Renal toxicity is a concern in HIV-infected children receiving antiretrovirals. However, the prevalence [1.7%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0–2.6%] and incidence of kidney dysfunction (0.17 cases/100 person-years; 95% CI: 0.04–0.30) were rare in this multicenter cohort study of 1,032 perinatally HIV-infected Latin American and Caribbean children followed from 2002 to 2011.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
ChiappiniE, GalliL, TovoPA, GabianoC, GattinaraGC, GuarinoA, BadolatoR, GiaquintoC, LisiC, and de MartinoM, for the Italian Register for HIV Infection in Children: Virologic, immunologic, and clinical benefits from early combined antiretroviral therapy in infants with perinatal HIV-1 infection. AIDS, 2006; 20:207–215.
2.
BradyMT, OleskeJM, WilliamsPL, ElgieC, MofensonLM, DanknerWM, and Van DykeRB, for the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group 219/219C Team: Declines in mortality rates and changes in causes of death in HIV-1-infected children during the HAART era. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2010; 53:86–94.
3.
AndimanWA, ChernoffMC, MitchellC, et al.: Incidence of persistent renal dysfunction in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children: Associations with the use of antiretrovirals, and other nephrotoxic medications and risk factors. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2009; 28:619–625.
4.
ChaparroAI, MitchellCD, AbitolCL, et al.: Proteinuria in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Pediatr, 2008; 152:844–849.
5.
PurswaniM, PatelK, KoppJB, SeageGR3rd, ChernoffMC, HazraR, SiberryGK, MofensonLM, ScottGB, and Van DykeRB, for the Pediatric HIVAIDS Cohort Study: Tenofovir treatment duration predicts proteinuria in a multi-ethnic United States cohort of children and adolescents with perinatal HIV-1 infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2013; 32:495–500.
6.
HavensP and EssajeeS: Technical update on treatment optimization, use of tenofovir in HIV-infected children and adolescents: A public health perspective. WHO, June2012. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/70944/1/9789241503822_eng.pdf. Accessed May30, 2013.
7.
HazraR, StoszekSK, Freimanis HanceL, PintoJ, MarquesH, PeixotoM, AlarconJ, Mussi-PinhataM, and SerchuckL, for the NISDI Pediatric Study Group 2008: Cohort Profile: NICHD International Site Development Initiative (NISDI): A prospective, observational study of HIV-exposed and HIV-infected children at clinical sites in Latin American and Caribbean countries. Int J Epidemiol, 2009; 38:1207–1214.
8.
SchwartzGJ, BrionLP, and SpitzerA: The use of plasma creatinine concentration for estimating glomerular filtration rate in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatr Clin N Am, 1987; 34:571–590.
9.
PanW: Akaike's information criterion in generalized estimating equations, Biometrics, 2001; 57:120–125.
10.
ChoiAI, ShlipakMG, HuntPW, MartinJN, and DeeksSG: HIV-infected persons continue to lose kidney function despite successful antiretroviral therapy. AIDS, 2009; 23:2143–2149.
