Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online 2015-05
Short Communication: HIV RNA Levels Predict AIDS-Defining and Non-AIDS-Defining Cancers After Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation Among HIV-Infected Adults
Whether poor virologic control is associated with incident cancers after initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) remains unclear. In a large cohort, time-updated HIV RNA levels ≥1,000 copies/ml predicted AIDS-defining cancers (ADCs), non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs), and skin cancers. Virologic control may be an important strategy in reducing cancer events among HIV-infected persons.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration: Life expectancy of individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries: A collaborative analysis of 14 cohort studies. Lancet, 2008; 372:293–299.
2.
PalellaFJJr, BakerRK, MoormanAC, et al.and the HIV Outpatient Study Investigators: Mortality in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era: Changing causes of death and disease in the HIV outpatient study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2006; 43:27–34.
3.
ChaoC, LeydenWA, XuL, et al.: Exposure to antiretroviral therapy and risk of cancer in HIV-infected persons. AIDS, 2012; 26:2223–2231.
4.
GuiguetM, BouéF, CadranelJ, et al.and the Clinical Epidemiology Group of the FHDH-ANRS CO4 cohort: Effect of immunodeficiency, HIV viral load, and antiretroviral therapy on the risk of individual malignancies (FHDH-ANRS CO4): A prospective cohort study. Lancet Oncol, 2009; 10:1152–1159.
5.
YanikEL, NapravnikS, ColeSR, et al.: Incidence and timing of cancer in HIV-infected individuals following initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis, 2013; 57:756–764.
6.
WeintrobAC, GranditsGA, AganBK, et al.and the IDCRP HIV Working Group: Virologic response differences between African Americans and European Americans initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy with equal access to care. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2009; 52:574–5780.
7.
Crum-CianfloneN, HullsiekKH, MarconiV, et al.: Trends in the incidence of cancers among HIV-infected persons and the impact of antiretroviral therapy: A 20-year cohort study. AIDS, 2009; 23:41–50.
8.
ReekieJ, KosaC, EngsigF, et al.and the EuroSIDA Study Group: Relationship between current level of immunodeficiency and non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-defining malignancies. Cancer, 2010; 116:5306–5315.
9.
AchenbachCJ, BuchananAL, ColeSR, et al.and the Centers for AIDS Research (CFAR) Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS): HIV viremia and incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in patients successfully treated with antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis, 2014; 58:1599–1606.
10.
DeekenJF, Tjen-A-LooiA, RudekMA, et al.: The rising challenge of non-AIDS-defining cancers in HIV-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis, 2012; 55:1228–1235.
11.
KowalkowskiMA, DayRS, DuXL, et al.: Cumulative HIV viremia and non-AIDS-defining malignancies among a sample of HIV-infected male veterans. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2014; 67:204–211.
12.
BruyandM, ThiébautR, Lawson-AyayiS, et al.and the Groupe d'Epidémiologie Clinique du SIDA en Aquitaine (GECSA): Role of uncontrolled HIV RNA level and immunodeficiency in the occurrence of malignancy in HIV-infected patients during the combination antiretroviral therapy era: Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le Sida (ANRS) CO3 Aquitaine Cohort. Clin Infect Dis, 2009; 49:1109–1116.
13.
KesselringA, GrasL, SmitC, et al.: Immunodeficiency as a risk factor for non-AIDS-defining malignancies in HIV-1-infected patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis, 2011; 52:1458–1465.
14.
SilverbergMJ, ChaoC, LeydenWA, et al.: HIV infection, immunodeficiency, viral replication, and the risk of cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2011; 20:2551–2559.
15.
BorgesÁH, SilverbergMJ, WentworthD, et al.and the INSIGHT SMART; ESPRIT; SILCAAT Study Groups: Predicting risk of cancer during HIV infection: The role of inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers. AIDS, 2013; 27:1433–1441.
16.
VogelJ, CepedaM, EnkA, et al.: The HIV tat gene is a promoter of epidermal skin tumors. Int J Oncol, 1995; 7:727–733.
17.
BediGC, WestraWH, FarzadeganH, et al.: Microsatellite instability in primary neoplasms from HIV+ patients. Nat Med, 1995; 1:65–68.
18.
LiCJ, WangC, FriedmanDJ, and PardeeAB: Reciprocal modulations between p53 and Tat of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1995; 92:5461–5464.
19.
PowlesT, RobinsonD, StebbingJ, et al.: Highly active antiretroviral therapy and the incidence of non-AIDS-defining cancers in people with HIV infection. J Clin Oncol, 2009; 27:884–890.