Reactive oxygen species (ROS), a heterogeneous population of biologically active intermediates, are generated as by-products of the aerobic metabolism and exhibit a dual role in biology. When produced in controlled conditions and in limited quantities, ROS may function as signaling intermediates, contributing to critical cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation, and cell survival. However, ROS overgeneration and, particularly, the formation of specific reactive species, inflicts cell death and tissue damage by targeting vital cellular components such as DNA, lipids, and proteins, thus arising as key players in disease pathogenesis. Given the predominant role of hepatocytes in biotransformation and metabolism of xenobiotics, ROS production constitutes an important burden in liver physiology and pathophysiology and hence in the progression of liver diseases. Despite the recognized role of ROS in disease pathogenesis, the efficacy of antioxidants as therapeutics has been limited. A better understanding of the mechanisms, nature, and location of ROS generation, as well as the optimization of cellular defense strategies, may pave the way for a brighter future for antioxidants and ROS scavengers in the therapy of liver diseases. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 12, 1295—1331.
BalabanRS, NemotoS, FinkelT. Mitochondria, oxidants and ageing. Cell, 120:483–495. 2005.
12.
BarreyroFJ, KobayashiS, BronkSF, WerneburgNW, MalhiH, GoresGJ. Transcriptional regulation of Bim by FoxO3A mediates hepatocyte lipoapoptosis. J Biol Chem, 282:27141–27154. 2007.
13.
BasañezG, HardwickJM. Unravelling the bcl-2 apoptosis code with a simple model system. PlosBiol, 6:e154. 2008.
14.
BasañezG, SharpeJC, GalanisJ, BrandtTB, HardwickJM, ZimmerbergJ. Bax-type apoptotic proteins porate pure lipid bilayers through a mechanism sensitive to intrinsic monolayer curvature. J Biol Chem, 277:49360–49365. 2002.
15.
BassR, RuddockLW, KlappaP, FreedmanRB. A major fraction of endoplasmic reticulum-located glutathione is present as mixed disulfides with protein. J Biol Chem, 279:5257–5262. 2004.
16.
BatallerR, SchwabeRF, ChoiYH, YangL, PaikYH, LindquistJ, QianT, SchoonhovenR, HagedornCH, LemastersJJ, BrennerDA. NADPH oxidase signal transduces angiotensin II in hepatic stellate cells and is critical in hepatic fibrosis. J Clin Invest, 112:1383–1394. 2003.
17.
BayneAC, MockettRJ, OrrWC, SohalRS. Enhanced catabolism of mitochondrial superoxide/hydrogen peroxide and ageing in transgenic Drosophila. Biochem J, 391:277–284. 2005.
18.
BellomoG, PalladiniG, VairettiM. Intranuclear distribution, function and fate of glutathione and glutathione-S-conjugate in living rat hepatocytes studied by fluorescence microscopy. Microsc Res Tech, 36:243–252. 1997.
19.
BeltroyEP, RichardsonJA, HortonJD, TurleySD, DietschyJM. Cholesterol accumulation and liver cell death in mice with Niemann Pick type C disease. Hepatology, 42:886–893. 2005.
20.
BenigniA, CornaD, ZojaC, SonzogniA, LatiniR, SalioM, ContiS, RottoliD, LongarettiL, CassisP, MorigiM, CoffmanTM, RemuzziG. Disruption of the Ang II type 1 receptor promotes longevity in mice. J Clin Invest, 119:524–530. 2009.
21.
BhagwatSV, VijayasarathyC, RazaH, MullickJ, AvadhaniNG. Preferential effects of nicotine and 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamine)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone on mitochondrial glutathione S-transferase A4-4 induction and increased oxidative stress in the rat brain. Biochem Pharmacol, 56:831–839. 1998.
22.
BleysJ, Navas-AcienA, GuallarE. Serum selenium levels and all-cause, cancer and cardiovascular mortality among US adults. Arch Intern Med, 168:404–410. 2008.
23.
BlockCA, AusubelFM. Paraquat-mediated selection for mutations in the manganeso-superoxide dismutase gene sodA. J Bacteriol, 168:795–798. 1986.
24.
BorradaileNM, HanX, HarpJD, GaleSE, OryDS, SchafferJE. Disruption of endoplasmic reticulum structure and integrity in lipotoxic cell death. J Lipid Res, 47:2726–2737. 2006.
25.
BorrozKI, BuetlerTM, EatonDL. Modulation of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase large subunit mRNA expression by butylated hydroxianisole. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 126:150–155. 1994.
26.
BoverisA, CadenasE, StoppaniA. Role of ubiquinone in the mitochondrial generation of hydrogen peroxide. Biochem J, 156:435–444. 1976.
27.
BrennerB, FerlinzK, GrassméH, WellerM, KoppenhoeferU, DichgansJ, SandhoffK, LangF, GulbinsE. Fas/CD95/Apo-I activates the acidic sphingomyelinase via caspases. Cell Death Differ, 5:29–37. 1998.
BubiciC, PapaS, PhamCG, ZazzeroniF, FranzosoG. The NF-kappaB-mediated control of ROS and JNK signaling. Histol Histopathol, 21:69–80. 2006.
30.
CaballeroF, FernandezA, De LacyAM, Fernandez-ChecaJC, CaballeriaJ, Garcia-RuizC. Enhanced free cholesterol, SREBP-2 and StAR expression in human NASH. J Hepatol, 50:789–796. 2009.
31.
CanteroAV, Portero-OtinM, AyalaV, AugeN, SansonM, ElbazM, ThiersJC, PamplonaR, SalvayreR, Negre-SalvayreA. Methylglyoxal induces advanced glycation end product (AGEs) formation and dysfunction of PDGF receptor-{beta}: implications for diabetic atherosclerosis. FASEB J, 21:1–11. 2007.
32.
CantinAM. Potential for antioxidant therapy of cystic fibrosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med, 10:531–536. 2004.
33.
CarrerasMC, ConversoDP, LorentiAS, BarbichM, LevismanDM, JaitovichA, Antico ArciuchVG, GalliS, PoderosoJJ. Mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase drives redox signals for proliferation and quiescence in rat liver development. Hepatology, 40:157–166. 2004.
34.
CaselliA, MarzocchiniR, CamiciG, ManaoG, MonetiG, PieracciniG. Ramponi G The inactivation mechanism of low molecular weight phosphotyrosine-protein phosphatase by H2O2. J Biol Chem, 273:32554–32560. 1998.
35.
CataláA. Lipid peroxidation of membrane phospholipids generates hydroxy-alkenals and oxidized phospholipids active in physiological and/or pathological conditions. Chem Phys Lipids, 157:1–11. 2009.
36.
CaveAC, BrewerAC, NarayanapanickerA, RayR, GrieveDJ, WalkerS, ShahAM. NADPH oxidases in cardiovascular health and disease. Antiox Redox Signal, 8:692–714. 2006.
37.
CesarattoL, VascottoC, D'AmbrosioC, ScaloniA, BaccaraniU, ParonI, DamanteG, CalligarisS, QuadrifoglioF, TiribelliC, TellG. Overoxidations of peroxiredoxins as an immediate and sensitive marker of oxidative stress in HepG2 cells and its application to the redox effects induced by ischemia/reperfusion in human liver. Free Radic Res, 39:255–268. 2005.
ChaiYC, HendrichS, ThomasJA. Protein S-thiolation in hepatocytes stimulated by t-butyl hydroperoxide, menadione, and neutrophils. Arch Biochem Biophys, 310:264–272. 1994.
40.
ChakravarthiS, JessopCE, BulleidNJ. The role of glutathione in disulphide bond formation and endoplasmic-reticulum-generated oxidative stress. EMBO Rep, 7:271–275. 2006.
41.
ChangL, KamataH, SolinasG, LuoJL, MaedaS, VenuprasadK, LiuYC, KarinM. The E3 ubiquitin ligase itch couples JNK activation to TNFalpha-induced cell death by inducing c-FLIP(L) turnover. Cell, 124:601–613. 2006.
42.
ChangTS, JeongW, WooHA, LeeSM, ParkS, RheeSG. Characterization of mammalian sulfiredoxin and its reactivation of hyperoxidized peroxiredoxin through reduction of cysteine sulfinic acid in the active site to cysteine. J Biol Chem, 279:50994–51001. 2004.
43.
ChenJ, DelannoyM, OdwinS, HeP, TrushMA, YagerJD. Enhanced mitochondrial gene transcript, ATP, bcl-2 protein levels, and altered glutathione distribution in ethinyl estradiol-treated cultured female rat hepatocytes. Toxicol Sci, 75:271–278. 2003.
44.
ChenJ, SchenkerS, HendersonGI. 4-Hydroxynonenal detoxification by mitochondrial glutathione S-transferase is compromised by short-term ethanol consumption in rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 26:1252–1258. 2002.
45.
ChenZ, LashLH. Evidence for mitochondrial uptake of glutathione by dicarboxylate and 2-oxoglutarate carriers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 285:608–618. 1998.
46.
ChenZ, PuttDA, LashLH. Enrichment and functional reconstitution of glutathione transport activity from rabbit kidney mitochondria: further evidence for the role of the dicarboxylate and 2-oxoglutarate carriers in mitochondrial glutathione transport. Arch Biochem Biophys, 373:193–202. 2000.
47.
ChengG, CaoZ, XuX, van MeirEG, LambethJD. Homologs of gp91phox: cloning and tissue expression of Nox3, Nox4, and Nox5. Gene, 269:131–140. 2001.
48.
ChiarugiP, BuricchiF. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation and reversible oxidation: two cross-talking posttranslation modifications. Antioxid Redox Signal, 9:1–24. 2007.
49.
ChiarugiP, PaniG, GiannoniE, TaddeiL, ColavittiR, RaugeiG, SymonsM, BorrelloS, GaleottiT, RamponiG. Reactive oxygen species as essential mediators of cell adhesion: the oxidative inhibition of a FAK tyrosine phosphatase is required for cell adhesion. J Cell Biol, 161:933–944. 2003.
50.
ChiarugiP. Src redox regulation: there is more than meets the eye. Mol Cells, 26:329–337. 2008.
51.
ChisolmGM, SteinbergD. The oxidative modification hypothesis of atherogenesis: an overview. Free Radic Biol Med, 28:1815–1826. 2000.
52.
ChoSH. Redox regulation of PTEN and protein tyrosine phosphateses in H2O2-mediated cell signaling. FEBS Lett, 560:7–13. 2004.
53.
CifoneMG, De MariaR, RoncaioliP, RippoMR, AzumaM, LanierLL, SantoniA, TestiR. Apoptotic signaling through CD95 (Fas/Apo-1) activates an acidic sphingomyelinase. J Exp Med, 180:1547–1552. 1994.
54.
CircuML, AwTY. Glutathione and apoptosis. Free Radic Res, 42:689–706. 2008.
55.
CircuML, RodriguezC, MaloneyR, MoyerMP, AwTY. Contribution of mitochondrial GSH transport to matrix GSH status and colonic epithelial cell apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med, 44:768–778. 2008.
56.
ColellA, CollO, García-RuizC, ParísR, TiribelliC, KaplowitzN, Fernández-ChecaJC. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid protects hepatocytes from ethanol-fed rats against tumor necrosis factor-induced cell death by replenishing mitochondrial glutathione. Hepatology, 34:964–971. 2001.
ColellA, Garcia-RuizC, MirandaM, ArditeE, MaríM, MoralesA, CorralesF, KaplowitzN, Fernández-ChecaJC. Selective glutathione depletion of mitochondria by ethanol sensitizes hepatocytes to tumor necrosis factor. Gastroenterology, 115:1541–1551. 1998.
59.
ColellA, Garcia-RuizC, MoralesA, BallestaA, OokhtensM, RodésJ, KaplowitzN, Fernández-ChecaJC. Transport of reduced glutathione in hepatic mitochondria and mitoplasts from ethanol-treated rats: effect of membrane physical properties and S-adenosyl-l-methionine. Hepatology, 26:699–708. 1997.
Conde de la RosaL, SchoemakerMH, VrenkenTE, Buist-HomanM, HavingaR, JansenPL, MoshageH. Superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide induce hepatocyte death by different mechanisms: involvement of JNK and ERK MAP kinases. J Hepatol, 44:918–929. 2006.
64.
Conde de la RosaL, VrenkenTE, HannivoortRA, Buist-HomanM, HavingaR, SlebosDJ, KauffmanHF, FaberKN, JansenPL, MoshageH. Carbon monoxide blocks oxidative stress-induced hepatocyte apoptosis via inhibition of the p54 JNK isoform. Free Radic Biol Med, 44:1323–1233. 2008.
65.
CotgreaveIA. Analytical developments in the assay of intra- and extracellular GSH homeostasis: specific protein S-glutathionylation, cellular GSH and mixed disulphide compartmentalisation and interstitial GSH redox balance. Biofactors, 17:269–277. 2003.
66.
CremestiAE, GoñiFM, KolesnickRN. Role of sphingomyelinase and ceramide in modulating rafts: do biophysical properties determine biologic outcome?FEBS Lett, 531:47–53. 2002.
67.
CrespoJ, CayónA, Fernández-GilP, Hernández-GuerraM, MayorgaM, Domínguez-DíezA, Fernández-EscalanteJC, Pons-RomeroF. Gene expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha and TNF-receptors, p55 and p75, in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients. Hepatology, 34:1158–1163. 2001.
68.
CristofanonS, MorceauF, ScovassiAI, DicatoM, GhibelliL, DiederichM. Oxidative, multistep activation of the noncanonical NF-kappa B pathways via disulfide Bcl-3/p50 complex. FASEB J, 23:45–57. 2009.
69.
CzajaMJ, LiuH, WangY. Oxidant-induced hepatocyte injury from menadione is regulated by ERK-1 and AP-1. Hepatology, 37:1405–1413. 2003.
70.
CzajaMJ. Induction and regulation of hepatocyte apoptosis by oxidative stress. Antioxid Redox Signal, 4:759–767. 2002.
71.
Dalle-DonneI, MilzniA, GaglianoN, ColomboR, GiustariniD, RossiR. Molecular mechanisms and potential clinical significance of S-glutathionylation. Antioxid Redox Signal, 10:445–473. 2008.
72.
DasM, SabioG, JiangF, RinconM, FlavellRA, DavisRJ. Induction of hepatitis by JNK-mediated expression of TNF. Cell, 136:249–260. 2009.
73.
de BilbaoF, ArsenijevicD, ValletP, HjellePO, OttersenPO, BourasC, RaffinY, AbouK, LanghansW, CollinsS, PlamondonJ, Alves-GuerraMC, HaguenauerA, GarciaI, RichardD, RicquierD, GiannakopoulosP. Resistance to cerebral ischemic injury in UCP2 knockout mice: evidence for a role of UCP2 as a regulator of mitochondrial glutathione levels. J Neurochem, 89:1283–1292. 2004.
De HaanJB, FrancescaC, IanelloR, BladierC, KelnerMJ, KolaI. Elevation in the ratio of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase to glutathione peroxidase activity induces features of cellular senescence and this effect is mediated by hydrogen peroxide. Hum Mol Genet, 5:283–291. 1996.
76.
De la AsunciónJG, MillanA, PlaR, BruseghiniL, EsterasA, PallardoFV, SastreJ, ViñaJ. Mitochondrial glutathione oxidation correlates with age-associated oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA. FASEB J, 10:333–338. 1996.
77.
DelettreC, YusteVJ, MoubarakRS, BrasM, RobertN, SusinSA. Identification and characterization of AIFsh2, a mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) isoform with NADH oxidase activity. J Biol Chem, 281:18507–18518. 2006.
78.
DeLeveLD, KaplowitzN. Importance and regulation of hepatic GSH. Semin Liver Dis, 10:251–266. 1990.
79.
De MinicisS, BatallerR, BrennerDA. NADPH oxidase in the liver: defensive, offensive, or fibrogenic?Gastroenterology, 131:272–275. 2006.
80.
DenkoNC. Hypoxia, HIF1 and glucose metabolism in the solid tumor. Nat Rev Cancer, 8:705–713. 2008.
81.
de PabloMA, SusinSA, JacototE, LarochetteN, CostantinieP, RavagnanL, ZamzamiN, KroemerG. Palmitate induces apoptosis via a direct effect on mitochondria. Apoptosis, 4:81–87. 1999.
82.
DingY, ChoiSJ, KimJH, HanX, PiaoY, JeongJH, ChoeW, KangI, HaJ, FormanJH, LeeJ, YoonKS, KimSS. Endogenous hydrogen peroxide regulates glutathione redox via nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 downstream of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase during muscle differentiation. Am J Pathol, 172:1529–1541. 2008.
83.
DixonBM, HeathSH, KimR, SuhJH, HagenTM. Assessment of endoplasmic reticulum glutathione redox status is confounded by extensive ex vivo oxidation. Antioxid Redox Signal, 10:963–972. 2008.
84.
DobsonAW, KelleyMR, WilsonGL, LedouxSP. Targeting DNA repair proteins to mitochondria. Methods Mol Biol, 197:351–362. 2002.
85.
DrogeW, Schulze-OsthoffK, MihmS, GalterD, SchenkH, EckHP, RothS, GmunderH. Functions of glutathione and glutathione disulfide in immunology and immunopathology. FASEB J, 8:1131–1138. 1994.
86.
DrogeW. Free radicals in the physiological control of cell functions. Physiol Rev, 82:47–95. 2002.
87.
DumitruCA, GulbinsE. TRAIL activates acid sphingomyelinase via a redox mechanism and releases ceramide to trigger apoptosis. Oncogene, 25:5612–5625. 2006.
88.
EchtayKS, MurphyMP, SmithRAJ, TalbotDA, BrandMD. Superoxide activates mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 from the matrix side: studies using targeted antioxidants. J Biol Chem, 277:47129–47135. 2002.
89.
EsterbauerH, SchaurRJ, ZollnerH. Chemistry and biochemistry of 4-hydroxynonenal, malonaldehyde and related aldehydes. Free Radic Biol Med, 11:81–128. 1991.
90.
FacundoHT, de PaulaJG, KowaltowskiAJ. Mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ channels are redox-sensitive pathways that control reactive oxygen species production. Free Radic Biol Med, 42:1039–1048. 2007.
FeldsteinAE, WerneburgNW, CanbayA, GuicciardiME, BronkSF, RydzewskiR, BurgartLJ, GoresGJ. Free fatty acids promote hepatic lipotoxicity by stimulating TNF-alpha expression via a lysosomal pathway. Hepatology, 40:185–194. 2004.
93.
FernandesAP, HolmgrenA. Glutaredoxins: glutathione-dependent redox enzymes with functions far beyond a simple thioredoxin backup system. Antiox Redox Signal, 6:63–74. 2004.
94.
FernandezA, ColellA, CaballeroF, MatiasN, Garcia-RuizC, Fernandez-ChecaJC. Mitochondrial S-adenosyl-L-methionine transport is insensitive to alcohol-mediated changes in membrane dynamics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 33:1–12. 2009.
95.
Fernández-ChecaJC, KaplowitzN, García-RuizC, ColellA, MirandaM, MariM, ArditeE, MoralesA. Glutathione transport in mitochondria: defense against TNF-induced oxidative stress and alcohol. Am J Physiol, 273:G7–G17. 1997.
96.
Fernandez-ChecaJC, KaplowitzN. Hepatic mitochondrial glutathione: transport and role in disease and toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 204:263–273. 2005.
97.
Fernandez-ChecaJC. Redox regulation and signaling lipids in mitochondrial apoptosis. Biochim Biophys Res Commun, 304:471–479. 2003.
98.
FerriKF, KroemerG. Organelle-specific initiation of cell death pathways. Nat Cell Biol, 3:E255–E263. 2001.
99.
FrezzaC, CipolatS, Martins de BritoO, MicaroniM, BeznoussenkoGV, RudkaT, BartoliD, PolishuckRS, DanialNN, De StrooperB, ScorranoL. OPA1 controls apoptotic cristae remodeling independently from mitochondrial fusion. Cell, 126:177–189. 2006.
100.
GallePR, KrammerPH. CD95-induced apoptosis in human liver disease. Semin Liver Dis, 18:141–151. 1998.
101.
GalloglyMM, MieyalJJ. Mechanisms of reversible protein glutathionylation in redox signaling and oxidative stress. Curr Opin Pharmacol, 7:381–391. 2007.
García-RuizC, ColellA, MoralesA, CalvoM, EnrichC, Fernández-ChecaJC. Trafficking of ganglioside GD3 to mitochondria by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J Biol Chem, 277:36443–36448. 2002.
105.
Garcia-RuizC, ColellA, MoralesA, KaplowitzN, Fernández-ChecaJC. Role of oxidative stress generated from the mitochondrial electron transport chain and mitochondrial GSH status in loss of mitochondrial function and activation of transcription factor NF-κB: studies in isolated mitochondria and rat hepatocytes. Mol Pharmacol, 48:825–834. 1995.
106.
García-RuizC, ColellA, ParísR, Fernández-ChecaJC. Direct interaction of GD3 ganglioside with mitochondria generates reactive oxygen species followed by mitochondrial permeability transition, cytochrome c release, and caspase activation. FASEB J, 14:847–858. 2000.
107.
Garcia-RuizC, Colell, Mari, MoralesA, Fernández-ChecaJC. Direct effect of ceramide on the mitochondrial electron transport chain leads to generation of reactive oxygen species: role of mitochondrial glutathione. J Biol Chem, 272:11369–11377. 1997.
Garcia-RuizC, MariM, ColellA, MoralesA, CaballeroF, MonteroF, TerronesO, BasañezG, Fernandez-ChecaJC. Mitochondrial cholesterol in health and disease. Histol Histopathol, 24:117–132. 2009.
110.
Garcia-RuizC, MoralesA, BallestaA, RodesJ, KaplowitzN, Fernandez-Checa. Effect of chronic ethanol feeding on glutathione and functional integrity of mitochondria in periportal and perivenous rat hepatocytes. J Clin Invest, 94:193–201. 1994.
111.
Garcia-RuizC, MoralesA, ColellA, BallestaA, RodesJ, KaplowitzN, Fernandez-ChecaJC. Feeding S-adenosyl-L-methionine attenuates both ethanol induced depletion of mitochondrial glutathione and mitochondrial dysfunction in periportal and perivenous hepatocytes. Hepatology, 21:207–214. 1995.
112.
GarofaloT, GiammaroliAM, MisasiR, TinariA, ManganelliV, GambardellaL, PavanA, MalorniW, SoriceM. Lipid microdomains contribute to apoptosis-associated modifications of mitochondria in T cells. Cell Death Differ, 12:1378–1389. 2005.
113.
GarridoN, GriparicL, JokitaloE, WartiovaaraJ, van der BliekAM, SpelbrinkJN. Composition and dynamics of human mitochondrial nucleoids. Mol Biol Cell, 14:1583–1596. 2003.
114.
GilotD, LoyerP, CorluA, GlaiseD, Lagdic-GossmannD, AtfiA, MorelF, IchijoH, Guguen-GuillouzoC. Liver protection from apoptosis requires both blockade of initiator caspase activities and inhibition of ASK1/JNK pathway via GST regulation. J Biol Chem, 277:49220–49229. 2002.
115.
GiorgioM, MigliaccioE, OrsiniF, PaolucciD, MoroniM, ContursiC, PellicciaG, LuziL, MinucciS, MarcaccioM, PintonP, RizzutoR, BernardiP, PaolucciF, PelicciPG. Electron transfer between cytochrome c and p66Shc generates hydrogen peroxide species that trigger mitochondrial apoptosis. Cell, 122:221–233. 2005.
116.
GiorgioM, TrineiM, MigliaccioE, PelicciPG. Hydrogen peroxide: a metabolic by-product or a common mediator of ageing signals?Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 8:722–728. 2007.
117.
GonzalvezF, GottliebE. Cardiolipin: setting the beat of apoptosis. Apoptosis, 12:877–885. 2007.
118.
GonzalvezF, SchugZT, HoutkooperRH, MacKenzieED, BrooksDG, WandersRJA, PetitPX, VazFM, GottliebE. Cardiolipin provides an essential activating platform for caspase-8 on mitochondria. J Cell Biol, 183:681–696. 2008.
119.
GreenDR, ReedJC. Mitochondria and apoptosis. Science, 281:1309–1312. 1998.
120.
GriffithOW, MeisterA. Origin and turnover of mitochondrial glutathione. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 82:4668–4672. 1985.
121.
GriffithOW, MeisterA. Potent and specific inhibition of glutathione synthesis by buthionine sulfoximine (S-n-butyl homocysteine sulfoximine)J Biol Chem, 254:7558–7560. 1979.
122.
GruneT, DaviesKJ. The proteasomal system and HNE-modified proteins. Mol Aspects Med, 24:195–204. 2003.
123.
GudzTI, TserngKY, HoppelCL. Direct inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III by cell-permeable ceramide. J Biol Chem, 272:24154–24158. 1997.
124.
GujralJS, HinsonJA, FarhoodA, JaeschkeH. NADPH oxidase-derived oxidant stress is critical for neutrophil cytotoxicity during endotoxemia. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 287:G243–G252. 2004.
125.
GunawanBK, LiuZX, HanD, HanawaN, GaardeWA, KaplowitzN. c-Jun N-terminal kinase plays a major role in murin acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Gastroenterology, 131:165–178. 2006.
126.
GuzyRD, HoyosB, RobinE, ChenH, LiuL, MansfieldKD, SimonMC, HammerlingU, SchumackerPT. Mitochondrial complex III is required for hypoxia-induced ROS production and cellular oxygen sensing. Cell Metab, 1:401–408. 2005.
127.
HaKN, ChenY, CaiJ, SternbergJr. Increased glutathione synthesis through an ARE-Nrf2-dependent pathway by zinc in the RPE: implication for protection against oxidative stress. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 47:2709–2715. 2006.
128.
HalliwellB, AruomaOI. DNA damage by oxygen-derived species: its mechanism and measurement in mammalian systems. FEBS Lett, 281:9–19. 1991.
129.
HamptonMB, OrreniusS. Dual regulation of caspase activity by hydrogen peroxide: implications for apoptosis. FEBS Lett, 414:552–556. 1997.
130.
HanD, CanaliR, RettoriD, KaplowitzN. Effect of glutathione depletion on sites and topology of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production in mitochondria. Mol Pharmacol, 64:1136–1144. 2003.
131.
HanMS, ParkSY, ShinzawaK, KimS, ChungKW, LeeJH, KwonCH, LeeKW, LeeJH, ParkCK, ChungWJ, HwangJS, YanJJ, SongDK, TsujimotoY, LeeMS. Lysophosphatidylcholine as a death effector in the lipoapoptosis of hepatocytes. J Lipid Res, 49:84–97. 2008.
HannunYA, LubertoC. Ceramide in the eukaryotic stress response. Trends Cell Biol, 10:73–80. 2000.
134.
HansenJM, ZhangH, JonesDP. Mitochondrial thioredoxin-2 has a key role in determining tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced reactive oxygen species generation, NF-kappaB activation, and apoptosis. Toxicol Sci, 91:643–650. 2006.
135.
HeQ, SuzukiH, SharmaN, SharmaRP. Ceramide synthase inhibition by fumonisin B1 treatment activates sphingolipid-metabolizing systems in mouse Liver. Toxicol Sci, 94:388–397. 2006.
136.
HeinrichM, NeumeyerJ, JakobM, HallasC, TchikovV, Winoto-MorbachS, WickelM, Schneider-BrachertW, TrauzoldA, HethkeA, SchützeS. Cathepsin D links TNF-induced acid sphingomyelinase to Bid-mediated caspase-9 and −3 activation. Cell Death Differ, 11:550–563. 2004.
HolmeJA, HongsloJK, BjorgeC, NelsonSD. Comparative cytotoxic effects of acetaminophen (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol), a non-hepatotoxic regioisomer acetyl-m-aminophenol and their postulated reactive hydroquinone and quinone metabolites in monolayer cultures of mouse hepatocytes. Biochem Pharmacol, 42:1137–1142. 1991.
142.
HolmgrenA. Thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems. J Biol Chem, 264:13963–13966. 1989.
143.
HotamisligilGS. The role of TNFalpha and TNF receptors in obesity and insulin resistance. J Intern Med, 245:621–625. 1999.
144.
HwangC, SinskeyAJ, LodishHF. Oxidized redox state of glutathione in the endoplasmic reticulum. Science, 257:1496–1502. 1992.
145.
IimuroY, GallucciRM, LusterMI, KonoH, ThurmanRG. Antibodies to tumor necrosis factor alfa attenuate hepatic necrosis and inflammation caused by chronic exposure to ethanol in the rat. Hepatology, 26:1530–1537. 1997.
ImaiH, NakagawaY. Biological significance of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx, GPx4) in mammalian cells. Free Radic Biol Med, 34:145–169. 2003.
148.
IwataJW, LeeK, OkadaKK, LeeM, IwataR, RasmussenTA, LinkP, RamaswamyS, JapBK. Complete structure of the 11-subunit of bovine mitochondrial cytochrome bc1 complex. Science, 281:64–71. 1998.
149.
JaeschkeH, HoYS, FisherMA, LawsonJA, FarhoodA. Glutathione peroxidase-deficient mice are more susceptible to neutrophil-mediated hepatic parenchymal cell injury during endotoxemia: importance of an intracellular oxidant stress. Hepatology, 29:443–450. 1999.
150.
JaeschkeH. Innate immunity and acetaminophen-induced liver injury: why so many controversies?Hepatology, 48:699–701. 2008.
151.
JaiswalAK. Nrf2 signaling in coordinated activation of antioxidant gene expression. Free Radic Biol Med, 36:1199–1207. 2004.
152.
JangJH, MoritzW, GrafR, ClavienPA. Preconditioning with death ligands FasL and TNF-a protects the cirrhotic mouse liver against ischemic injury. Gut, 57:492–499. 2008.
153.
JessopCE, BulleidNJ. Glutathione directly reduces an oxidoreductase in the endoplasmic reticulum of mammalian cells. J Biol Chem, 279:55341–55347. 2004.
154.
JocelynPC, KammingaA. The non-protein thiol of rat liver mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta, 343:356–362. 1974.
155.
JonesDP, CarlsonJL, ModyVC, CaiJ, LynnMJ, SternbergP. Redox state of glutathione in human plasma. Free Radic Biol Med, 28:625–635. 2000.
156.
KaganVE, TyurinVA, JiangJ, TyurinaYY, RitovVB, AmoscatoAA, OsipovAN, BelikovaNA, KapralovAA, KiniV, VlasovaII, ZhaoQ, ZouM, DiP, SvistunenkoDA, KurnikovIV, BorisenkoGG. Cytochrome c acts as a cardiolipin oxygenase required for release of proapoptotic factors. Nat Chem Biol, 1:223–232. 2005.
157.
KalanxhiE, WallaceCJ. Cytochrome c impaled: investigation of the extended lipid anchorage of a soluble protein to mitochondrial membrane models. Biochem J, 407:179–187. 2007.
158.
KamataH, HondaS, MaedaS, ChangL, HirataH, KarinM. Reactive oxygen species promote TNF-induced death and sustained JNK activation by inhibiting MAP kinase phosphatases. Cell, 120:649–661. 2005.
159.
KaplowitzN, AwTY, OokhtensM. The regulation of hepatic glutathione. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 25:715–744. 1985.
KerrJFR, WillieAH, CurrieAR. Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer, 26:239–257. 1972.
162.
KienhoferJ, HausslerDJF, RuckelshausenF, MuessigE, WeberK, PimentelD, UllrichV, BurkleA, BachschmidM. Association of mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes with mitochondrial DNA as integral nucleoid constituents. FASEB J, 23:2034–2044. 2009.
163.
KlunglandA, RosewellI, HollenbachS, LarsenE, DalyG, EpeB, SeebergE, LindahlT, BarnesDE. Accumulation of premutagenic DNA lesions in mice defective in removal of oxidative base damage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 96:13300–13305. 1999.
164.
KodamaY, BrennerDA. c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: multiple roles in multiple steps. Hepatology, 49:6–8. 2009.
165.
KodamaY, TauraK, MiuraK, SchnablB, OsawaY, BrennerDA. Antiapoptotic effect of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase-1 through Mcl-1 stabilization in TNF-induced hepatocyte apoptosis. Gastroenterology, 136:1423–1434. 2009.
166.
KolesnickRN, KronkeM. Regulation of ceramide production and apoptosis. Annu Rev Physiol, 60:643–665. 1998.
167.
KrähenbühlS, Krähenbühl-GlauserS, StuckiJ, GehrP, ReichenJ. Stereological and functional analysis of liver mitochondria from rats with secondary biliary cirrhosis: impaired mitochondrial metabolism and increased mitochondrial content per hepatocyte. Hepatology, 15:1167–1172. 1992.
168.
KrähenbühlS, StuckiJ, ReichenJ. Reduced activity of the electron transport chain in liver mitochondria isolated from rats with secondary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology, 15:1160–1166. 1992.
169.
KrähenbühlS, TalosC, LauterburgBH, ReichenJ. Reduced antioxidative capacity in liver mitochondria from bile duct ligated rats. Hepatology, 22:607–612. 1995.
170.
KriskaT, KorytowskiW, GirottiAW. Role of mitochondrial cardiolipin peroxidation in apoptotic photokilling of 5-aminolevulinate-treated tumor cells. Arch Biochem Biophys, 433:435–446. 2005.
KubokiS, OkayaT, SchusterR, BlanchardJ, DenenbergA, WongHR, LentschAB. Hepatocyte NF-kappaB activation is hepatoprotective during ischemia-reperfusion injury and is augmented by ischemic hypothermia. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 292:G201–G207. 2007.
173.
KuoPC, AbeKY, SchroederRA. Interleukin-1-induced nitric oxide production modulates glutathione synthesis in cultured rat hepatocytes. Am J Physiol, 271:C851–C862. 1996.
174.
KuwanaT, MackeyMR, PerkinsG, EllismanMH, LatterichM, SchneiterR, GreenDR, NewmeyerDD. Bid, Bax and lipids cooperate to form supramolecular openings in the outer mitochondrial membrane. Cell, 111:331–342. 2002.
175.
KwongM, KanYW, ChanJY. The CNC basic leucine zipper factor, Nrf1, is essential for cell survival in response to oxidative stress-inducing agents. J Biol Chem, 274:37491–37498. 1999.
LaurentA, NiccoC, ChereauC, GoulvestreC, AlexandreJ, AlvesA, LevyE, GoldwasserF, PanisY, SoubraneO, WeillB, BatteauxF. Controlling tumor growth by modulating endogenous production of reactive oxygen species. Cancer Res, 65:948–956. 2005.
178.
LeeAH, ScapaEF, CohenDE, GlimcherLH. Regulation of hepatic lipogenesis by the transcription factor XBP-1. Science, 320:1492–1496. 2008.
179.
LeeJY, JungGY, HeoHJ, YunMR, ParkJY, BaeSS, HongKW, LeeWS, KimCD. 4-Hydroxynonenal induces vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis through mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species. Toxicol Lett, 166:212–221. 2006.
180.
LeeY, HiroseH, OhnedaM, JohnsonJH, McGarryJD, UngerRH. Beta-cell lipotoxicity in the pathogenesis of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus of obese rats: impairment in adipocyte-beta-cell relationships. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 91:10878–10882. 1994.
181.
LinkeK, JakobU. Not every disulfide lasts forever: disulfide bond formation as a redox switch. Antioxid Redox Signal, 5:425–434. 2003.
182.
LippmanSM, KleinEA, GoodmanPJ, LuciaMS, ThompsonIM, FordLG, ParnesHL, MinasianLM, GazianoJM, HartlineJA, ParsonsJK, BeardenJD3rd, CrawfordED, GoodmanGE, ClaudioJ, WinquistE, CookED, KarpDD, WaltherP, LieberMM, KristalAR, DarkeAK, ArnoldKB, GanzPA, SantellaRM, AlbanesD, TaylorPR, ProbstfieldJL, JagpalTJ, CrowleyJJ, Meyskens FLJr, BakerLH, ColfmanCA.Jr. Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)JAMA, 301:39–51. 2009.
183.
LittleC, OlinescuR, ReidKG, O'BrienPJ. Properties and regulation of glutathione peroxidase. J Biol Chem, 245:3632–3636. 1970.
184.
LiuY, AdachiM, ZhaoS, HareyamaM, KoongAC, LuoD, RandoTA, ImaiK, ShimomuraY. Preventing oxidative stress: a new role for XBP-1. Cell Death Differ, 16:847–857. 2009.
185.
LiuY, FiskumG, SchubertD. Generation of reactive oxygen species by the mitochondrial electron transport chain. J Neurochem, 80:780–787. 2002.
186.
LlacunaL, MariM, Garcia-RuizC, Fernandez-ChecaJC, MoralesA. Critical role of acidic sphingomyelinase in murine hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. Hepatology, 44:561–572. 2006.
187.
LlacunaL, MariM, LluisJM, Garcia-RuizC, Fernandez-ChecaJC, MoralesA. Reactive oxygen species mediate liver injury through parenchymal nuclear factor-kB inactivation in prolonged ischemia/reperfusion. Am J Pathol, 174:1–10. 2009.
188.
LluisJM, BuricchiF, ChiarugiP, MoralesA, Fernandez-ChecaJC. Dual role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in hypoxia signaling: activation of nuclear factor κB via c-Src and oxidant-dependent cell death. Cancer Res, 67:7368–7377. 2007.
189.
LluisJM, ColellA, Garcia-RuizC, KaplowitzN, Fernandez-ChecaJC. Acetaldehyde impairs mitochondrial glutathione transport in HepG2 cells through endoplasmic reticulum stress. Gastroenterology, 124:708–724. 2003.
190.
LluisJM, MoralesA, BlascoC, ColellA, MariM, Garcia-RuizC, Fernandez-ChecaJC. Critical role of mitochondrial glutathione in the survival of hepatocytes during hypoxia. J Biol Chem, 280:3224–3232. 2005.
LuC, ArmstrongJS. Role of calcium and cyclophilin D in the regulation of mitochondrial permeabilization induced by glutathione depletion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 363:572–577. 2007.
193.
LuSC. Regulation of hepatic glutathione synthesis: current concepts and controversies. FASEB J, 13:1169–1183. 1999.
194.
Lucken-ArdjomandeS, MontessuitS, MartinouJC. Bax activation and stress-induced apoptosis delayed by the accumulation of cholesterol in mitochondrial membranes. Cell Death Differ, 15:484–493. 2008.
MarkovicJ, BorrasC, OrtegaA, SastreJ, VinaJ, PallardoFV. Glutathione is recruited into the nucleus in early phases of cell proliferation. J Biol Chem, 282:20416–20424. 2007.
203.
MarraF, GastaldelliA, Svegliati BaroniG, TellG, TiribelliC. Molecular basis and mechanisms of progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Trends Mol Med, 14:72–81. 2008.
204.
Martínez-RuizA, LamasS. Signalling by NO-induced protein S-nitrosylation and S-glutathionylation: convergences and divergences. Cardiovasc Res, 75:220–228. 2007.
MatsumaruK, JiC, KaplowitzN. Mechanisms for sensitization to TNF-induced apoptosis by acute glutathione depletion in murine hepatocytes. Hepatology, 37:1425–1434. 2003.
MatthewsJR, WakasugiN, VirelizierJL, YodoiJ, HayRT. Thioredoxin regulates the DNA binding activity of NF-κB by reduction of a disulphide bond involving cysteine62. Nuclei Acids Res, 20:3821–3880. 1992.
209.
McClungJP, RonekerCA, MuW, LiskDJ, LanglaisP, LiuF, LeiXG. Development of insulin resistance and obesity in mice overexpressing cellular glutathione peroxidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 101:8852–8857. 2004.
210.
McCordJM, FridovichI. Superoxide dismutase: an enzymatic function for erythrocuprein (hemocuprein)J Biol Chem, 244:6049–6055. 1969.
MeisterA, AndersonME. Glutathione. Annu Rev Biochem, 52:711–760. 1983.
213.
MengTC, BuckleyDA, GalicS, TiganisT, TonosNK. Regulation of insulin signaling through reversible oxidation of the protein-tyrosine phosphatases TC45 and PTP1B. J Biol Chem, 279:37716–37725. 2004.
214.
MicheauO, TschoppJ. Induction of TNF receptor I-mediated apoptosis via two sequential signaling complexes. Cell, 114:181–190. 2003.
MitchellJR, JollowDJ, PotterWZ, DavisDC, GilletteJR, BrodieBB. Acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis, I: role of drug metabolism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 187:185–194. 1973.
217.
MitsuyoshiH, NakashimaT, SumidaY, YohT, NakajimaY, IshikawaH, InabaK, SakamotoY, OkanoueT, KashimaK. Ursodeoxycholic acids protects hepatocytes against oxidative injury via induction of antioxidants. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 263:537–542. 1999.
218.
MoelleringD, McAndrewJ, PatelRP, CornwellT, LincolnT, CaoX, MessinaJL, FormanHJ, JoH, Darley-UsmarVM. Nitric oxide-dependent induction of glutathione synthesis through increased expression of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Arch Biochem Biophys, 358:74–82. 1998.
219.
MohrS, ZechB, LapetinaEG, BrüneB. Inhibition of caspase-3 by S-nitrosation and oxidation caused by nitric oxide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 238:387–391. 1997.
220.
MonettiM, LevinMC, WattMJ, SajanMP, MarmorS, HubbardBK, StevensRD, BainJR, NewgardCB, Farese RVSr, HevenerAL, FareseRV.Jr. Dissociation of hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in mice overexpressing DGAT in the liver. Cell Metab, 6:69–78. 2007.
221.
Montalvo-JaveE, PinaE, Montalvo-ArenasC, UrrutiaR, Benavente-ChenhallsL, Pena-SanchezJ, GellerDA. Role of ischemic preconditioning in liver surgery and hepatic transplantation. J Gastrointest Surg, 2009Apr30Epub ahead of print.
222.
MonteroJ, MoralesA, LlacunaL, LluisJM, TerronesO, BasañezG, AntonssonB, PrietoJ, García-RuizC, ColellA, Fernández-ChecaJC. Mitochondrial cholesterol contributes to chemotherapy resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res, 68:5246–5256. 2008.
223.
MoralesA, García-RuizC, MirandaM, MaríM, ColellA, ArditeE, Fernández-ChecaJC. Tumor necrosis factor increases hepatocellular glutathione by transcriptional regulation of the heavy subunit chain of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase. J Biol Chem, 272:30371–30379. 1997.
MoralesA, MirandaM, Sanchez-ReyesA, BieteA, Fernandez-ChecaJC. Oxidative damage of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA induced by ionizing radiation in human hepatoblastoma cells. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 42:191–203. 1998.
226.
MulcahyRT, WartmanMA, BaileyHH, GippJJ. Constitutive and β-naphthoflavone-induced expression of the human γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase heavy subunit gene is regulated by a distal antioxidant response element/TRE sequence. J Biol Chem, 272:7445–7454. 1997.
227.
MuppidiJR, TschoppJ, SiegelRM. Life and death decisions: secondary complexes and lipid rafts in TNF receptor family signal transduction. Immunity, 21:461–446. 2004.
228.
NagaiH, MatsumaruK, FengG, KaplowitzN. Reduced glutathione depletion causes necrosis and sensitization to tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis in cultured mouse hepatocytes. Hepatology, 36:55–64. 2002.
229.
NakagawaT, ShimizuS, WatanabeT, YamaguchiO, OtsuK, YamagataH, InoharaH, KuboT, TsujimotoY. Cyclophilin D-dependent mitochondrial permeability transition regulates some necrotic but not apoptotic cell death. Nature, 434:652–658. 2005.
230.
NakamuraS, TakamuraT, Matsuzawa-NagataN, TakayamaH, MisuH, NodaH, NabemotoS, KuritaS, OtaT, AndoH, MiyamotoKI, KanekoS. Palmitate Induces insulin resistance in H4IIEC3 hepatocytes through reactive oxygen species produced by mitochondria. J Biol Chem, 284:14809–14818. 2009.
231.
Negre-SalvayreA, CoatrieuxC, IngueneauC, SalvayreR. Advanced lipid peroxidation end products in oxidative damage to proteins: potential role in diseases and therapeutic prospects for the inhibitors. Br J Pharmacol, 153:6–20. 2008.
232.
NelsonSD. Molecular mechanisms of the hepatotoxicity caused by acetaminophen. Semin Liver Dis, 10:267–278. 1990.
NguyenAD, McDonaldJG, BruickRK, DeBose-BoydRA. Hypoxia stimulates degradation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase through accumulation of lanosterol and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-mediated induction of Insigs. J Biol Chem, 282:27436–27446. 2007.
235.
NobelCS, BurgessDH, ZhivotovskyB, BurkittMJ, OrreniusS, SlaterAF. Mechanism of dithiocarbamate inhibition of apoptosis: thiol oxidation by dithiocarbamate disulfides directly inhibits processing of the caspase-3 proenzyme. Chem Res Toxicol, 10:636–643. 1997.
236.
NohYH, BaekJY, JeongW, RheeSG, ChangTS. Sulfiredoxin translocation into mitochondria plays a crucial role in reducing hyperoxidized peroxiredoxin III. J Biol Chem, 284:8470–8477. 2009.
O'BrienPJ. Radical formation during the peroxidase catalyzed metabolism of carcinogens and xenobiotics: the reactivity of these radicals with GSH, DNA, and unsaturated lipid. Free Radic Biol Med, 4:169–183. 1988.
239.
OlmosY, ValleI, BorniquelS, TierrezA, SoriaE, LamasS, MonsalveM. Mutual dependence of FOXO3A and PGC-1a in the induction of oxidative stress genes. J Biol Chem, 284:14476–14484. 2009.
240.
OrrWC, SohalRS. Effects of Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase overexpression of life span and resistance to oxidative stress in transgenic Drosophila melanogaster. Arch Biochem Biophys, 301:34–40. 1993.
PallardóFV, MarkovicJ, GarcíaJL, ViñaJ. Role of nuclear glutathione as a key regulator of cell proliferation. Mol Aspects Med, Jan9[Epub ahead of print]2009.
245.
PamplonaR. Membrane phospholipids, lipoxidative damage and molecular integrity: a causal role in aging and longevity. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1777:1249–1262. 2008.
246.
PastorinoJG, HoekJW. Ethanol potentiates tumor necrosis factor cytotoxicity in hepatoma cells and primary rat hepatocytes by promoting induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition. Hepatology, 31:1141–1152. 2000.
PetersenDR, DoornJA. Reactions of 4-hydroxynonenal with proteins and cellular targets. Free Radic Biol Med, 37:937–945. 2004.
249.
PhamCG, BubiciC, ZazzeroniF, PapaS, JonesJ, AlvarezK, JayawardenaS, De SmaeleE, CongR, BeaumontC, TortiFM, TortiSV, FranzosoG. Ferritin heavy chain upregulation by NF-kappaB inhibits TNFalpha-induced apoptosis by suppressing reactive oxygen species. Cell, 119:529–542. 2004.
250.
PiantadosiCA, SulimanHB. Mitochondrial transcription factor A induction by redox activation of nuclear respiratory factor 1. J Biol Chem, 281:324–333. 2006.
251.
PoliG, SchaurRJ. 4-Hydroxynonenal in the pathomechanisms of oxidative stress. IUBMB Life, 50:315–321. 2000.
252.
PooleLB, KarplusPA, ClaiborneA. Protein sulfenic acids in redox signaling. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 44:325–347. 2004.
253.
RabilloudT, HellerM, GasnierF, LucheS, ReyC, AebersoldR, BenahmedM, LouisotP, LunardiJ. Proteomics analysis of cellular response to oxidative stress. Evidence for in vivo overoxidation of peroxiredoxins at their active site. J Biol Chem, 277:19396–19401. 2002.
RazaH, JohnA. 4-Hydroxynonenal induces mitochondrial oxidative stress, apoptosis and expression of glutathione S-transferase A4-4 and cytochrome P450 2E1 in PC12 cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 216:309–318. 2006.
256.
RheeSG, ChaeHZ, KimK. Peroxiredoxins: a historical overview and speculative preview of novel mechanisms and emerging concepts in cell signaling. Free Radic Biol Med, 38:1543–1552. 2005.
257.
RicciJE, GottliebRA, GreenDR. Caspase-mediated loss of mitochondrial function and generation of reactive oxygen species during apoptosis. J Cell Biol, 160:65–75. 2003.
258.
RichterC, ParkJW, AmesBN. Normal oxidative damage to mitochondrial and nuclear DNA is extensive. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 85:6465–6467. 1998.
259.
RimkunasVM, GrahamMJ, CrookeRM, LiscumL. TNF plays a role in hepatocyte apoptosis in Niemann-Pick type C liver disease. J Lipid Res, 50:327–333. 2009.
RoebE, PuruckerE, GartungC, GeierA, JansenB, WinogradR, MaternS. Effect of glutathione depletion and hydrophilic bile acids on hepatic acute phase reaction in rats with extrahepatic cholestasis. Scand J Gastroenterol, 38:878–885. 2003.
262.
RoskamsT, YangSQ, KoteishA, DurnezA, DeVosR, HuangX, AchtenR, VerslypeC, DiehlAM. Oxidative stress and oval cell accumulation in mice and humans with alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Pathol, 163:1301–1311. 2003.
263.
RudigerHA, ClavienPA. Tumor necrosis factor alpha, but not Fas, mediates hepatocellular apoptosis in the murine ischemic liver. Gastroenterology, 122:202–210. 2002.
264.
RuvoloPP, DengX, ItoT, CarrBK, MayWS. Ceramide induces bcl2 dephosphorylation via a mechanism involving mitochondrial PP2A. J Biol Chem, 274:20296–20300. 1999.
265.
SaitohM, NishitohH, FujiiM, TakedaK, TobiumeK, SawadaY, KawabataM, MiyazonoK, IchijoH. Mammalian thioredoxin is a direct inhibitor of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK) 1. EMBO J, 17:2596–2606. 1998.
266.
SalazarJJ, Van HoutenB. Preferential mitochondrial DNA injury caused by glucose oxidase as a steady generator of hydrogen peroxide in human fibroblasts. Mutat Res, 385:139–149. 1997.
267.
SalmonAB, PerezVI, BokovA, JerniganA, KimG, ZhaoH, LevineRL, RichardsonA. Lack of methionine sulfoxide reductase A in mice increases sensitivity to oxidative stress but does not diminish life span. FASEB J epub1June2009.
268.
SalvesenGS, RiedlSJ. Caspase mechanisms. Adv Exp Med Biol, 615:13–23. 2008.
269.
SanchezA, FactorVM, EspinozaLA, SchorederIS, ThorgeirssonSS. In vitro differentiation of rat liver derived stem cells results in sensitization to TNF-mediated apoptosis. Hepatology, 40:590–599. 2004.
ScaloniA, CodarinE, Di MasoV, ArenaS, RenzoneG, TiribelliC, QuadrifoglioF, TellG. Modern strategies to identify new molecular targets for the treatment of liver diseases: the promising role of proteomics and redox proteomics investigations. Proteomics Clin Appl, 3:242–262. 2009.
272.
SchaferFQ, BuettnerGR. Redox environment of the cell as viewed through the redox state of the glutathione disulfide/glutathione couple. Free Radic Biol Med, 30:1191–1212. 2001.
273.
Schneider-BrachertW, TchikovV, NeumeyerJ, JakobM, Winoto-MorbachS, Held-FeindtJ, HeinrichM, MerkelO, EhrenschwenderM, AdamD, MentleinR, KabelitzD, SchützeS. Compartmentalization of TNF receptor 1 signaling: internalized TNF receptosomes as death signaling vesicles. Immunity, 21:415–428. 2004.
274.
SchoneichC. Mechanism of protein damage induced by cysteine thiyl radical formation. Chem Res Toxicol, 21:1175–1179. 2008.
275.
SchulzeT, ZarseK, VoigtA, UrbanN, BirringerM, RistowM. Glucose restriction extends Caenorhabditis elegans life span by inducing mitochondrial respiration and increasing oxidative stress. Cell Metab, 6:280–293. 2007.
276.
Schuppe-KoistinenI, GerdesR, MoldeusP, CotgreaveIA. Studies on the reversibility of protein S-thiolation in human endothelial cells. Arch Biochem Biophys, 315:226–234. 1994.
277.
SchutzeS, TchikovV, Schneider-BrachertW. Regulation of TNFR1 and CD95 signaling by receptor compartmentalization. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 9:655–662. 2008.
278.
ScorranoL, AshiyaM, ButtleK, WeilerS, OakesSA, MannellaCA, KorsmeyerSJ. A distinct pathway remodels mitochondrial cristae and mobilizes cytochrome c during apoptosis. Dev Cell, 2:55–67. 2002.
279.
SéguiB, CuvillierO, Adam-KlagesS, GarciaV, Malagarie-CazenaveS, LévêqueS, Caspar-BauguilS, CoudertJ, SalvayreR, KrönkeM, LevadeT. Involvement of FAN in TNF-induced apoptosis. J Clin Invest, 108:143–151. 2001.
280.
SeoJH, LimJC, LeeDY, KimKS, PiszeckG, NamHW, KimYS, AhnT, YunC, KimK, ChockB, ChaeHZ. A novel protective mechanism against irreversible hyperoxidation of peroxiredoxin: N a-terminal acetylation of human peroxiredoxin II. J Biol Chem, 284:13455–13465. 2009.
281.
SeoMS, KangSW, KimK, BainesIC, LeeTH, RheeSG. Identification of a new type of mammalian peroxiredoxin that forms an intramolecular disulfide as a reaction intermediate. J Biol Chem, 275:20346–20354. 2000.
282.
ShenXD, KeB, ZhaiY, GaoF, TsuchihashiS, LassmanCR, BusuttilRW, Kupiec-WeglinskiJW. Absence of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling in the donor organ reduces ischemia and reperfusion injury in a murine liver transplantation model. Liver Transplant, 13:1435–1443. 2007.
283.
ShulgaN, HoekJB, PastorinoJG. Elevated PTEN levels account for the increased sensitivity of ethanol-exposed cells to tumor necrosis factor-induced cytotoxicity. J Biol Chem, 280:9416–9424. 2005.
StockerR, KeanneyJF. Role of oxidative modifications in atherosclerosis. Physiol Rev, 84:1381–1478. 2004.
290.
St-PierreJ, DroriS, UldryM, SilvaggiJM, RheeJ, JägerS, HandschinC, ZhengK, LinJ, YangW, SimonDK, BachooR, SpiegelmanBM. Suppression of reactive oxygen species and neurodegeneration by the PGC-1 transcriptional coactivators. Cell, 127:397–408. 2006.
291.
StrangesS, MarshallJR, NatarajanR, DonahueRP, TrevisanM, CombsGF, CappucioFP, CerielloA, ReidME. Effects of long-term selenium supplementation on the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med, 147:217–223. 2007.
292.
SuGL, GoyertSM, FanMH, AminlariA, GongKQ, KleinRD, MycA, AlarconWH, SteinstraesserL, RemickDG, WangSC. Activation of human and mouse Kupffer cells by lipopolysaccharide is mediated by CD14. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 283:G640–G645. 2000.
293.
SuetsuguH, IimuroY, UeharaT, NishioT, HaradaN, YoshidaM, HatanoE, SonG, FujimotoJ, YamaokaY. Nuclear factor {kappa}B inactivation in the rat liver ameliorates short term total warm ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Gut, 54:835–842. 2005.
294.
SunMG, WilliamsJ, Munoz-PinedoC, PerkinsGA, BrownJM, EllismanMH, GreenDR, FreyTG. Correlated three-dimensional light and electron microscopy reveals transformation of mitochondria during apoptosis. Nat Cell Biol, 9:1057–1072. 2007.
295.
SunS, ZhangH, XueB, WuY, WangJ, YinZ, LuoL. Protective effect of glutathione against lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and mortality in rats. Inflamm Res, 55:504–510. 2006.
296.
SunX, ShihAY, JohannssenHC, ErbH, LiP, MurphyTH. Two-photon imaging of glutathione levels in intact brain indicates enhanced redox buffering in developing neurons and cells at the cerebrospinal fluid and blood-brain interface. J Biol Chem, 281:17420–17431. 2006.
UchidaK, KanematsuM, MorimitsuY, OsawaT, NoguchiN, NikiE. Acrolein is a product of lipid peroxidation reaction: formation of free acrolein and its conjugate with lysine residues in oxidized low density lipoproteins. J Biol Chem, 273:16058–16066. 1998.
305.
UedaK, UeyamaT, YoshidaK, KimuraH, ItoT, ShimizuY, OkaM, TsuruoY, IchinoseM. Adaptive HNE-Nrf2-HO-1 pathway against oxidative stress is associated with acute gastric mucosal lesions. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 295:G460–G469. 2008.
306.
UedaS, MasutaniH, NakamuraH, TanakaT, UenoM, YodoiJ. Redox control of caspases. Antioxid Redox Signal, 4:405–414. 2002.
307.
UthusEO, RossS. Dietary selenium (Se) and copper (Cu) interact to affect homocysteine metabolism in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res, 129:213–220. 2009.
308.
Van KuijkFJ, HolteLL, DratzEA. 4-Hydroxyhexenal: a lipid peroxidation product derived from oxidized docosahexaenoic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1043:116–118. 1990.
309.
Van MeerG, VoelkerDR, FeigensonGW. Membrane lipids: where they are and how they behave. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 9:112–124. 2008.
310.
VascottoC, CesarattoL, D'AmbrosioC, ScaloniA, AvelliniC, ParonI, BaccaraniU, AdaniGL, TiribelliC, QuadrifoglioF, TellG. Proteomic analyses of liver tissues subjected to early ischemia/reperfusion injury during human orthotopic liver transplantation. Proteomics, 6:3455–3465. 2006.
311.
VaughnAE, DeshmukhM. Glucose metabolism inhibits apoptosis in neurons and cancer cells by redox inactivation of cytochrome c. Nat Cell Biol, 10:1477–1483. 2008.
312.
VelasquezA, BecharaRI, LewisJF, MalloyJ, McCaigL, BrownLA, GuidotDM. Glutathione replacement preserves the functional surfactant phospholipid pool size and decreases sepsis-mediated lung dysfunction in ethanol-fed rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 26:1245–1251. 2002.
313.
VendemialeG, GrattaglianoI, AltomareE, TurturroN, GuerrieriF. Effect of acetaminophen administration on hepatic glutathione compartmentation and mitochondrial energy metabolism in the rat. Biochem Pharmacol, 52:1147–1154. 1996.
314.
VenkatakrishnanP, NakayasuES, AlmeidaIC, MillerRT. Absence of nitric oxide synthase in sequentially purified rat liver. J Biol Chem, 284:19843–19855. 2009.
315.
VenturaJJ, CogwellP, FlavellRA, BaldwinAS, DavisRJ. JNK potentiates TNF-stimulated necrosis by increasing the production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species. Genes Dev, 18:2905–2915. 2004.
316.
VerhagenAM, EkertPG, PakuschM, SilkeJ, ConnollyLM, ReidGE, MoritzRL, SimpsonRJ, VauxDL. Identification of DIABLO, a mammalian protein that promotes apoptosis by binding to and antagonizing IAP proteins. Cell, 102:43–53. 2000.
317.
VignaisPV. The superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase: structural aspects and activation mechanism. Cell Mol Life Sci, 59:1428–1459. 2002.
318.
VoehringerDW, McconkeyDJ, McdonnellTJ, BrisbayS, MeynRE. Bcl-2 expression causes redistribution of glutathione to the nucleus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 95:2956–2960. 1998.
319.
von MontfortC, MatiasN, Garcia-RuizC, Fernandez-ChecaJC. The mitochondrial GSH level is responsible for the efficiency and the protective effect of superoxide elimination. J Hepatol, 50:S265. 2009(abstract).
WinterbournCC. Reconciling the chemistry and biology of reactive oxygen species. Nat Chem Biol, 4:278–286. 2008.
327.
WooHA, ChaeHZ, HwangSC, YangKS, KangSW, KimK, RheeSG. Reversing the inactivation of peroxiredoxins caused by cysteine sulfinic acid formation. Science, 300:653–656. 2003.
328.
WooHA, JeongW, ChangTS, ParkKJ, ParkSJ, YangJS, RheeSG. Reduction of cysteine sulfinic acid by sulfiredoxin is specific to 2-cys peroxiredoxins. J Biol Chem, 280:3125–3128. 2005.
329.
YakesFM, Van HoutenB. Mitochondrial DNA damage is more extensive and persists longer than nuclear DNA damage in human cells following oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 94:514–519. 1997.
330.
YamashitaT, HashiramotoA, HaluzikM, MizukamiH, BeckS, NortonA, KonoM, TsujiS, DaniottiJL, WerthN, SandhoffR, SandhoffK, ProiaRL. Enhanced insulin sensitivity in mice lacking ganglioside GM3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100:3445–3449. 2003.
331.
YangKS, KangSW, WooHA, HwangSC, ChaeHZ, KimK, RheeSG. Inactivation of human peroxiredoxin I during catalysis as the result of the oxidation of the catalytic site cysteine to cysteine-sulfinic acid. J Biol Chem, 277:38029–38036. 2002.
332.
YangS, KoteishA, LinH, HuangJ, RoskamsT, DawsonV, DiehlAM. Oval cells compensate for damage and replicative senescence of mature hepatocytes in mice with fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 39:403–411. 2004.
333.
YangY, DieterMZ, ChenY, ShertzerHG, NebertDW, DaltonTP. Initial characterization of the glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit Gclm (–/–) knockout mouse: novel model system for a severely compromised oxidative stress response. J Biol Chem, 277:49446–49452. 2002.
334.
YerushalmiB, DahlR, DevereauxMW, GumprichtE, SokolRJ. Bile acid-induced rat hepatocyte apoptosis is inhibited by antioxidants and blockers of the mitochondrial permeability transition. Hepatology, 33:616–626. 2001.
335.
YinM, WheelerMD, KonoH, BradfordBU, GallucciRM, LusterMI, ThurmanRG. Essential role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. Gastroenterology, 117:942–952. 1999.
336.
YuCK, LiS, WhortonAR. Redox regulation of PTEN by S-nitrosothiols. Mol Pharmacol, 68:847–854. 2005.
ZhaoP, KahornTF, SlatteryJT. Selective mitochondrial glutathione depletion by ethanol enhances acetaminophen toxicity in rat liver. Hepatology, 36:326–335. 2002.
342.
ZimmermannAK, LoucksFA, SchroederEK, BouchardRJ, TylerKL, LinsemanDA. Glutathione binding to the Bcl-2 homology-3 domain groove: a molecular basis for Bcl-2 antioxidant function at mitochondria. J Biol Chem, 282:29296–29304. 2007.