KaoSY, CalmanAF, LuciwPA, and PeterlinBM: Anti-termination of transcription within the long terminal repeat of HIV-1 by tat gene product. Nature, 1987; 330(6147):489–493.
2.
DingwallC, ErnbergI, GaitMJ, et al.: HIV-1 tat protein stimulates transcription by binding to a U-rich bulge in the stem of the TAR RNA structure. EMBO J, 1990; 9(12):4145–4153.
3.
MarciniakRA and SharpPA: HIV-1 Tat protein promotes formation of more-processive elongation complexes. EMBO J, 1991; 10(13):4189–4196.
4.
YangX, GoldMO, TangDN, et al.: TAK, an HIV Tat-associated kinase, is a member of the cyclin-dependent family of protein kinases and is induced by activation of peripheral blood lymphocytes and differentiation of promonocytic cell lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1997; 94(23):12331–12336.
5.
ZhuY, Pe'eryT, PengJ, et al.: Transcription elongation factor P-TEFb is required for HIV-1 tat transactivation in vitro. Genes Dev, 1997; 11(20):2622–2632.
6.
WeiP, GarberME, FangSM, FischerWH, and JonesKA: A novel CDK9-associated C-type cyclin interacts directly with HIV-1 Tat and mediates its high-affinity, loop-specific binding to TAR RNA. Cell, 1998; 92(4):451–462.
7.
TahirovTH, BabayevaND, VarzavandK, CooperJJ, SedoreSC, and PriceDH: Crystal structure of HIV-1 Tat complexed with human P-TEFb. Nature, 2010; 465(7299):747–751.
8.
ChaoSH, FujinagaK, MarionJE, et al.: Flavopiridol inhibits P-TEFb and blocks HIV-1 replication. J Biol Chem, 2000; 275(37):28345–28348.
9.
SalernoD, HashamMG, MarshallR, GarrigaJ, TsygankovAY, and GranaX: Direct inhibition of CDK9 blocks HIV-1 replication without preventing T-cell activation in primary human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Gene, 2007; 405(1–2):65–78.
10.
BiglioneS, ByersSA, PriceJP, et al.: Inhibition of HIV-1 replication by P-TEFb inhibitors DRB, seliciclib and flavopiridol correlates with release of free P-TEFb from the large, inactive form of the complex. Retrovirology, 2007; 4:47.
11.
LiuX, ShiS, LamF, PepperC, FischerPM, and WangS: CDKI-71, a novel CDK9 inhibitor, is preferentially cytotoxic to cancer cells compared to flavopiridol. Int J Cancer, 2012; 130(5):1216–1226.
12.
HoesselR, LeclercS, EndicottJA, et al.: Indirubin, the active constituent of a Chinese antileukaemia medicine, inhibits cyclin-dependent kinases. Nat Cell Biol, 1999; 1(1):60–67.
13.
XiaoZ, HaoY, LiuB, and QianL: Indirubin and meisoindigo in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia in China. Leuk Lymphoma, 2002; 43(9):1763–1768.
14.
HerediaA, DavisC, BambaD, et al.: Indirubin-3′-monoxime, a derivative of a Chinese antileukemia medicine, inhibits P-TEFb function and HIV-1 replication. AIDS, 2005; 19(18):2087–2095.
15.
ToossiZ, WuM, HirschCS, et al.: Activation of P-TEFb at sites of dual HIV/TB infection, and inhibition of MTB-induced HIV transcriptional activation by the inhibitor of CDK9, Indirubin-3′-monoxime. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses, 2012; 28(2):182–187.
16.
NakataH, MaedaK, MiyakawaT, et al.: Potent anti-R5 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 effects of a CCR5 antagonist, AK602/ONO4128/GW873140, in a novel human peripheral blood mononuclear cell nonobese diabetic-SCID, interleukin-2 receptor gamma-chain-knocked-out AIDS mouse model. J Virol, 2005; 79(4):2087–2096.
17.
SelenicaML, JensenHS, LarsenAK, et al.: Efficacy of small-molecule glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors in the postnatal rat model of tau hyperphosphorylation. Br J Pharmacol, 2007; 152(6):959–979.
18.
SugiharaK, OkayamaT, KitamuraS, et al.: Comparative study of aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand activities of six chemicals in vitro and in vivo. Arch Toxicol, 2008; 82(1):5–11.
19.
DingY, QiaoA, and FanGH: Indirubin-3′-monoxime rescues spatial memory deficits and attenuates beta-amyloid-associated neuropathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis, 2010; 39(2):156–168.
LarderBA, BloorS, KempSD, et al.: A family of insertion mutations between codons 67 and 70 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase confer multinucleoside analog resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1999; 43(8):1961–1967.
22.
HattoriS, IdeK, NakataH, et al.: Potent activity of a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, 4′-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2′-deoxyadenosine, against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in a model using human peripheral blood mononuclear cell-transplanted NOD/SCID Janus kinase 3 knockout mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2009; 53(9):3887–3893.
23.
AkkinaR: New generation humanized mice for virus research: Comparative aspects and future prospects. Virology, 2013; 435(1):14–28.
24.
RoyU, McMillanJ, AlnoutiY, et al.: Pharmacodynamic and antiretroviral activities of combination nanoformulated antiretrovirals in HIV-1-infected human peripheral blood lymphocyte-reconstituted mice. J Infect Dis, 2012; 206(10):1577–1588.
25.
BackNK, NijhuisM, KeulenW, et al.: Reduced replication of 3TC-resistant HIV-1 variants in primary cells due to a processivity defect of the reverse transcriptase enzyme. EMBO J, 1996; 15(15):4040–4049.
26.
AliA, GhoshA, NathansRS, et al.: Identification of flavopiridol analogues that selectively inhibit positive transcription elongation factor (P-TEFb) and block HIV-1 replication. ChemBioChem, 2009; 10(12):2072–2080.
27.
Van DuyneR, GuendelI, JaworskiE, et al.: Effect of mimetic CDK9 inhibitors on HIV-1-activated transcription. J Mol Biol, 2013; 425(4):812–829.
