GrijalvaI, Guízar-SahagúnG, Castaneda-HernándezG, et al.Efficacy and safety of 4-aminopyridine in patients with long-term spinal cord injury: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pharmacother J Hum Pharmacol Drug Ther, 2003; 23(7):823–834; doi: 10.1592/phco.23.7.823.32731
GrässelS. The role of peripheral nerve fibers and their neurotransmitters in cartilage and bone physiology and pathophysiology. Arthritis Res Ther, 2014; 16(6):485; doi: 10.1186/s13075-014-0485-1
5.
GovindappaPK, JagadeeshaprasadMG, TortoraP, et al.Effects of 4-aminopyridine on combined nerve and muscle injury and bone loss. J Hand Surg, 2022;S0363-5023(22)00119-8; doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.01.031
6.
LiuW, StachuraP, XuHC, et al.Repurposing the serotonin agonist Tegaserod as an anticancer agent in melanoma: Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2020; 39(1):38; doi: 10.1186/s13046-020-1539-7
7.
WuX, WangZ, JiangY, et al.Tegaserod maleate inhibits esophageal squamous cell carcinoma proliferation by suppressing the peroxisome pathway. Front Oncol, 2021; 11:683241; doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.683241
8.
WangZ, ChenY, LiX, et al.Tegaserod maleate suppresses the growth of gastric cancer in vivo and in vitro by targeting MEK1/2. Cancers, 2022; 14(15):3592; doi: 10.3390/cancers14153592
9.
LiX, WuL, ZhengZ, et al.Tegaserod maleate inhibits breast cancer progression and enhances the sensitivity of immunotherapy. J Oncol, 2022; 2022:e5320421; doi: 10.1155/2022/5320421
10.
XieX, YangW, ZhangW, et al.Tegaserod maleate exhibits antileukemic activity by targeting TRPM8. Biomed Pharmacother, 2022; 154:113566; doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113566
11.
ChauhanS, AhmedZ, BradfuteSB, et al.Pharmaceutical screen identifies novel target processes for activation of autophagy with a broad translational potential. Nat Commun, 2015; 6(1):8620; doi: 10.1038/ncomms9620
12.
KhachigianLM. Emerging insights on functions of the anthelmintic flubendazole as a repurposed anticancer agent. Cancer Lett, 2021; 522:57–62; doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.09.013
13.
ZhangQ, PresswallaF, AliRR, et al.Pharmacologic activation of autophagy without direct mTOR inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for treating dry macular degeneration. Aging, 2021; 13(8):10866–10890; doi: 10.1863/2/aging.202974
14.
ZhangH, CuiY, ZhouZ, et al.Alveolar type 2 epithelial cells as potential therapeutics for acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome. Curr Pharm Des, 2019; 25(46):4877–4882; doi: 10.2174/1381612825666191204092456
15.
ZhangT, TongX, ZhangS, et al.The roles of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) and DPP4 inhibitors in different lung diseases: New evidence. Front Pharmacol, 2021; 12:731453; doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.731453
16.
Al-kuraishyHM, Al-GareebAI, QustyN, et al.Impact of sitagliptin on non-diabetic Covid-19 patients. Curr Mol Pharmacol, 2022; 15(4):683–692; doi: 10.2174/1874467214666210902115650
17.
ZhangN, TangS, ZhangJ, et al.The dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin ameliorates LPS-induced acute lung injury by maintenance of pulmonary microvascular barrier via activating the Epac1/AKT pathway. Biomed Pharmacother, 2022; 155:113704; doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113704
18.
GowerTL, PeeplesME, CollinsPL, et al.RhoA is activated during respiratory syncytial virus infection. Virology, 2001; 283(2):188–196; doi: 10.1006/viro.2001.0891
19.
GowerTL, GrahamBS. Antiviral activity of lovastatin against respiratory syncytial virus in vivo and in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2001; 45(4):1231–1237; doi: 10.1128/AAC.45.4.1231-1237.2001
20.
MalhiM, NorrisMJ, DuanW, et al.Statin-mediated disruption of Rho GTPase prenylation and activity inhibits respiratory syncytial virus infection. Commun Biol, 2021; 4(1):1–14; doi: 10.1038/s42003-021-02754-2
21.
VillaniLA, SmithBK, MarcinkoK, et al.The diabetes medication Canagliflozin reduces cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting mitochondrial complex-I supported respiration. Mol Metab, 2016; 5(10):1048–1056; doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.08.014
22.
DelayeC, SuarezF, AguilarC, et al.Access and use of quinacrine (mepacrine) in the treatment of resistant giardiasis. Infect Dis Now, 2021; 51(8):682–684; doi: 10.1016/j.idnow.2021.03.006
23.
ChumanevichAA, WitalisonEE, ChaparalaA, et al.Repurposing the anti-malarial drug, quinacrine: New anti-colitis properties. Oncotarget, 2016; 7(33):52928–52939; doi: 10.1863/2/oncotarget.10608
24.
OienDB, PathoulasCL, RayU, et al.Repurposing quinacrine for treatment-refractory cancer. Semin Cancer Biol, 2021; 68:21–30; doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.09.021
25.
PinedaB, Pérez de la CruzV, Hernández PandoR, et al.Quinacrine as a potential treatment for COVID-19 virus infection. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2021; 25(1):556–566; doi: 10.2635/5/eurrev_202101_24428
26.
PanX, MaoT, MaiY, et al.Discovery of quinacrine as a potent topo II and Hsp90 dual-target inhibitor, repurposing for cancer therapy. Molecules, 2022; 27(17):5561; doi: 10.3390/molecules27175561
27.
EberleRJ, OlivierDS, AmaralMS, et al.The repurposed drugs suramin and quinacrine cooperatively inhibit SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro in vitro. Viruses, 2021; 13(5):873; doi: 10.3390/v13050873
28.
IsahA, RawlinsM, BatemanD. Clinical pharmacology of prochlorperazine in healthy young males. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 1991; 32(6):677–684; doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1991.tb03973.x
29.
OtrębaM, KośmiderL. In vitro anticancer activity of fluphenazine, perphenazine and prochlorperazine. A review. J Appl Toxicol, 2021; 41(1):82–94; doi: 10.1002/jat.4046
30.
LummisSCR, BakerJ. Radioligand binding and photoaffinity labelling studies show a direct interaction of phenothiazines at 5-HT3 receptors. Neuropharmacology, 1997; 36(4):665–670; doi: 10.1016/S0028-3908(97)00054-3
31.
GiarenisI, RobinsonD, CardozoL. Overactive bladder and the β3-adrenoceptor agonists: Current strategy and future prospects. Drugs, 2015; 75(15):1707–1713; doi: 10.1007/s40265-015-0456-0
32.
CannavoA, KochWJ. Targeting β3-adrenergic receptors in the heart: Selective agonism and β-blockade. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 2017; 69(2):71–78; doi: 10.1097/FJC.0000000000000444
33.
RechbergerT, WróbelA. Evaluating vibegron for the treatment of overactive bladder. Expert Opin Pharmacother, 2021; 22(1):9–17; doi: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1809652
34.
KowallNW, QuigleyBJ, KrauseJE, et al.Substance P and substance P receptor histochemistry in human neurodegenerative diseases. Regul Pept, 1993; 46(1):174–185; doi: 10.1016/0167-0115(93)90028-7
35.
Kart-TekeE, DereE, BrandãoML, et al.Reinstatement of episodic-like memory in rats by neurokinin-1 receptor antagonism. Neurobiol Learn Mem, 2007; 87(3):324–331; doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2006.09.007
36.
MartinezAN, PhilippMT. Substance P and antagonists of the neurokinin-1 receptor in neuroinflammation associated with infectious and neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system. J Neurol Neuromedicine, 2016; 1(2):29–36; doi: 10.2924/5/2572.942x/2016/2.1020
37.
MaroldaR, CiottiMT, MatroneC, et al.Substance P activates ADAM9 mRNA expression and induces α-secretase-mediated amyloid precursor protein cleavage. Neuropharmacology, 2012; 62(5):1954–1963; doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.12.025
HimmelsteinDS, LizeeA, HesslerC, et al.Systematic integration of biomedical knowledge prioritizes drugs for repurposing. Valencia A. ed. eLife, 2017; 6:e26726; doi: 10.7554/eLife.26726
40.
LouisJC, MagalE, MuirD, et al.CG-4, A new bipotential glial cell line from rat brain, is capable of differentiating in vitro into either mature oligodendrocytes or type-2 astrocytes. J Neurosci Res, 1992; 31(1):193–204; doi: 10.1002/jnr.490310125
41.
ChoiJ-S, KimJK, YangYJ, et al.Identification of cromolyn sodium as an anti-fibrotic agent targeting both hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells. Pharmacol Res, 2015; 102:176–183; doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.10.002
42.
MotawiTMK, Bustanji YEL-MaraghySA, et al.Naproxen and cromolyn as new glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibitors for amelioration of diabetes and obesity: An investigation by docking simulation and subsequent in vitro/in vivo biochemical evaluation. J Biochem Mol Toxicol, 2013; 27(9):425–436; doi: 10.1002/jbt.21503
43.
ZanosP, GouldTD. Mechanisms of ketamine action as an antidepressant. Mol Psychiatry, 2018; 23(4):801–811; doi: 10.1038/mp.2017.255
44.
ZhaoS, ShaoL, WangY, et al.Ketamine exhibits anti-gastric cancer activity via induction of apoptosis and attenuation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR. Arch Med Sci, 2020; 16(5):1140–1149; doi: 10.5114/aoms.2019.85146
45.
LiH, LiuW, ZhangX, et al.Ketamine suppresses proliferation and induces ferroptosis and apoptosis of breast cancer cells by targeting KAT5/GPX4 axis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2021; 585:111–116; doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.11.029
46.
ChengDT, MitchellTN, ZehirA, et al.Memorial Sloan Kettering-integrated mutation profiling of actionable cancer targets (MSK-IMPACT): A hybridization capture-based next-generation sequencing clinical assay for solid tumor molecular oncology. J Mol Diagn, 2015; 17(3):251–264; doi: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2014.12.006
47.
EpsteinRJ. The secret identities of TMPRSS2: Fertility factor, virus trafficker, inflammation moderator, prostate protector and tumor suppressor. Tumor Biol, 2021; 43(1):159–176; doi: 10.3233/TUB-211502
48.
SenapatiS, BanerjeeP, BhagavatulaS, et al.Contributions of human ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in determining host–pathogen interaction of COVID-19. J Genet, 2021; 100(1):12; doi: 10.1007/s12041-021-01262-w
49.
Díez ValleR, HadjipanayisCG, StummerW. Established and emerging uses of 5-ALA in the brain: An overview. J Neurooncol, 2019; 141(3):487–494; doi: 10.1007/s11060-018-03087-7
50.
YamashiroS. Functions of fascin in dendritic cells. Crit Rev Immunol, 2012; 32(1):11–21; doi: 10.1615/CritRevImmunol.v32.i1.20
51.
Alburquerque-GonzálezB, Bernabé-GarcíaM, Montoro-GarcíaS, et al.New role of the antidepressant imipramine as a Fascin1 inhibitor in colorectal cancer cells. Exp Mol Med, 2020; 52(2):281–292; doi: 10.1038/s12276-020-0389-x
52.
WangJ, GrishinAV, FordHR. Experimental anti-inflammatory drug semapimod inhibits TLR signaling by targeting the TLR chaperone gp96. J Immunol, 2016; 196(12):5130–5137; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502135
53.
MensaB, HowellGL, ScottR, et al.Comparative mechanistic studies of brilacidin, daptomycin, and the antimicrobial peptide LL16. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2014; 58(9):5136–5145; doi: 10.1128/AAC.02955-14
