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Abstract

The HLA-B*57:01 allele is strongly associated with the hypersensitivity reaction to Abacavir (ABC). Therefore, treatment guidelines recommend that patients initiating ABC are preventively tested for the presence of this allele. To date, four different commercial assays based on the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) technique are available for the detection of HLA-B*57:01: Duplicα-RealTime Reagent Set HLA-B*57:01 by Euroclone, HLA-B*57:01 Real-TM by Sacace Biotechnologies, COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan HLA-B*57:01 Screening Test by Roche Diagnostic, and HLA-B*57:01 by Nuclear Laser Medicine. The study was carried out to compare the performance of the first three commercially available Q-PCR kits in a routine clinical setting. A total of 98 samples from Policlinico Umberto I Hospital were tested. Results obtained by the Duplicα-RealTime Genotyping kit and AmpliPrep/TaqMan system were 100% concordant. In contrast, genotyping by the HLA-B*57:01 Real-TM kit showed poor agreement with the other systems, that is, 12 out of 33 positive samples were detected as HLA-B*57:01 negative. To confirm the correct genotype of these discordant samples, two additional methods with rapid turnaround times and already implemented into routine clinical practice were used, that is, a PCR-based microsequence-specific primer DNA typing test and a laboratory-developed screening test in Q-PCR. All 12 discordant samples were genotyped as HLA-B*57:01-positive samples using these two additional methods in a single-blinded manner, thus confirming the low sensitivity of HLA-B*57:01 Real-TM test. These findings underline the need to compare results obtained with commercial assays before choosing a test suitable for use in a routine clinical laboratory.

Abacavir (ABC) is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used as an antiretroviral drug in HIV-infected patients. ABC-hypersensitivity reaction syndrome (HRS) has been observed in 5%–8% of treated patients during the first 6 weeks of treatment.¹ Symptoms of HRS to ABC include combinations of fever, rash, constitutional symptoms, gastrointestinal tract symptoms, and respiratory symptoms that become more severe with continued dosing.² Symptoms related to the hypersensitivity reaction worsen with continued therapy and usually improve within 24 h of ABC discontinuation.

In 2002, two independent research groups reported a strong association between the hypersensitivity response to ABC and the status of positive carrier of the major histocompatibility complex class I allele HLA-B*57:01.^2,3 Since then, several clinical studies confirmed the strength of this association across different ethnicities and, more importantly, showed the clinical utility of the pre-emptive genotyping for the HLA-B*57:01 allele to reduce the incidence of the immunologically mediated HRS to ABC.^4
–6 Consistently, most treatment guidelines recommend that patients initiating ABC are preventively tested for the presence of the HLA-B*57:01 allele,^7
–9 and such a requirement has been included in the summary of product characteristics of all ABC-containing formulations.

The HLA-B gene is extremely polymorphic, exhibiting many closely related alleles, making the HLA-B*57:01 difficult to discriminate from other related alleles. Therefore, the gold standard technique for its identification remains the DNA sequence-based typing, which is not always readily available in routine clinical laboratories. Thus, a number of different techniques have been recently applied to the HLA-B*57:01 genotyping, allowing for a significant reduction of time and costs for the screening and favoring its implementation in routine clinical practice. These strategies involve both serological and molecular methods. Standard serological approaches used to detect HLA-B*57 lack specificity, as commercially available monoclonal antibodies cross-react with HLA-B*57 and HLA-B*58 subtypes.¹⁰ Currently, serological tests have been replaced by flow cytometry for analysis and sorting of blood cells. In 2011,¹¹ a monoclonal antibody (mAb, 3E12) specific for HLA-B*57 and HLA-B*58 and strongly associated with clinically important immune phenotypes had been developed. As this methodology cannot type HLA-B locus at the allele level, it can be used only to exclude the negative subjects, with positive patients to be further analyzed with high-resolution typing to discriminate HLA-B*57:01 allele from the other related alleles.¹¹ Several molecular methods, such as sequence-specific oligonucleotide probe hybridization, sequence-specific primers polymerase chain reaction (SSP-PCR), allele-specific polymerase chain reaction, SSP-PCR with fluorescence detection through capillary electrophoresis, and real-time quantitative PCR (Q-PCR),^10,12,13 are available to identify this allele.

In this scenario, screening tests based on the Q-PCR technology can be easily implemented in the routine laboratory practice of virological laboratories already involved in other assessments required for the management of HIV infection, that is, the viral load and the viral genotyping. To date, four Q-PCR-based methods are commercially available for the detection of the HLA-B*57:01 allele: Duplicα-RealTime Reagent Set HLA-B*57:01 (Euroclone S.P.A., Milan, Italy), HLA-B*57:01 Real-TM (Sacace Biotechnologies Srl, Como, Italy), COBAS^® AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan^® System (Roche Diagnostic, S.P.A., Monza, Italy), and HLA-B*57:01 by Nuclear Laser Medicine (NLM S.R.L., Milan, Italy). In this study, we assessed the performance of HLA-B*57:01 typing among the first three commercial Q-PCR-based methods.

Ninety-eight whole blood specimens (33 HLA-B*57:01 positive and 65 negative) were selected, from samples collected and genotyped by Duplicα-RealTime during routine clinical testing. All samples were reanalyzed by the other two commercially available assays in Q-PCR. Blood samples were derived from 98 HIV-infected individuals (74% male and 26% female) with a median age of 54 years (interquartile range 49–62). All patients were routinely admitted at the Policlinico Umberto I Hospital of Rome when an ABC-containing regimen was planned (combination antiretroviral therapy-experienced patients) or at the first visit after HIV infection diagnosis.

Total DNA was prepared from whole blood samples, using the QIAamp^® DNA Blood Mini Kit (Qiagen, Vienna, Austria) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The extracted DNA was used for the HLA-B*57:01 genotyping by the Duplicα-RealTime and Real-TM.

Briefly, the Duplicα-RealTime is based on an allele-specific Q-PCR followed by melting curve analysis of the amplified products. Amplification and detection of specific amplicons were carried out on the Stratagene MX3005 platform (Agilent Technologies, Milan, Italy). Each specific amplicon (HLA-B*57:01 allele and an internal control, human growth hormone) was detected by a different melting temperature. The presence of HLA-B*57:01 was characterized by a melting profile temperature between 91.5°C and 92.5°C, while the internal control showed a melting temperature between 88.8°C and 89.8°C.

The Real-TM screening test is based on a different allele-specific Q-PCR protocol followed by analysis of cutoff threshold cycles (Ct) for the detection of HLA-B*57:01. In addition, the Human Beta-globin gene is used as internal control. Q-PCRs were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions on the Stratagene MX3005 platform. Specifically, DNA HLA-B*57:01 was detected on the JOE (yellow)/HEX/Cy3 channel and IC on the FAM (green) channel.

The sample was considered positive for HLA-B*57:01 if the Ct value detected in JOE (yellow)/HEX/Cy3 did not exceed the Ct value detected in FAM channel +5 cycles. The sample was considered negative for HLA-B*57:01 if the Ct value in the JOE (yellow)/HEX/Cy3 channel was absent or if the Ct value detected in this channel was greater than the Ct value detected in FAM channel +5 cycles.

In contrast, the AmpliPrep/TaqMan is a fully automated Q-PCR system based on two major processes: specimen preparation to isolate DNA from 250 μl of whole blood using a generic silica-based capture technique and simultaneous PCR amplification of target and detection of cleaved dual-labeled oligonucleotide probe specific to identify the HLA-B*57:01 allele.

Results obtained using Duplicα-RealTime and AmpliPrep/TaqMan were 100% concordant. In fact, the AmpliPrep/TaqMan confirmed the HLA-B*57:01-positive genotype of 33 samples and the absence of this allele in 65 specimens (Table 1). In contrast, the Real-TM assay showed poor agreement with the other two systems since it identified 12 out of 33 positive samples as HLA-B*57:01-negative patients.

Table 1.

Performances of Three Real-Time PCR-Based Assays Available to Identify the HLA-B ^* 57:01 Allele

	HLA-B^57:01-positive samples (*n = 33)		HLA-B^57:01-negative samples (*n = 65)
	Positive	Negative	Positive	Negative
Duplicα-RealTime	33	0	0	65
AmpliPrep/TaqMan	33	0	0	65
Real-TM	21	12	0	65

Duplicα-RealTime: Duplicα-Real Time Reagent Set HLA-B^*57:01 (Euroclone). AmpliPrep/TaqMan: COBAS^® AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan^® System (Roche Diagnostics). Real-TM: HLA-B^*57:01 Real-TM (Sacace Biotechnologies). Discordant samples were confirmed by the PCR-SSP typing method (One Lambda) and Q-PCR assay.¹⁴

PCR-SSP, polymerase chain reaction sequence-specific primers; Q-PCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Discordant samples are highlighted in bold.

To assess the correct genotype of these discordant samples, two additional methods with rapid turnaround times and already implemented into routine clinical practice were used, that is, a PCR-based micro SSP DNA typing test (One Lambda, Inc., Conoga Park, CA) and a laboratory-developed screening test in Q-PCR.¹⁴ Specifically, the PCR-based micro SSP DNA typing test (One Lambda, Inc.)¹⁵ provide dried primers in different wells of a 96-well tube tray. DNA samples were added immediately after isolation to each well for PCR in the presence of recombinant Taq polymerase and specially formulated dNTP-buffer mix (Micro SSP D-mix). Each typing tray included a negative control reaction tube that detects the presence of the internal control PCR product. PCR amplification was carried out according to standard procedures (One Lambda, Inc.). After the PCR program, 2.5% agarose gel in the Micro SSP Gel System was used to electrophorese the samples. The presence or absence of specific PCR products was documented using the UV transilluminator. Interpretations of the typing were done with the lot-specific interpretation and specificity tables.

This method positively amplified all HLA-B*57 alleles and was able to distinguish between HLA-B*57:01 and closely related HLA-B*57 alleles, from HLA-B*57:02 to B*57:64.

All 12 samples, HLA-B*57:01 positive, were appropriately amplified and complete concordance was observed between the typing results obtained by the Duplicα-RealTime Genotyping Kit and AmpliPrep/TaqMan methods.

These results were also confirmed by the Q-PCR screening assay reported by Dello Russo et al. ¹⁴ DNA samples were anonymously transferred to the Institute of Pharmacology, Catholic University Medical School, Rome, Italy, identified as the reference laboratory for the Italian HLA-B*57:01 Network.¹⁶ HLA-B-specific amplification between the first and the third intron was carried out by PCR, using previously validated primers.¹⁷ The HLA-B*57:01 typing was performed using the HLA-B preamplified DNA and a Q-PCR method based on two sets of allele-specific primers, which were specifically designed to encompass the highest variable regions of the HLA-B DNA sequence.¹⁸ By this assay, all 12 samples were identified as positive. Particularly, in the Exon 3-specific Q-PCR, positive samples were identified with an average Ct value of 12.95 ± 0.045 (SEM) and an average Tm of the amplification product equal to 86.07 ± 0.017 (SEM). In the Exon 2, positive samples displayed an average Ct value of 11.41 ± 0.054 (SEM) and an average Tm equal to 86.83 ± 0.08 (SEM).

Therefore, these additional analyses further confirmed the accuracy of the Duplicα-RealTime and AmpliPrep/TaqMan assays to identify the presence of HLA-B*57:01 allele and the lower sensitivity of Real-TM test. The latter provided a high percentage of false HLA-B*57:01-negative samples (36%), when used on the MX3005 Q-PCR platform. To better assess the discrimination ability, receiver operating curves were drawn to obtain the area under the curve (AUC). The AUC of the Real-TM test was found statistically significantly lower (at 0.05 level) when compared to the others using the Bonferroni test (p < .001).

Numerous genotypic tests exist for HLA-B*57:01 screening. The laboratories, different in terms of equipments, experience, and automation, can choose the most fitting method on the basis of available technologies and/or preferred type of samples. The assortment of still new different typing methods and kits available might increase the possibility of errors occurring in the accurate definition of individual HLA-B*57 alleles.^12,19

However, a recent study on a 6-year-long external quality assessment scheme of HLA-B*57:01 typing in 47 laboratories from 12 different countries showed that routine clinical HLA-B*57:01 typing using various genotypic tests resulted in a single false-negative HLA-B*57:01 report from 1,283 reports, indicating that current HLA typing is excellent.¹⁹ In addition, the methods used in our study were also able to provide a correct HLA-B*57:01 genotyping. By analyzing a HLA-B*57:01-enriched panel of 98 samples, we found a complete agreement between the Duplicα-RealTime and AmpliPrep/TaqMan systems. Despite different methods of DNA extraction and chemistry of detection, these assays identify the same samples as HLA-B*57:01 positive and/or negative. In addition, our results showed the noninferiority of SYBR Green assay compared to probe-based methods to identify HLA-B*57:01 allele, since both approaches showed the same analytical performance.

The major limitation of this study is the lack of comparison with results from sequence analysis. A comparison with sequence-based typing would strengthen the data obtained. However, in a previously study, Allice et al. reported a 100% sensitivity and sensibility of Duplicα-RealTime and Roche system when compared to sequence-based typing, thus supporting the accuracy of these methods.²⁰ Furthermore, the Duplicα-RealTime test was additionally validated by an External Quality Assurance program¹⁶ thus enabling its use as reference method to compare the performance of other tests.

An incorrect HLA-B*57 genotyping by Real-TM was found in this study. Indeed, a poor sensitivity of HLA-B*57:01 Real-TM methods was also reported by Dello Russo et al., at the Italian Conference on AIDS and Retrovirus (ICAR 2013).²¹ Specifically, 28 samples previously genotyped with the laboratory-developed Q-PCR described earlier were reanalyzed by the HLA-B*57:01 Real-TM kit (Sacace), according to the manufacturer's instructions, and 4 false-negative samples out of 11 positive samples (36%) were detected.²¹ Therefore, the present study, performed on a largest number of samples, confirmed the low sensitivity of the Real-TM. Interestingly, in both cases, the Real-TM was used on Stratagene Q-PCR platforms.

In conclusion, also given the permanence that HLA typing results could have an undesirable effect on a patient's care, choosing a test suitable for use in a routine clinical laboratory is critical and important to compare the performance of the assays available to identify the HLA-B*57:01 allele.

Footnotes

Acknowledgment

The study was supported by a research fund granted by ViiV Healthcare, Verona, to Sapienza University of Rome, while operating with full scientific autonomy.

Author Disclosure Statement

No competing financial interests exist.

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Comparative Analysis of Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Methods to Typing HLA-B*57:01 in HIV-1-Positive Patients

Abstract

Footnotes

Acknowledgment

Author Disclosure Statement

References