Neighborhood Factors Associated with Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Achieving Sustained HIV Viral Suppression Among Miami-Dade County Ryan White Program Clients

Abstract

Racial/ethnic minorities are disproportionately affected by poor HIV care outcomes. Studies have also examined the effects of neighborhood-level factor on an individual's health outcomes. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the effects of neighborhood factors on the association between race/ethnicity and sustained viral suppression (all viral load tests <200 copies/mL per year). Data for 6491 people with HIV in the 2017 Miami-Dade County Ryan White Program and neighborhood-level data by ZIP code tabulated areas from the American Community Survey were utilized. Multi-level logistic regression models were used to assess the role of neighborhood factors on the association between race/ethnicity and sustained viral suppression. Results show that non-Hispanic Blacks had lower odds of sustained viral suppression in low socioeconomic disadvantage [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 0.39; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.20–0.74], moderate residential instability (aOR: 0.31; 95% CI: 0.15–0.65), and low and high racial/language homogeneity neighborhoods (aOR: 0.38; 95% CI: 0.16–0.88) and (aOR: 0.38; 95% CI: 0.19–0.75), respectively, when compared to non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs). Haitians also exhibited poor outcomes in neighborhoods characterized by moderate residential instability (aOR: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.18–0.97) and high racial/language homogeneity (aOR: 0.49; 95% CI: 0.26–0.93), when compared to NHWs. In conclusion, disparities in rates of sustained viral suppression were observed for racial/ethnic minorities within various neighborhood-level factors. These findings indicate the importance of addressing neighborhood characteristics to achieve optimal care for minorities.