphorylation. J Biol Chem, 272:28732–28741. 1997.
128.
HandNJ, MasterZR, EauclaireSF, WeinblattDE, MatthewsRP, FriedmanJR. The microRNA-30 family is required for vertebrate hepatobiliary development. Gastroenterology, 136:1081–1090. 2009.
129.
HansenJM. Oxidative stress as a mechanism of teratogenesis. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today, 78:293–307. 2006.
130.
HansenJM, ChoeHS, CarneyEW, HarrisC. Differential antioxidant enzyme activities and glutathione content between rat and rabbit conceptuses. Free Radic Biol Med, 30:1078–1088. 2001.
131.
HansenJM, HarrisKK, PhilbertMA, HarrisC. Thalidomide modulates nuclear redox status and preferentially depletes glutathione in rabbit limb versus rat limb. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 300:768–776. 2002.
132.
HarfeBD, McManusMT, MansfieldJH, HornsteinE, TabinCJ. The RNaseIII enzyme Dicer is required for morphogenesis but not patterning of the vertebrate limb. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 102:10898–10903. 2005.
133.
HarrisonDG, GongoraMC. Oxidative stress and hypertension. Med Clin North Am, 93:621–635. 2009.
134.
HarveyAJ, KindKL, ThompsonJG. REDOX regulation of early embryo development. Reproduction, 123:479–486. 2002.
135.
HattoriH, ImaiH, KiraiN, FuruhamaK, SatoO, KonishiK, NakagawaY. Identification of a responsible promoter region and a key transcription factor, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein epsilon, for up-regulation of PHGPx in HL60 cells stimulated with TNF alpha. Biochem J, 408:277–286. 2007.
136.
HauthJC, EwellMG, LevineRJ, EsterlitzJR, SibaiB, CuretLB, CatalanoPM, MorrisCD. Pregnancy outcomes in healthy nulliparas who developed hypertension. Calcium for Preeclampsia Prevention Study Group. Obstet Gynecol, 95:24–28. 2000.
137.
HaydenMS, GhoshS. Shared principles in NF-kappaB signaling. Cell, 132:344–362. 2008.
138.
HeartE, ClineGW, CollisLP, PongratzRL, GrayJP, SmithPJS. Role for malic enzyme, pyruvate carboxylation, and mitochondrial malate import in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 296:E1354–1362. 2009.
139.
HentzeMW, RouaultTA, HarfordJB, KlausnerRD. Oxidation-reduction and the molecular mechanism of a regulatory RNA-protein interaction. Science, 244:357–359. 1989.
140.
HilbergF, AguzziA, HowellsN, WagnerEF. c-jun is essential for normal mouse development and hepatogenesis. Nature, 365:179–181. 1993.
141.
HirotaK, MatsuiM, IwataS, NishiyamaA, MoriK, YodoiJ. AP-1 transcriptional activity is regulated by a direct association between thioredoxin and Ref-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 94:3633–3638. 1997.
HoYS, XiongY, HoDS, GaoJ, ChuaBH, PaiH, MieyalJJ. Targeted disruption of the glutaredoxin 1 gene does not sensitize adult mice to tissue injury induced by ischemia/reperfusion and hyperoxia. Free Radic Biol Med, 43:1299–1312. 2007.
144.
HoYS, XiongY, MaW, SpectorA, HoDS. Mice lacking catalase develop normally but show differential sensitivity to oxidant tissue injury. J Biol Chem, 279:32804–32812. 2004.
145.
HuangHC, NguyenT, PickettCB. Phosphorylation of Nrf2 at Ser-40 by protein kinase C regulates antioxidant response element-mediated transcription. J Biol Chem, 277:42769–42774. 2002.
146.
HuangHS, ChenCJ, ChangWC. The CCAAT-box binding factor NF-Y is required for the expression of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase in human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells. FEBS Lett, 455:111–116. 1999.
147.
HuangPL, HuangZ, MashimoH, BlochKD, MoskowitzMA, BevanJA, FishmanMC. Hypertension in mice lacking the gene for endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Nature, 377:239–242. 1995.
148.
HuangTT, CarlsonEJ, KozyHM, ManthaS, GoodmanSI, UrsellPC, EpsteinCJ. Genetic modification of prenatal lethality and dilated cardiomyopathy in Mn superoxide dismutase mutant mice. Free Radic Biol Med, 31:1101–10. 2001.
149.
HubelCA, McLaughlinMK, EvansRW, HauthBA, SimsCJ, RobertsJM. Fasting serum triglycerides, free fatty acids, and malondialdehyde are increased in preeclampsia, are positively correlated, and decrease within 48 hours post partum. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 174:975–982. 1996.
150.
ImaiH, HiraoF, SakamotoT, SekineK, MizukuraY, SaitoM, KitamotoT, HayasakaM, HanaokaK, NakagawaY. Early embryonic lethality caused by targeted disruption of the mouse PHGPx gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 305:278–286. 2003.
151.
ImaiH, NakagawaY. Biological significance of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx, GPx4) in mammalian cells. Free Radic Biol Med, 34:145–169. 2003.
152.
ImaiH, SuzukiK, IshizakaK, IchinoseS, OshimaH, OkayasuI, EmotoK, UmedaM, NakagawaY. Failure of the expression of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase in the spermatozoa of human infertile males. Biol Reprod, 64:674–683. 2001.
153.
ItohK, WakabayashiN, KatohY, IshiiT, IgarashiK, EngelJD, YamamotoM. Keap1 represses nuclear activation of antioxidant responsive elements by Nrf2 through binding to the amino-terminal Neh2 domain. Genes Dev, 13:76–86. 1999.
154.
IuchiY, OkadaF, TsunodaS, KibeN, ShirasawaN, IkawaM, OkabeM, IkedaY, FujiiJ. Peroxiredoxin 4 knockout results in elevated spermatogenic cell death via oxidative stress. Biochem J, 419:149–158. 2009.
155.
IvanM, HaberbergerT, GervasiDC, MichelsonKS, GunzlerV, KondoK, YangH, SorokinaI, ConawayRC, ConawayJW, KaelinWGJr.Biochemical purification and pharmacological inhibition of a mammalian prolyl hydroxylase acting on hypoxia-inducible factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 99:13459–13464. 2002.
156.
IyerNV, KotchLE, AganiF, LeungSW, LaughnerE, WengerRH, GassmannM, GearhartJD, LawlerAM, YuAY, SemenzaGL. Cellular and developmental control of O2 homeostasis by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha. Genes Dev, 12:149–162. 1998.
157.
IzquierdoJM. Control of the ATP synthase beta subunit expression by RNA-binding proteins TIA-1, TIAR, and HuR. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 348:703–711. 2006.
158.
IzquierdoJM, CuezvaJM. Epigenetic regulation of the binding activity of translation inhibitory proteins that bind the 3' untranslated region of beta-F1-ATPase mRNA by adenine nucleotides and the redox state. Arch Biochem Biophys, 433:481–486. 2005.
159.
JaakkolaP, MoleDR, TianYM, WilsonMI, GielbertJ, GaskellSJ, KriegsheimA, HebestreitHF, MukherjiM, SchofieldCJ, MaxwellPH, PughCW, RatcliffePJ. Targeting of HIF-alpha to the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitylation complex by O2-regulated prolyl hydroxylation. Science, 292:468–472. 2001.
160.
JacksonSH, GallinJI, HollandSM. The p47phox mouse knock-out model of chronic granulomatous disease. J Exp Med, 182:751–758. 1995.
161.
JacobsonMD, WeilM, RaffMC. Programmed cell death in animal development. Cell, 88:347–354. 1997.
162.
JainS, MaltepeE, LuMM, SimonC, BradfieldCA. Expression of ARNT, ARNT2, HIF1 alpha, HIF2 alpha and Ah receptor mRNAs in the developing mouse. Mech Dev, 73:117–123. 1998.
JakupogluC, PrzemeckGK, SchneiderM, MorenoSG, MayrN, HatzopoulosAK, de AngelisMH, WurstW, BornkammGW, BrielmeierM, ConradM. Cytoplasmic thioredoxin reductase is essential for embryogenesis but dispensable for cardiac development. Mol Cell Biol, 25:1980–1988. 2005.
165.
JiangHY, WekRC. GCN2 phosphorylation of eIF2alpha activates NF-kappaB in response to UV irradiation. Biochem J, 385:371–380. 2005.
166.
JingQ, HuangS, GuthS, ZarubinT, MotoyamaA, ChenJ, Di PadovaF, LinSC, GramH, HanJ. Involvement of microRNA in AU-rich element-mediated mRNA instability. Cell, 120:623–634. 2005.
167.
JohnsonEN, BrassLF, FunkCD. Increased platelet sensitivity to ADP in mice lacking platelet-type 12-lipoxygenase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 95:3100–3105. 1998.
168.
JohnsonJM, CastleJ, Garrett-EngeleP, KanZ, LoerchPM, ArmourCD, SantosR, SchadtEE, StoughtonR, ShoemakerDD. Genome-wide survey of human alternative pre-mRNA splicing with exon junction microarrays. Science, 302:2141–2144. 2003.
169.
JohnsonRS, SpiegelmanBM, PapaioannouV. Pleiotropic effects of a null mutation in the c-fos proto-oncogene. Cell, 71:577–586. 1992.
170.
JohnsonRS, van LingenB, PapaioannouVE, SpiegelmanBM. A null mutation at the c-jun locus causes embryonic lethality and retarded cell growth in culture. Genes Dev, 7:1309–1317. 1993.
171.
JohnstonMV. Selective vulnerability in the neonatal brain. Ann Neurol, 44:155–156. 1998.
172.
JonesCJ, FoxH. An ultrastructural and ultrahistochemical study of the human placenta in maternal pre-eclampsia. Placenta, 1:61–76. 1980.
173.
JuchauMR, Boutelet–BochanH, HuangY. Cytochrome-P450-dependent biotransformation of xenobiotics in human and rodent embryonic tissues. Drug Metab Rev, 30:541–568. 1998.
174.
KageyamaS, GunjiW, NakasatoM, MurakamiY, NagataM, AokiF. Analysis of transcription factor expression during oogenesis and preimplantation development in mice. Zygote, 15:117–128. 2007.
175.
KallioPJ, WilsonWJ, O'BrienS, MakinoY, PoellingerL. Regulation of the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1alpha by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. J Biol Chem, 274:6519–6525. 1999.
KarinM. The regulation of AP-1 activity by mitogen-activated protein kinases. J Biol Chem, 270:16483–16486. 1995.
178.
KarrethF, HoebertzA, ScheuchH, EferlR, WagnerEF. The AP1 transcription factor Fra2 is required for efficient cartilage development. Development, 131:5717–5725. 2004.
179.
KasaiH, ChungMH, JonesDS, InoueH, IshikawaH, KamiyaH, OhtsukaE, NishimuraS. 8-Hydroxyguanine, a DNA adduct formed by oxygen radicals: Its implication on oxygen radical-involved mutagenesis/carcinogenesis. J Toxicol Sci, 16,Suppl 1:95–105. 1991.
180.
KatsanouV, MilatosS, YiakouvakiA, SgantzisN, KotsoniA, AlexiouM, HarokoposV, AidinisV, HembergerM, KontoyiannisDL. The RNA-binding protein Elavl1/HuR is essential for placental branching morphogenesis and embryonic development. Mol Cell Biol, 29:2762–2776. 2009.
181.
KatsuokaF, MotohashiH, EngelJD, YamamotoM. Nrf2 transcriptionally activates the mafG gene through an antioxidant response element. J Biol Chem, 280:4483–4490. 2005.
182.
KatsuokaF, MotohashiH, IshiiT, AburataniH, EngelJD, YamamotoM. Genetic evidence that small maf proteins are essential for the activation of antioxidant response element-dependent genes. Mol Cell Biol, 25:8044–8051. 2005.
183.
Kawase-KogaY, OtaegiG, SunT. Different timings of dicer deletion affect neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the developing mouse central nervous system. Dev Dyn, 238:2800–2812. 2009.
184.
KeddeM, StrasserMJ, BoldajipourB, Oude VrielinkJA, SlanchevK, le SageC, NagelR, VoorhoevePM, van DuijseJ, OromUA, LundAH, PerrakisA, RazE, AgamiR. RNA-binding protein Dnd1 inhibits microRNA access to target mRNA. Cell, 131:1273–1286. 2007.
KedershaNL, GuptaM, LiW, MillerI, AndersonP. RNA-binding proteins TIA-1 and TIAR link the phosphorylation of eIF-2 alpha to the assembly of mammalian stress granules. J Cell Biol, 147:1431–1442. 1999.
187.
KenslerTW, WakabayashiN, BiswalS. Cell survival responses to environmental stresses via the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 47:89–116. 2007.
188.
KhoronenkovaSV, TishkovVI. D-amino acid oxidase: Physiological role and applications. Biochemistry (Mosc), 73:1511–1518. 2008.
189.
KietzmannT, JungermannK, GorlachA. Regulation of the hypoxia-dependent plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 expression by MAP kinases. Thromb Haemost, 89:666–673. 2003.
190.
KimJ, ChaYN, SurhYJ. A protective role of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) in inflammatory disorders. Mutat Res, 2009Sep30[Epub ahead of print]
191.
KimJ, InoueK, IshiiJ, VantiWB, VoronovSV, MurchisonE, HannonG, AbeliovichA. A MicroRNA feedback circuit in midbrain dopamine neurons. Science, 317:1220–1224. 2007.
192.
Klochendler–YeivinA, PicarskyE, YanivM. Increased DNA damage sensitivity and apoptosis in cells lacking the Snf5/Ini1 subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. Mol Cell Biol, 26:2661–2674. 2006.
KnightM, RedmanCW, LintonEA, SargentIL. Shedding of syncytiotrophoblast microvilli into the maternal circulation in pre-eclamptic pregnancies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 105:632–640. 1998.
195.
KontgenF, GrumontRJ, StrasserA, MetcalfD, LiR, TarlintonD, GerondakisS. Mice lacking the c-rel proto-oncogene exhibit defects in lymphocyte proliferation, humoral immunity, and interleukin-2 expression. Genes Dev, 9:1965–1977. 1995.
196.
KoongAC, ChenEY, MivechiNF, DenkoNC, StambrookP, GiacciaAJ. Hypoxic activation of nuclear factor-kappa B is mediated by a Ras and Raf signaling pathway and does not involve MAP kinase (ERK1 or ERK2)Cancer Res, 54:5273–5279. 1994.
197.
KozakKR, AbbottB, HankinsonO. ARNT-deficient mice and placental differentiation. Dev Biol, 191:297–305. 1997.
198.
KriventsevaEV, KochI, ApweilerR, VingronM, BorkP, GelfandMS, SunyaevS. Increase of functional diversity by alternative splicing. Trends Genet, 19:124–128. 2003.
199.
KruszewskiM. Labile iron pool: The main determinant of cellular response to oxidative stress. Mutat Res, 531:81–92. 2003.
200.
KuerstenS, GoodwinEB. The power of the 3' UTR: Translational control and development. Nat Rev Genet, 4:626–637. 2003.
201.
KuhnH, BorchertA. Regulation of enzymatic lipid peroxidation: The interplay of peroxidizing and peroxide reducing enzymes. Free Radic Biol Med, 33:154–172. 2002.
202.
KuhnH, O'DonnellVB. Inflammation and immune regulation by 12/15-lipoxygenases. Prog Lipid Res, 45:334–356. 2006.
203.
KwongM, KanYW, ChanJY. The CNC basic leucine zipper factor, Nrf1, is essential for cell survival in response to oxidative stress-inducing agents. Role for Nrf1 in gamma-gcs(l) and gss expression in mouse fibroblasts. J Biol Chem, 274:37491–37498. 1999.
204.
LairdSM, TuckermanEM, CorkBA, LiTC. Expression of nuclear factor kappa B in human endometrium; Role in the control of interleukin 6 and leukaemia inhibitory factor production. Mol Hum Reprod, 6:34–40. 2000.
205.
LandoD, PeetDJ, GormanJJ, WhelanDA, WhitelawML, BruickRK. FIH-1 is an asparaginyl hydroxylase enzyme that regulates the transcriptional activity of hypoxia-inducible factor. Genes Dev, 16:1466–1471. 2002.
206.
LandryJ, SharovAA, PiaoY, SharovaLV, XiaoH, SouthonE, MattaJ, TessarolloL, ZhangYE, KoMS, KuehnMR, YamaguchiTP, WuC. Essential role of chromatin remodeling protein Bptf in early mouse embryos and embryonic stem cells. PLoS Genet, 4:e1000241. 2008.
LaubachVE, SheselyEG, SmithiesO, ShermanPA. Mice lacking inducible nitric oxide synthase are not resistant to lipopolysaccharide-induced death. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 92:10688–10692. 1995.
209.
LaVauteT, SmithS, CoopermanS, IwaiK, LandW, Meyron–HoltzE, DrakeSK, MillerG, Abu–AsabM, TsokosM, SwitzerR3rd, GrinbergA, LoveP, TresserN, RouaultTA. Targeted deletion of the gene encoding iron regulatory protein-2 causes misregulation of iron metabolism and neurodegenerative disease in mice. Nat Genet, 27:209–214. 2001.
210.
LeeHK, JeongS. Beta-Catenin stabilizes cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA by interacting with AU-rich elements of 3'-UTR. Nucleic Acids Res, 34:5705–55714. 2006.
211.
LeeNK, ChoiYG, BaikJY, HanSY, JeongDW, BaeYS, KimN, LeeSY. A crucial role for reactive oxygen species in RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation. Blood, 106:852–859. 2005.
212.
LeeTH, KimSU, YuSL, KimSH, ParkDS, MoonHB, DhoSH, KwonKS, KwonHJ, HanYH, JeongS, KangSW, ShinHS, LeeKK, RheeSG, YuDY. Peroxiredoxin II is essential for sustaining life span of erythrocytes in mice. Blood, 101:5033–5038. 2003.
213.
LeeYB, BantounasI, LeeDY, PhylactouL, CaldwellMA, UneyJB. Twist-1 regulates the miR-199a/214 cluster during development. Nucleic Acids Res, 37:123–128. 2009.
214.
LeeYM, JeongCH, KooSY, SonMJ, SongHS, BaeSK, RaleighJA, ChungHY, YooMA, KimKW. Determination of hypoxic region by hypoxia marker in developing mouse embryos in vivo: A possible signal for vessel development. Dev Dyn, 220:175–186. 2001.
215.
LeeseHJ. Metabolic control during preimplantation mammalian development. Hum Reprod Update, 1:63–72. 1995.
216.
LeungL, KwongM, HouS, LeeC, ChanJY. Deficiency of the Nrf1 and Nrf2 transcription factors results in early embryonic lethality and severe oxidative stress. J Biol Chem, 278:48021–48029. 2003.
217.
LewisRJ. Sax's dangerous properties of industrial materials. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2000.
218.
LeyensG, VerhaegheB, LandtmetersM, MarchandiseJ, KnoopsB, DonnayI. Peroxiredoxin 6 is upregulated in bovine oocytes and cumulus cells during in vitro maturation: Role of intercellular communication. Biol Reprod, 71:1646–1651. 2004.
219.
LiJ, StouffsM, SerranderL, BanfiB, BettiolE, CharnayY, StegerK, KrauseKH, JaconiME. The NADPH oxidase NOX4 drives cardiac differentiation: Role in regulating cardiac transcription factors and MAP kinase activation. Mol Biol Cell, 17:3978–3988. 2006.
220.
LiL, ShojiW, TakanoH, NishimuraN, AokiY, TakahashiR, GotoS, KaifuT, TakaiT, ObinataM. Increased susceptibility of MER5 (peroxiredoxin III) knockout mice to LPS-induced oxidative stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 355:715–721. 2007.
LiaG, PralyE, FerreiraH, StockdaleC, Tse-DinhYC, DunlapD, CroquetteV, BensimonD, Owen-HughesT. Direct observation of DNA distortion by the RSC complex. Mol Cell, 21:417–425. 2006.
223.
LiangH, YooSE, NaR, WalterCA, RichardsonA, RanQ. Short form glutathione peroxidase 4 is the essential isoform required for survival and somatic mitochondrial functions. J Biol Chem, 284:30836–30844. 2009.
224.
LiaudetL, VassalliG, PacherP. Role of peroxynitrite in the redox regulation of cell signal transduction pathways. Front Biosci, 14:4809–4814. 2009.
225.
LickertH, CoxB, WehrleC, TaketoMM, KemlerR, RossantJ. Dissecting Wnt/beta-catenin signaling during gastrulation using RNA interference in mouse embryos. Development, 132:2599–2609. 2005.
226.
LinEA, KongL, BaiXH, LuanY, LiuCJ. miR-199a, a bone morphogenic protein 2-responsive MicroRNA, regulates chondrogenesis via direct targeting to Smad1. J Biol Chem, 284:11326–11335. 2009.
227.
LinY, LiuX, ChengY, YangJ, HuoY, ZhangC. Involvement of MicroRNAs in hydrogen peroxide-mediated gene regulation and cellular injury response in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem, 284:7903–7913. 2009.
228.
LithgowT, CuezvaJM, SilverPA. Highways for protein delivery to the mitochondria. Trends Biochem Sci, 22:110–113. 1997.
229.
LiuB, CunhaGR, BaskinLS. Differential expression of microRNAs in mouse embryonic bladder. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 385:528–533. 2009.
230.
LiuCG, CalinGA, MeloonB, GamlielN, SevignaniC, FerracinM, DumitruCD, ShimizuM, ZupoS, DonoM, AlderH, BullrichF, NegriniM, CroceCM. An oligonucleotide microchip for genome-wide microRNA profiling in human and mouse tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 101:9740–9744. 2004.
231.
LiuX, YuJ, JiangL, WangA, ShiF, YeH, ZhouX. MicroRNA-222 regulates cell invasion by targeting matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) and manganese superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) in tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Cancer Genomics Proteomics, 6:131–139. 2009.
232.
LoekenMR. Advances in understanding the molecular causes of diabetes-induced birth defects. J Soc Gynecol Investig, 13:2–10. 2006.
233.
LoftinCD, TrivediDB, TianoHF, ClarkJA, LeeCA, EpsteinJA, MorhamSG, BreyerMD, NguyenM, HawkinsBM, GouletJL, SmithiesO, KollerBH, LangenbachR. Failure of ductus arteriosus closure and remodeling in neonatal mice deficient in cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 98:1059–1064. 2001.
234.
LongoL, VanegasOC, PatelM, RostiV, LiH, WakaJ, MerghoubT, PandolfiPP, NotaroR, ManovaK, LuzzattoL. Maternally transmitted severe glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is an embryonic lethal. EMBO J, 21:4229–4239. 2002.
LuJ, QianJ, ChenF, TangX, LiC, CardosoWV. Differential expression of components of the microRNA machinery during mouse organogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 334:319–323. 2005.
237.
LuY, ThomsonJM, WongHY, HammondSM, HoganBL. Transgenic over-expression of the microRNA miR-17-92 cluster promotes proliferation and inhibits differentiation of lung epithelial progenitor cells. Dev Biol, 310:442–453. 2007.
238.
LuberdaZ. The role of glutathione in mammalian gametes. Reprod Biol, 5:5–17. 2005.
239.
LudwigDL, MacInnesMA, TakiguchiY, PurtymunPE, HenrieM, FlanneryM, MenesesJ, PedersenRA, ChenDJ. A murine AP-endonuclease gene-targeted deficiency with post-implantation embryonic progression and ionizing radiation sensitivity. Mutat Res, 409:17–29. 1998.
240.
LuikingYC, EngelenMP, DeutzNE. Regulation of nitric oxide production in health and disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 13:97–104. 2010.
241.
LuoRX, DeanDC. Chromatin remodeling and transcriptional regulation. J Natl Cancer Inst, 91:1288–1294. 1999.
242.
Lykke–AndersenK, GilchristMJ, GrabarekJB, DasP, MiskaE, Zernicka–GoetzM. Maternal Argonaute 2 is essential for early mouse development at the maternal-zygotic transition. Mol Biol Cell, 19:4383–4392. 2008.
243.
LynnFC, Skewes–CoxP, KosakaY, McManusMT, HarfeBD, GermanMS. MicroRNA expression is required for pancreatic islet cell genesis in the mouse. Diabetes, 56:2938–2945. 2007.
244.
MaQ, BattelliL, HubbsAF. Multiorgan autoimmune inflammation, enhanced lymphoproliferation, and impaired homeostasis of reactive oxygen species in mice lacking the antioxidant-activated transcription factor Nrf2. Am J Pathol, 168:1960–1974. 2006.
245.
MaiorinoM, AumannKD, Brigelius–FloheR, DoriaD, van den HeuvelJ, McCarthyJ, RoveriA, UrsiniF, FloheL. Probing the presumed catalytic triad of a selenium-containing peroxidase by mutational analysis. Z Ernahrungswiss, 37,Suppl 1:118–121. 1998.
246.
MalikG, NagyN, HoYS, MaulikN, DasDK. Role of glutaredoxin-1 in cardioprotection: An insight with Glrx1 transgenic and knockout animals. J Mol Cell Cardiol, 44:261–269. 2008.
247.
Maller SchulmanBR, LiangX, StahlhutC, DelConteC, StefaniG, SlackFJ. The let-7 microRNA target gene, Mlin41/Trim71 is required for mouse embryonic survival and neural tube closure. Cell Cycle, 7:3935–3942. 2008.
248.
MaltepeE, SchmidtJV, BaunochD, BradfieldCA, SimonMC. Abnormal angiogenesis and responses to glucose and oxygen deprivation in mice lacking the protein ARNT. Nature, 386:403–407. 1997.
249.
ManyA, HubelCA, FisherSJ, RobertsJM, ZhouY. Invasive cytotrophoblasts manifest evidence of oxidative stress in preeclampsia. Am J Pathol, 156:321–331. 2000.
250.
MarnettLJ, RigginsJN, WestJD. Endogenous generation of reactive oxidants and electrophiles and their reactions with DNA and protein. J Clin Invest, 111:583–593. 2003.
251.
MatsuiM, OshimaM, OshimaH, TakakuK, MaruyamaT, YodoiJ, TaketoMM. Early embryonic lethality caused by targeted disruption of the mouse thioredoxin gene. Dev Biol, 178:179–185. 1996.
252.
MatthewsJR, WakasugiN, VirelizierJL, YodoiJ, HayRT. Thioredoxin regulates the DNA binding activity of NF-kappa B by reduction of a disulphide bond involving cysteine 62. Nucleic Acids Res, 20:3821–3830. 1992.
253.
MaxwellPH, PughCW, RatcliffePJ. Activation of the HIF pathway in cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev, 11:293–299. 2001.
254.
McMahonM, ItohK, YamamotoM, HayesJD. Keap1-dependent proteasomal degradation of transcription factor Nrf2 contributes to the negative regulation of antioxidant response element-driven gene expression. J Biol Chem, 278:21592–21600. 2003.
255.
MedghalchiSM, FrischmeyerPA, MendellJT, KellyAG, LawlerAM, DietzHC. Rent1, a trans-effector of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, is essential for mammalian embryonic viability. Hum Mol Genet, 10:99–105. 2001.
256.
MeiraLB, DevarajS, KisbyGE, BurnsDK, DanielRL, HammerRE, GrundyS, JialalI, FriedbergEC. Heterozygosity for the mouse Apex gene results in phenotypes associated with oxidative stress. Cancer Res, 61:5552–5557. 2001.
257.
MercurioF, ManningAM. NF-kappaB as a primary regulator of the stress response. Oncogene, 18:6163–6171. 1999.
258.
Meyron–HoltzEG, GhoshMC, IwaiK, LaVauteT, BrazzolottoX, BergerUV, LandW, Ollivierre–WilsonH, GrinbergA, LoveP, RouaultTA. Genetic ablations of iron regulatory proteins 1 and 2 reveal why iron regulatory protein 2 dominates iron homeostasis. EMBO J, 23:386–395. 2004.
259.
MitomoK, NakayamaK, FujimotoK, SunX, SekiS, YamamotoK. Two different cellular redox systems regulate the DNA-binding activity of the p50 subunit of NF-kappa B in vitro. Gene, 145:197–203. 1994.
260.
MorhamSG, LangenbachR, LoftinCD, TianoHF, VouloumanosN, JennetteJC, MahlerJF, KluckmanKD, LedfordA, LeeCA, SmithiesO. Prostaglandin synthase 2 gene disruption causes severe renal pathology in the mouse. Cell, 83:473–482. 1995.
MorrissG. Growing embryos in vitro. Nature, 278:402. 1979.
263.
MortonSU, ScherzPJ, CordesKR, IveyKN, StainierDY, SrivastavaD. microRNA-138 modulates cardiac patterning during embryonic development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 105:17830–17835. 2008.
264.
MotohashiH, KatsuokaF, EngelJD, YamamotoM. Small Maf proteins serve as transcriptional cofactors for keratinocyte differentiation in the Keap1-Nrf2 regulatory pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 101:6379–6384. 2004.
265.
MuggiaA, TeesaluT, NeriA, BlasiF, TalaricoD. Trophoblast giant cells express NF-kappa B2 during early mouse development. Dev Genet, 25:23–30. 1999.
266.
MurphyP, KolstoA. Expression of the bZIP transcription factor TCF11 and its potential dimerization partners during development. Mech Dev, 97:141–148. 2000.
267.
MyattL, RosenfieldRB, EisAL, BrockmanDE, GreerI, LyallF. Nitrotyrosine residues in placenta. Evidence of peroxynitrite formation and action. Hypertension, 28:488–493. 1996.
268.
NaHK, SurhYJ. Transcriptional regulation via cysteine thiol modification: A novel molecular strategy for chemoprevention and cytoprotection. Mol Carcinog, 45:368–380. 2006.
269.
NakayamaK. Cellular signal transduction of the hypoxia response. J Biochem, 146:757–765. 2009.
270.
NankaO, ValasekP, DvorakovaM, GrimM. Experimental hypoxia and embryonic angiogenesis. Dev Dyn, 235:723–733. 2006.
NelsonDR, KoymansL, KamatakiT, StegemanJJ, FeyereisenR, WaxmanDJ, WatermanMR, GotohO, CoonMJ, EstabrookRW, GunsalusIC, NebertDW. P450 superfamily: update on new sequences, gene mapping, accession numbers and nomenclature. Pharmacogenetics, 6:1–42. 1996.
273.
NelsonPT, KellerJN. RNA in brain disease: No longer just “the messenger in the middle”J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 66:461–468. 2007.
274.
Neu–YilikG, KulozikAE. NMD: Multitasking between mRNA surveillance and modulation of gene expression. Adv Genet, 62:185–243. 2008.
275.
NeumannCA, KrauseDS, CarmanCV, DasS, DubeyDP, AbrahamJL, BronsonRT, FujiwaraY, OrkinSH, Van EttenRA. Essential role for the peroxiredoxin Prdx1 in erythrocyte antioxidant defence and tumour suppression. Nature, 424:561–565. 2003.
276.
NewDA, CoppolaPT. Effects of different oxygen concentrations on the development of rat embryos in culture. J Reprod Fertil, 21:109–118. 1970.
277.
NewmanCG. The thalidomide syndrome: Risks of exposure and spectrum of malformations. Clin Perinatol, 13:555–573. 1986.
278.
NguyenT, NioiP, PickettCB. The Nrf2-antioxidant response element signaling pathway and its activation by oxidative stress. J Biol Chem, 284:13291–133295. 2009.
279.
NguyenT, SherrattPJ, NioiP, YangCS, PickettCB. Nrf2 controls constitutive and inducible expression of ARE-driven genes through a dynamic pathway involving nucleocytoplasmic shuttling by Keap1. J Biol Chem, 280:32485–32492. 2005.
280.
NicolCJ, ZielenskiJ, TsuiLC, WellsPG. An embryoprotective role for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in developmental oxidative stress and chemical teratogenesis. FASEB J, 14:111–127. 2000.
281.
NishikimiA, MukaiJ, YamadaM. Nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B in early 1-cell mouse embryos. Biol Reprod, 60:1536–141. 1999.
282.
NonnL, WilliamsRR, EricksonRP, PowisG. The absence of mitochondrial thioredoxin 2 causes massive apoptosis, exencephaly, and early embryonic lethality in homozygous mice. Mol Cell Biol, 23:916–922. 2003.
283.
NunomuraA, HoferT, MoreiraPI, CastellaniRJ, SmithMA, PerryG. RNA oxidation in Alzheimer disease and related neurodegenerative disorders. Acta Neuropathol, 118:151–166. 2009.
284.
O'DonnellVB, MaskreyB, TaylorGW. Eicosanoids: Generation and detection in mammalian cells. Methods Mol Biol, 462:5–23. 2009.
285.
O'RourkeJR, GeorgesSA, SeayHR, TapscottSJ, McManusMT, GoldhamerDJ, SwansonMS, HarfeBD. Essential role for Dicer during skeletal muscle development. Dev Biol, 311:359–368. 2007.
OgryzkoVV, SchiltzRL, RussanovaV, HowardBH, NakataniY. The transcriptional coactivators p300 and CBP are histone acetyltransferases. Cell, 87:953–959. 1996.
288.
OhtsuboT, RoviraII, StarostMF, LiuC, FinkelT. Xanthine oxidoreductase is an endogenous regulator of cyclooxygenase-2. Circ Res, 95:1118–1124. 2004.
289.
OhtsujiM, KatsuokaF, KobayashiA, AburataniH, HayesJD, YamamotoM. Nrf1 and Nrf2 play distinct roles in activation of antioxidant response element-dependent genes. J Biol Chem, 283:33554–33562. 2008.
290.
OtsukaM, ZhengM, HayashiM, LeeJD, YoshinoO, LinS, HanJ. Impaired microRNA processing causes corpus luteum insufficiency and infertility in mice. J Clin Invest, 118:1944–1954. 2008.
291.
OttoDM, HendersonCJ, CarrieD, DaveyM, GundersenTE, BlomhoffR, AdamsRH, TickleC, WolfCR. Identification of novel roles of the cytochrome p450 system in early embryogenesis: Effects on vasculogenesis and retinoic Acid homeostasis. Mol Cell Biol, 23:6103–6116. 2003.
292.
PageEW. The relation between hydatid moles, relative ischemia of the gravid uterus, and the placental origin of eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 37:291–235. 1938.
293.
PaglialungaF, FicoA, IaccarinoI, NotaroR, LuzzattoL, MartiniG, FilosaS. G6PD is indispensable for erythropoiesis after the embryonic-adult hemoglobin switch. Blood, 104:3148–3152. 2004.
294.
PandolfiPP, SonatiF, RiviR, MasonP, GrosveldF, nd LuzzattoL. Targeted disruption of the housekeeping gene encoding glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD): G6PD is dispensable for pentose synthesis but essential for defense against oxidative stress. EMBO J, 14:5209–5215. 1995.
295.
PantanoC, ReynaertNL, van der VlietA, Janssen–HeiningerYM. Redox-sensitive kinases of the nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathway. Antioxid Redox Signal, 8:1791–1806. 2006.
296.
PantopoulosK, HentzeMW. Rapid responses to oxidative stress mediated by iron regulatory protein. EMBO J, 14:2917–2924. 1995.
297.
PappLV, LuJ, StriebelF, KennedyD, HolmgrenA, KhannaKK. The redox state of SECIS binding protein 2 controls its localization and selenocysteine incorporation function. Mol Cell Biol, 26:4895–4910. 2006.
298.
ParanjapeSM, KamakakaRT, KadonagaJT. Role of chromatin structure in the regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Annu Rev Biochem, 63:265–297. 1994.
299.
ParisJ, SwensonK, Piwnica–WormsH, RichterJD. Maturation-specific polyadenylation: In vitro activation by p34cdc2 and phosphorylation of a 58-kD CPE-binding protein. Genes Dev, 5:1697–1708. 1991.
300.
ParmanT, WellsPG. Embryonic prostaglandin H synthase-2 (PHS-2) expression and benzo[a]pyrene teratogenicity in PHS-2 knockout mice. FASEB J, 16:1001–1009. 2002.
301.
ParmanT, WileyMJ, WellsPG. Free radical-mediated oxidative DNA damage in the mechanism of thalidomide teratogenicity. Nat Med, 5:582–585. 1999.
302.
PastorelliLM, WellsS, FrayM, SmithA, HoughT, HarfeBD, McManusMT, SmithL, WoolfAS, CheesemanM, GreenfieldA. Genetic analyses reveal a requirement for Dicer1 in the mouse urogenital tract. Mamm Genome, 20:140–151. 2009.
303.
PattisonDJ, WinyardPG. Dietary antioxidants in inflammatory arthritis: Do they have any role in etiology or therapy?Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol, 4:590–596. 2008.
304.
PauffJM, CaoH, HilleR. Substrate orientation and catalysis at the molybdenum site in xanthine oxidase: Crystal structures in complex with xanthine and lumazine. J Biol Chem, 284:8760–8767. 2009.
305.
PayntonBV, RempelR, BachvarovaR. Changes in state of adenylation and time course of degradation of maternal mRNAs during oocyte maturation and early embryonic development in the mouse. Dev Biol, 129:304–314. 1988.
306.
PengJ, ZhangL, DrysdaleL, FongGH. The transcription factor EPAS-1/hypoxia-inducible factor 2alpha plays an important role in vascular remodeling. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 97:8386–8391. 2000.
307.
PengY, KwokKH, YangPH, NgSS, LiuJ, WongOG, HeML, KungHF, LinMC. Ascorbic acid inhibits ROS production, NF-kappa B activation and prevents ethanol-induced growth retardation and microencephaly. Neuropharmacology, 48:426–434. 2005.
308.
PhillipsK, KedershaN, ShenL, BlackshearPJ, AndersonP. Arthritis suppressor genes TIA-1 and TTP dampen the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha, cyclooxygenase 2, and inflammatory arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 101:2011–2016. 2004.
309.
PiqueM, LopezJM, FoissacS, GuigoR, MendezR. A combinatorial code for CPE-mediated translational control. Cell, 132:434–448. 2008.
310.
PoeckelD, Zemski BerryKA, MurphyRC, FunkCD. Dual 12/15- and 5-lipoxygenase deficiency in macrophages alters arachidonic acid metabolism and attenuates peritonitis and atherosclerosis in ApoE knock-out mice. J Biol Chem, 284:21077–21089. 2009.
311.
PollockJD, WilliamsDA, GiffordMA, LiLL, DuX, FishermanJ, OrkinSH, DoerschukCM, DinauerMC. Mouse model of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease, an inherited defect in phagocyte superoxide production. Nat Genet, 9:202–209. 1995.
312.
PossKD, ThomasMJ, EbralidzeAK, O'DellTJ, TonegawaS. Hippocampal long-term potentiation is normal in heme oxygenase-2 mutant mice. Neuron, 15:867–873. 1995.
313.
PossKD, TonegawaS. Heme oxygenase 1 is required for mammalian iron reutilization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 94:10919–10924. 1997.
314.
PossKD, TonegawaS. Reduced stress defense in heme oxygenase 1-deficient cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 94:10925–10930. 1997.
315.
PretschW. Glutathione reductase activity deficiency in homozygous Gr1a1Neu mice does not cause haemolytic anaemia. Genet Res, 73:1–5. 1999.
316.
PuglisiR, TramerF, CarlomagnoG, GandiniL, PanfiliE, StefaniniM, LenziA, MangiaF, BoitaniC. PHGPx in spermatogenesis: How many functions?Contraception, 72:291–293. 2005.
317.
RahmanI, MarwickJ, KirkhamP. Redox modulation of chromatin remodeling: impact on histone acetylation and deacetylation, NF-kappaB and pro-inflammatory gene expression. Biochem Pharmacol, 68:1255–1267. 2004.
318.
RajendrasozhanS, YangSR, KinnulaVL, RahmanI. SIRT1, an antiinflammatory and antiaging protein, is decreased in lungs of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 177:861–870. 2008.
319.
ReaumeAG, ElliottJL, HoffmanEK, KowallNW, FerranteRJ, SiwekDF, WilcoxHM, FloodDG, BealMF, BrownRHJr., ScottRW, SniderWD. Motor neurons in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase-deficient mice develop normally but exhibit enhanced cell death after axonal injury. Nat Genet, 13:43–47. 1996.
320.
RedmanCW. Current topic: Pre-eclampsia and the placenta. Placenta, 12:301–308. 1991.
321.
ReyesR, IzquierdoJM. The RNA-binding protein PTB exerts translational control on 3'-untranslated region of the mRNA for the ATP synthase beta-subunit. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 357:1107–1112. 2007.
322.
RichardDE, BerraE, GothieE, RouxD, PouyssegurJ. p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinases phosphorylate hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and enhance the transcriptional activity of HIF-1. J Biol Chem, 274:32631–32637. 1999.
323.
RichterJD. Cytoplasmic polyadenylation in development and beyond. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, 63:446–456. 1999.
324.
RichterJD. CPEB: A life in translation. Trends Biochem Sci, 32:279–285. 2007.
325.
Rodriguez–AntonaC, GomezA, KarlgrenM, SimSC, Ingelman–SundbergM. Molecular genetics and epigenetics of the cytochrome P450 gene family and its relevance for cancer risk and treatment. Hum Genet, 127:1–17. 2010.
RogersLK, TamuraT, RogersBJ, WeltySE, HansenTN, SmithCV. Analyses of glutathione reductase hypomorphic mice indicate a genetic knockout. Toxicol Sci, 82:367–373. 2004.
328.
RokutandaS, FujitaT, KanataniN, YoshidaCA, KomoriH, LiuW, MizunoA, KomoriT. Akt regulates skeletal development through GSK3, mTOR, and FoxOs. Dev Biol, 328:78–93. 2009.
329.
RossignolF, VacheC, ClottesE. Natural antisense transcripts of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha are detected in different normal and tumour human tissues. Gene, 299:135–140. 2002.
RundlofAK, CarlstenM, ArnerES. The core promoter of human thioredoxin reductase 1: Cloning, transcriptional activity, and Oct-1, Sp1, and Sp3 binding reveal a housekeeping-type promoter for the AU-rich element-regulated gene. J Biol Chem, 276:30542–30551. 2001.
332.
RyanHE, LoJ, JohnsonRS. HIF-1 alpha is required for solid tumor formation and embryonic vascularization. EMBO J, 17:3005–3015. 1998.
333.
SadlerTW, HunterES3rd. Hypoglycemia: How little is too much for the embryo?Am J Obstet Gynecol, 157:190–193. 1987.
334.
Salas–VidalE, LomeliH, Castro–ObregonS, CuervoR, Escalante–AlcaldeD, CovarrubiasL. Reactive oxygen species participate in the control of mouse embryonic cell death. Exp Cell Res, 238:136–147. 1998.
335.
SarkissianM, MendezR, RichterJD. Progesterone and insulin stimulation of CPEB-dependent polyadenylation is regulated by Aurora A and glycogen synthase kinase-3. Genes Dev, 18:48–61. 2004.
336.
SauerH, RahimiG, HeschelerJ, WartenbergM. Role of reactive oxygen species and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in cardiomyocyte differentiation of embryonic stem cells. FEBS Lett, 476:218–223. 2000.
337.
SauerH, WartenbergM. Reactive oxygen species as signaling molecules in cardiovascular differentiation of embryonic stem cells and tumor-induced angiogenesis. Antioxid Redox Signal, 7:1423–1434. 2005.
338.
SaugstadOD. Role of xanthine oxidase and its inhibitor in hypoxia: Reoxygenation injury. Pediatrics, 98:103–107. 1996.
339.
SavaskanNE, BorchertA, BrauerAU, KuhnH. Role for glutathione peroxidase-4 in brain development and neuronal apoptosis: Specific induction of enzyme expression in reactive astrocytes following brain injury. Free Radic Biol Med, 43:191–201. 2007.
340.
ScheererP, BorchertA, KraussN, WessnerH, GerthC, HohneW, KuhnH. Structural basis for catalytic activity and enzyme polymerization of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase-4 (GPx4)Biochemistry, 46:9041–9049. 2007.
341.
Schmidt–UllrichR, MemetS, LilienbaumA, FeuillardJ, RaphaelM, IsraelA. NF-kappaB activity in transgenic mice: Developmental regulation and tissue specificity. Development, 122:2117–2128. 1996.
342.
SchnabelD, Salas–VidalE, NarvaezV, Sanchez–Carbente MdelR, Hernandez–GarciaD, CuervoR, CovarrubiasL. Expression and regulation of antioxidant enzymes in the developing limb support a function of ROS in interdigital cell death. Dev Biol, 291:291–299. 2006.
SearsDD, MilesPD, ChapmanJ, OfrecioJM, AlmazanF, ThaparD, MillerYI. 12/15-lipoxygenase is required for the early onset of high fat diet-induced adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance in mice. PLoS One, 4:e7250. 2009.
347.
SemenzaGL. Regulation of physiological responses to continuous and intermittent hypoxia by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Exp Physiol, 91:803–806. 2006.
348.
SenguptaS, JangBC, WuMT, PaikJH, FurneauxH, HlaT. The RNA-binding protein HuR regulates the expression of cyclooxygenase-2. J Biol Chem, 278:25227–25233. 2003.
349.
SentmanML, GranstromM, JakobsonH, ReaumeA, BasuS, MarklundSL. Phenotypes of mice lacking extracellular superoxide dismutase and copper- and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase. J Biol Chem, 281:6904–6909. 2006.
350.
SeydouxG. Mechanisms of translational control in early development. Curr Opin Genet Dev, 6:555–561. 1996.
351.
ShaWC, LiouHC, TuomanenEI, BaltimoreD. Targeted disruption of the p50 subunit of NF-kappa B leads to multifocal defects in immune responses. Cell, 80:321–330. 1995.
352.
ShanSW, TangMK, CaiDQ, ChuiYL, ChowPH, GrotewoldL, LeeKK. Comparative proteomic analysis identifies protein disulfide isomerase and peroxiredoxin 1 as new players involved in embryonic interdigital cell death. Dev Dyn, 233:266–281. 2005.
353.
ShanX, ChangY, LinCL. Messenger RNA oxidation is an early event preceding cell death and causes reduced protein expression. FASEB J, 21:2753–2764. 2007.
354.
ShaulianE, KarinM. AP-1 in cell proliferation and survival. Oncogene, 20:2390–2400. 2001.
355.
ShaulianE, KarinM. AP-1 as a regulator of cell life and death. Nat Cell Biol, 4:E131–136. 2002.
356.
SheflinLG, ZouAP, SpauldingSW. Androgens regulate the binding of endogenous HuR to the AU-rich 3'UTRs of HIF-1alpha and EGF mRNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 322:644–651. 2004.
357.
ShenAL, O'LearyKA, KasperCB. Association of multiple developmental defects and embryonic lethality with loss of microsomal NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase. J Biol Chem, 277:6536–6541. 2002.
358.
ShiM, YangH, MotleyED, GuoZ. Overexpression of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase and/or catalase in mice inhibits aorta smooth muscle cell proliferation. Am J Hypertens, 17:450–456. 2004.
359.
ShiY, LanF, MatsonC, MulliganP, WhetstineJR, ColePA, CaseroRA. Histone demethylation mediated by the nuclear amine oxidase homolog LSD1. Cell, 119:941–953. 2004.
360.
ShiZZ, Osei–FrimpongJ, KalaG, KalaSV, BarriosRJ, HabibGM, LukinDJ, DanneyCM, MatzukMM, LiebermanMW. Glutathione synthesis is essential for mouse development but not for cell growth in culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 97:5101–5106. 2000.
SinghalS, MehtaJ, DesikanR, AyersD, RobersonP, EddlemonP, MunshiN, AnaissieE, WilsonC, DhodapkarM, ZeddisJ, BarlogieB. Antitumor activity of thalidomide in refractory multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med, 341:1565–1571. 1999.
363.
SkandalisA, UribeE. A survey of splice variants of the human hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase and DNA polymerase beta genes: Products of alternative or aberrant splicing?Nucleic Acids Res, 32:6557–6564. 2004.
364.
SmithSR, CoopermanS, LavauteT, TresserN, GhoshM, Meyron–HoltzE, LandW, OllivierreH, JortnerB, SwitzerR3rd, MessingA, RouaultTA. Severity of neurodegeneration correlates with compromise of iron metabolism in mice with iron regulatory protein deficiencies. Ann NY Acad Sci, 1012:65–83. 2004.
365.
SmithSR, GhoshMC, Ollivierre–WilsonH, Hang TongW, RouaultTA. Complete loss of iron regulatory proteins 1 and 2 prevents viability of murine zygotes beyond the blastocyst stage of embryonic development. Blood Cells Mol Dis, 36:283–287. 2006.
366.
SocolML, GarciaPM, RiterS. Depressed Apgar scores, acid-base status, and neurologic outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 170:991–998. 1994discussion 998–999.
367.
SorekR, ShamirR, AstG. How prevalent is functional alternative splicing in the human genome?Trends Genet, 20:68–71. 2004.
368.
SteerP. Has the expression 'fetal distress' outlived its usefulness?Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 89:690–693. 1982.
369.
StefaniG, SlackFJ. Small non-coding RNAs in animal development. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 9:219–230. 2008.
370.
SternglanzR. Histone acetylation: A gateway to transcriptional activation. Trends Biochem Sci, 21:357–358. 1996.
371.
StutzA, ConneB, HuarteJ, GublerP, VolkelV, FlandinP, VassalliJD. Masking, unmasking, and regulated polyadenylation cooperate in the translational control of a dormant mRNA in mouse oocytes. Genes Dev, 12:2535–2548. 1998.
372.
SuD, NovoselovSV, SunQA, MoustafaME, ZhouY, OkoR, HatfieldDL, GladyshevVN. Mammalian selenoprotein thioredoxin-glutathione reductase. Roles in disulfide bond formation and sperm maturation. J Biol Chem, 280:26491–26498. 2005.
373.
SuYQ, SugiuraK, WooY, WigglesworthK, KamdarS, AffourtitJ, EppigJJ. Selective degradation of transcripts during meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes. Dev Biol, 302:104–117. 2007.
374.
SugdenMC, ZariwalaMG, HolnessMJ. PPARs and the orchestration of metabolic fuel selection. Pharmacol Res, 60:141–150. 2009.
375.
SunD, FunkCD. Disruption of 12/15-lipoxygenase expression in peritoneal macrophages. Enhanced utilization of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway and diminished oxidation of low density lipoprotein. J Biol Chem, 271:24055–24062. 1996.
376.
SunX, LiX, MoriartyPM, HenicsT, LaDucaJP, MaquatLE. Nonsense-mediated decay of mRNA for the selenoprotein phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase is detectable in cultured cells but masked or inhibited in rat tissues. Mol Biol Cell, 12:1009–1017. 2001.
377.
SurhYJ, KunduJK, LiMH, NaHK, ChaYN. Role of Nrf2-mediated heme oxygenase-1 upregulation in adaptive survival response to nitrosative stress. Arch Pharm Res, 32:1163–1176. 2009.
378.
SuzukiN, SvenssonK, ErikssonUJ. High glucose concentration inhibits migration of rat cranial neural crest cells in vitro. Diabetologia, 39:401–411. 1996.
379.
SwiderskiRE, RichterJD. Photocrosslinking of proteins to maternal mRNA in Xenopus oocytes. Dev Biol, 128:349–358. 1988.
380.
TaussigHB. A study of the German outbreak of phocomelia. The thalidomide syndrome. JAMA, 180:1106–1114. 1962.
381.
TayJ, RichterJD. Germ cell differentiation and synaptonemal complex formation are disrupted in CPEB knockout mice. Dev Cell, 1:201–213. 2001.
382.
TellG, DamanteG, CaldwellD, KelleyMR. The intracellular localization of APE1/Ref-1: More than a passive phenomenon?Antioxid Redox Signal, 7:367–384. 2005.
TellG, QuadrifoglioF, TiribelliC, KelleyMR. The many functions of APE1/Ref-1: Not only a DNA repair enzyme. Antioxid Redox Signal, 11:601–620. 2009.
385.
TeradaLS, LeffJA, RepineJE. Measurement of xanthine oxidase in biological tissues. Methods Enzymol, 186:651–656. 1990.
386.
ThepotD, WeitzmanJB, BarraJ, SegretainD, StinnakreMG, BabinetC, YanivM. Targeted disruption of the murine junD gene results in multiple defects in male reproductive function. Development, 127:143–153. 2000.
387.
ThomasM, JainS, KumarGP, LalorayaM. A programmed oxyradical burst causes hatching of mouse blastocysts. J Cell Sci, 110:1597–1602. 1997.
388.
ThompsonJG, PartridgeRJ, HoughtonFD, CoxCI, LeeseHJ. Oxygen uptake and carbohydrate metabolism by in vitro derived bovine embryos. J Reprod Fertil, 106:299–306. 1996.
389.
TianH, HammerRE, MatsumotoAM, RussellDW, McKnightSL. The hypoxia-responsive transcription factor EPAS1 is essential for catecholamine homeostasis and protection against heart failure during embryonic development. Genes Dev, 12:3320–3324. 1998.
390.
ToledanoMB, LeonardWJ. Modulation of transcription factor NF-kappa B binding activity by oxidation-reduction in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 88:4328–4332. 1991.
391.
TomitaS, UenoM, SakamotoM, KitahamaY, UekiM, MaekawaN, SakamotoH, GassmannM, KageyamaR, UedaN, GonzalezFJ, TakahamaY. Defective brain development in mice lacking the Hif-1alpha gene in neural cells. Mol Cell Biol, 23:6739–6749. 2003.
TonksNK. Protein tyrosine phosphatases: From genes, to function, to disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 7:833–846. 2006.
394.
TrocinoRA, AkazawaS, IshibashiM, MatsumotoK, MatsuoH, YamamotoH, GotoS, UrataY, KondoT, NagatakiS. Significance of glutathione depletion and oxidative stress in early embryogenesis in glucose-induced rat embryo culture. Diabetes, 44:992–998. 1995.
395.
TrollmannR, GassmannM. The role of hypoxia-inducible transcription factors in the hypoxic neonatal brain. Brain Dev, 31:503–509. 2009.
396.
Turek-PlewaJ, JagodzinskiPP. The role of mammalian DNA methyltransferases in the regulation of gene expression. Cell Mol Biol Lett, 10:631–647. 2005.
397.
TurkPW, LaayounA, SmithSS, WeitzmanSA. DNA adduct 8-hydroxyl-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-hydroxyguanine) affects function of human DNA methyltransferase. Carcinogenesis, 16:1253–1255. 1995.
398.
UferC, BorchertA, KuhnH. Functional characterization of cis- and trans-regulatory elements involved in expression of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase. Nucleic Acids Res, 31:4293–4303. 2003.
399.
UferC, WangCC, FahlingM, SchiebelH, ThieleBJ, BillettEE, KuhnH, BorchertA. Translational regulation of glutathione peroxidase 4 expression through guanine-rich sequence-binding factor 1 is essential for embryonic brain development. Genes Dev, 22:1838–1850. 2008.
400.
van der BrugMP, BlackintonJ, ChandranJ, HaoLY, LalA, Mazan–MamczarzK, MartindaleJ, XieC, AhmadR, ThomasKJ, BeilinaA, GibbsJR, DingJ, MyersAJ, ZhanM, CaiH, BoniniNM, GorospeM, CooksonMR. RNA binding activity of the recessive parkinsonism protein DJ-1 supports involvement in multiple cellular pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 105:10244–10249. 2008.
401.
van der VeldenAW, ThomasAA. The role of the 5' untranslated region of an mRNA in translation regulation during development. Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 31:87–106. 1999.
402.
van LeyenK, DuvoisinRM, EngelhardtH, WiedmannM. A function for lipoxygenase in programmed organelle degradation. Nature, 395:392–395. 1998.
403.
VattemKM, WekRC. Reinitiation involving upstream ORFs regulates ATF4 mRNA translation in mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 101:11269–11274. 2004.
404.
VattenLJ, SkjaervenR. Is pre-eclampsia more than one disease?Bjog, 111:298–302. 2004.
405.
VillagraA, GutierrezJ, ParedesR, SierraJ, PuchiM, ImschenetzkyM, Wijnen AvA, LianJ, SteinG, SteinJ, MontecinoM. Reduced CpG methylation is associated with transcriptional activation of the bone-specific rat osteocalcin gene in osteoblasts. J Cell Biochem, 85:112–122. 2002.
406.
WakabayashiN, ItohK, WakabayashiJ, MotohashiH, NodaS, TakahashiS, ImakadoS, KotsujiT, OtsukaF, RoopDR, HaradaT, EngelJD, YamamotoM. Keap1-null mutation leads to postnatal lethality due to constitutive Nrf2 activation. Nat Genet, 35:238–245. 2003.
407.
WangCC, RogersMS. Oxidative Stress and Fetal Hypoxia. Reactive Oxygen Species and Disease. LaszloGoth. Research Signpost: India, 257–282. 2007.
408.
WangGL, JiangBH, RueEA, SemenzaGL. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 is a basic-helix-loop-helix-PAS heterodimer regulated by cellular O2 tension. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 92:5510–5514. 1995.
409.
WangGL, JiangBH, SemenzaGL. Effect of altered redox states on expression and DNA-binding activity of hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 212:550–556. 1995.
410.
WangJ, ZhangM, ZhangY, KouZ, HanZ, ChenDY, SunQY, GaoS. The histone demethylase JMJD2C is stage-specifically expressed in preimplantation mouse embryos and is required for embryonic development. Biol Reprod, 82:105–111. 2010.
WangW, ChanJY. Nrf1 is targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane by an N-terminal transmembrane domain. Inhibition of nuclear translocation and transacting function. J Biol Chem, 281:19676–19687. 2006.
WangY, WalshSW. Placental mitochondria as a source of oxidative stress in pre-eclampsia. Placenta, 19:581–586. 1998.
415.
WangZQ, OvittC, GrigoriadisAE, Mohle-SteinleinU, RutherU, WagnerEF. Bone and haematopoietic defects in mice lacking c-fos. Nature, 360:741–745. 1992.
416.
WeidemannA, JohnsonRS. Biology of HIF-1alpha. Cell Death Differ, 15:621–627. 2008.
417.
WeihF, CarrascoD, DurhamSK, BartonDS, RizzoCA, RyseckRP, LiraSA, BravoR. Multiorgan inflammation and hematopoietic abnormalities in mice with a targeted disruption of RelB, a member of the NF-kappa B/Rel family. Cell, 80:331–340. 1995.
418.
WeihF, DurhamSK, BartonDS, ShaWC, BaltimoreD, BravoR. Both multiorgan inflammation and myeloid hyperplasia in RelB-deficient mice are T cell dependent. J Immunol, 157:3974–3979. 1996.
WellsPG, WinnLM. Biochemical toxicology of chemical teratogenesis. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol, 31:1–40. 1996.
426.
WiesenJL, TomasiTB. Dicer is regulated by cellular stresses and interferons. Mol Immunol, 46:1222–1228. 2009.
427.
WilkieGS, DicksonKS, GrayNK. Regulation of mRNA translation by 5'- and 3'-UTR-binding factors. Trends Biochem Sci, 28:182–188. 2003.
428.
WilkinsonDG, BhattS, RyseckRP, BravoR. Tissue-specific expression of c-jun and junB during organogenesis in the mouse. Development, 106:465–471. 1989.
429.
WinnLM, WellsPG. Phenytoin-initiated DNA oxidation in murine embryo culture, and embryo protection by the antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase: Evidence for reactive oxygen species-mediated DNA oxidation in the molecular mechanism of phenytoin teratogenicity. Mol Pharmacol, 48:112–120. 1995.
430.
WinnLM, WellsPG. Evidence for embryonic prostaglandin H synthase-catalyzed bioactivation and reactive oxygen species-mediated oxidation of cellular macromolecules in phenytoin and benzo[a]pyrene teratogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med, 22:607–621. 1997.
431.
WinnLM, WellsPG. Maternal administration of superoxide dismutase and catalase in phenytoin teratogenicity. Free Radic Biol Med, 26:266–274. 1999.
432.
WolinMS. Interactions of oxidants with vascular signaling systems. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 20:1430–1442. 2000.
433.
XanthoudakisS, MiaoG, WangF, PanYC, CurranT. Redox activation of Fos-Jun DNA binding activity is mediated by a DNA repair enzyme. EMBO J, 11:3323–3335. 1992.
434.
XanthoudakisS, SmeyneRJ, WallaceJD, CurranT. The redox/DNA repair protein, Ref-1, is essential for early embryonic development in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 93:8919–8923. 1996.
XiaY, WangJ, XuS, JohnsonGL, HunterT, LuZ. MEKK1 mediates the ubiquitination and degradation of c-Jun in response to osmotic stress. Mol Cell Biol, 27:510–517. 2007.
437.
YangR, WeberDJ, CarrierF. Post-transcriptional regulation of thioredoxin by the stress inducible heterogenous ribonucleoprotein A18. Nucleic Acids Res, 34:1224–1236. 2006.
438.
YangWJ, YangDD, NaS, SanduskyGE, ZhangQ, ZhaoG. Dicer is required for embryonic angiogenesis during mouse development. J Biol Chem, 280:9330–9335. 2005.
439.
YantLJ, RanQ, RaoL, Van RemmenH, ShibataniT, BelterJG, MottaL, RichardsonA, ProllaTA. The selenoprotein GPX4 is essential for mouse development and protects from radiation and oxidative damage insults. Free Radic Biol Med, 34:496–502. 2003.
440.
YetSF, PerrellaMA, LayneMD, HsiehCM, MaemuraK, KobzikL, WieselP, ChristouH, KourembanasS, LeeME. Hypoxia induces severe right ventricular dilatation and infarction in heme oxygenase-1 null mice. J Clin Invest, 103:R23–29. 1999.
441.
YiR, FuchsE. MicroRNA-mediated control in the skin. Cell Death Differ, 17:229–235. 2010.
442.
YoonD, PastoreYD, DivokyV, LiuE, MlodnickaAE, RaineyK, PonkaP, SemenzaGL, SchumacherA, PrchalJT. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 deficiency results in dysregulated erythropoiesis signaling and iron homeostasis in mouse development. J Biol Chem, 281:25703–25711. 2006.
443.
YoshidaT, MaulikN, HoYS, AlamJ, DasDK. H(mox-1) constitutes an adaptive response to effect antioxidant cardioprotection: A study with transgenic mice heterozygous for targeted disruption of the Heme oxygenase-1 gene. Circulation, 103:1695–1701. 2001.
444.
YoungrenKK, CoveneyD, PengX, BhattacharyaC, SchmidtLS, NickersonML, LambBT, DengJM, BehringerRR, CapelB, RubinEM, NadeauJH, MatinA. The Ter mutation in the dead end gene causes germ cell loss and testicular germ cell tumours. Nature, 435:360–364. 2005.
ZhangJ, OhtaT, MaruyamaA, HosoyaT, NishikawaK, MaherJM, ShibaharaS, ItohK, YamamotoM. BRG1 interacts with Nrf2 to selectively mediate HO-1 induction in response to oxidative stress. Mol Cell Biol, 26:7942–7952. 2006.
448.
ZhangJ, PerryG, SmithMA, RobertsonD, OlsonSJ, GrahamDG, MontineTJ. Parkinson's disease is associated with oxidative damage to cytoplasmic DNA and RNA in substantia nigra neurons. Am J Pathol, 154:1423–1429. 1999.
ZhongH, VollRE, GhoshS. Phosphorylation of NF-kappa B p65 by PKA stimulates transcriptional activity by promoting a novel bivalent interaction with the coactivator CBP/p300. Mol Cell, 1:661–671. 1998.
452.
ZhouJ, DamdimopoulosAE, SpyrouG, BruneB. Thioredoxin 1 and thioredoxin 2 have opposed regulatory functions on hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha. J Biol Chem, 282:7482–7490. 2007.
