Beijing has seen a rising epidemic of HIV among students. However, little information was known about the molecular epidemiologic data among HIV-infected students. In this study, the diversity and the prevalence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) in pol sequences derived from 237 HIV-infected students were analyzed. TDR mutations were found in five men who have sex with men (MSM) population among students. The overall prevalence of TDR in students was 2.1%, comprising 1.3% of protease inhibitors and 0.8% of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Our finding indicates a low-level prevalence of TDR mutations among students in Beijing.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
UNAIDS: AIDS by the numbers. Available at www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/AIDS-by-the-numbers-2016_en.pdf (2016), accessed March7, 2017.
2.
NCAIDS, NCSTD, China CDC: Update on the AIDS/STD epidemic in China in October, 2016. China J AIDS STD, 2016; 22:945.
3.
Beijing CDC: AIDS/STD epidemic in Beijing. Available at http://www.bjcdc.org/article/43037/2016/12/1480574106480.html (2016), accessed March7, 2017.
4.
YeJ, LuH, WangW, et al.: The prevalence of drug resistance mutations among treatment-naive HIV-infected individuals in Beijing, China. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses, 2012; 28:418–423.
5.
Beijing CDC: AIDS/STD epidemic in Beijing. Available at http://www.bjcdc.org/article/40779/2015/12/1448949336594.html (2015), accessed March7, 2017.
6.
Chinese Ministry of Health. 2012 China AIDS Response Progress Report. Available at http://unaids.org.cn/pics/20120614140133.pdf, accessed March7, 2017.
7.
WHO. Health for the world's adolescents (a second chance in the second decade). Available at http://apps.who.int/adolescent/second-decade/section3, accessed March7, 2017.
8.
WuZ: Landscape and strategies for HIV/AIDS prevention and control in schools of China. Chin J Sch Health, 2015:1604–1605.
9.
PerelsonAS, NeumannAU, MarkowitzM, et al.: HIV-1 dynamics in vivo: Virion clearance rate, infected cell life-span, and viral generation time. Science, 1996; 271:1582–1586.
10.
CambianoV, BertagnolioS, JordanMR, et al.: Transmission of drug resistant HIV and its potential impact on mortality and treatment outcomes in resource-limited settings. J Infect Dis, 2013; 207:S57–S62.
11.
GiffordRJ, LiuTF, RheeSY, et al.: The calibrated population resistance tool: Standardized genotypic estimation of transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance. Bioinformatics, 2009; 25:1197–1198.
12.
StruckD, LawyerG, TernesAM, et al.: COMET: Adaptive context-based modeling for ultrafast HIV-1 subtype identification. Nucleic Acids Res, 2014; 42:e144.
13.
SchultzAK, ZhangM, BullaI, et al.: JpHMM: Improving the reliability of recombination prediction in HIV-1. Nucleic Acids Res, 2009; 37:647–651.
14.
ZhangX: 3135 newly diagnosed HIV positive people were reported in Beijing. Beijing Youth Daily 2016. Available at http://epaper.ynet.com/html/2016-12/01/content_229651.htm?div=-1 (2016), accessed March7, 2017.
15.
LiH, ChangS, HanY, et al.: The prevalence of drug resistance among treatment-naive HIV-1-infected individuals in China during pre- and post-2004. BMC Infect Dis, 2016; 16:605.
16.
LiL, HanN, LuJ, et al.: Genetic characterization and transmitted drug resistance of the HIV type 1 epidemic in men who have sex with men in Beijing, China. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses, 2013; 29:633–637.
17.
ZhengJ, PangL, XuJ, et al.: Study on the characteristics of male-to-male sexual behaviors among male university students who have sex with men in Beijing, China. Dis Surveill, 2011; 26:450–453:457.
18.
JiaoY, LiS, LiZ, et al.: HIV-1 transmitted drug resistance-associated mutations and mutation co-variation in HIV-1 treatment-naive MSM from 2011 to 2013 in Beijing, China. BMC Infect Dis, 2014; 14:689.
19.
LuX, KangX, LiuY, et al.: Surveillance of transmitted drug resistance in HIV-1-infected youths aged 16 to 25 years, a decade after scale-up of antiretroviral therapy in Hebei, China. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses, 2016. [DOI:10.1089/aid.2016.0231].
20.
ZhangH: A study on the HIV-related high risk behavior and the virus inhibition of antiviral therapy among MSM in Beijing: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Available at: http://kns.c nki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CDFD&dbname=CDFDTEMP&filename=1016282245.nh&v=MDY5MjIxTHV4WVM3RGgxVDNxVHJXTTFGckNVUkwyZlkrZHRGeTNsVXJ6SlZGMjZHTEd3SE5QSXFwRWJQSVI4ZVg= (2016).
21.
LIG: Comparing associated factors of HIV infection among drug users in the Mandatory Detoxification Center, the Voluntary Detoxification Centers and the communities: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Available at: http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CMFD&dbname=CMFD2010&filename=2009203614.nh&v=MjgwNzN5M2xXNzNKVjEyN0Y3RzRIZGZOcTVFYlBJUjhlWDFMdXhZUzdEaDFUM3FUcldNMUZyQ1VSTDJmWStkdEY= (2009).
22.
LIG, CHUT, HEX, et al.: Study on characteristics of AIDS related behavior and serological surveillance among drug users in Beijing. China Prev Med, 2005; 6:85–87.
23.
FengY, HeX, HsiJH, et al.: The rapidly expanding CRF01_AE epidemic in China is driven by multiple lineages of HIV-1 viruses introduced in the 1990s. AIDS, 2013; 27:1793–1802.
