XiaB, DiChen, ZhangJ, et al.Osteoarthritis pathogenesis: A review of molecular mechanisms. Calcif Tissue Int, 2014; 95:495–505.
2.
LezinN, Watkins-CastilloS. The burden of musculoskeletal diseases in the United States: Prevalence, societal and economic cost. 2018. Online document at www.boneandjointburden.org Accessed March6, 2020.
3.
Morales-IvorraI, Romera-BauresM, Roman-ViñasB, et al.Osteoarthritis and the Mediterranean diet: A systematic review. Nutrients, 2018; 10:1030.
4.
Torio CM, Moore BJ. National inpatient hospital costs: The most expensive conditions by payer, 2013. Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Statistical brief #204. Online document at www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb204-Most-Expensive-Hospital-Conditions.jsp?utm_source=AHRQ&utm_medium=AHRQSTAT&utm_content=Content&utm_term=HCUP&utm_campaign=AHRQ_SB_204_2016. 2016 Accessed March6, 2020.
5.
LohmanderL. Knee replacement for osteoarthritis: Facts, hopes, and fears. Medicographia, 2013; 35:181–188.
6.
SokoloveJ, LepusCM. Role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis: Latest findings and interpretations. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis, 2013; 5:77–94.
7.
AignerT, SöderS, GebhardPM, et al.Mechanisms of disease: Role of chondrocytes in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis—Structure, chaos and senescence. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol, 2007; 3:391–399.
8.
GoldringMB. Articular cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis. HSS J, 2012; 8:7–9.
CorsiM, AlvarezC, CallahanLF, et al.Contributions of symptomatic osteoarthritis and physical function to incident cardiovascular disease. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2018; 19:393.
11.
WangX, HunterD, XuJ, et al.Metabolic triggered inflammation in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 2015; 23:22–30.
12.
ZhangW, NukiG, MoskowitzRW, et al.OARSI recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis. Part III: Changes in evidence following systematic cumulative update of research published through January 2009. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 2010; 18:476–499.
13.
DailyJW, YangM, ParkS. Efficacy of turmeric extracts and curcumin for alleviating the symptoms of joint arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Med Food, 2016; 19:717–729.
14.
OnakpoyaIJ, SpencerEA, PereraR, et al.Effectiveness of curcuminoids in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Int J Rheum Dis, 2017; 20:420–433.
15.
WuJ, LvM, ZhouY. Efficacy and side effect of curcumin for the treatment of osteoarthritis: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pak J Pharm Sci, 2019; 32:43–51.
16.
BelcaroG, DugallM, LuzziR, et al. Management of osteoarthritis (OA) with the pharma-standard supplement FlexiQule (Boswellia): A 12-week registry. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol 2015 Oct.
17.
KimmatkarN, ThawaniV, HingoraniL, KhiyaniR. Efficacy and tolerability of Boswellia serrata extract treatment of osteoarthritis of knee-A randomized double blind placebo controlled trial. Phytomedicine, 2003; 10:3–7.
18.
MajeedM, MajeedS, NarayananNK, et al.A pilot, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess the safety and efficacy of a novel Boswellia serrata extract in the management of osteoarthritis of the knee. Phytother Res, 2019; 33:1457–1468.
19.
WegenerT, LüpkeNP. Treatment of patients with arthrosis of hip or knee with an aqueous extract of devil's claw (Harpagophytum procumbens DC.). Phytother Res, 2003; 17:1165–1172.
20.
ChantreP, CappelaereA, LeblanD, et al.Efficacy and tolerance of Harpagophytum procumbens versus diacerhein in treatment of osteoarthritis. Phytomedicine, 2000; 7:177–183.
21.
LoewD, MöllerfeldJ, SchrödterA, et al.Investigations on the pharmacokinetic properties of Harpagophytum extracts and their effects on eicosanoid biosynthesis in vitro and ex vivo. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2001; 69:356–364.
22.
MoussardC, AlberD, ToubinMM, et al.A drug used in traditional medicine, Harpagophytum procumbens: No evidence for NSAID-like effect on whole blood eicosanoid production in human. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 1992; 46:283–286.
MncwangiN, ChenW, VermaakI, et al.Devil's Claw—A review of the ethnobotany, phytochemistry and biological activity of Harpagophytum procumbens. J Ethnopharmacol, 2012; 143:755–771.
25.
StammersT, SibbaldB, FreelingP. Efficacy of cod liver oil as an adjunct to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug treatment in the management of osteoarthritis in general practice. Ann Rheum Dis, 1992; 51:128–129.
26.
HillCL, MarchLM, AitkenD, et al.Fish oil in knee osteoarthritis: A randomised clinical trial of low dose versus high dose. Ann Rheum Dis, 2016; 75:23–29.
27.
FelsonDT, Bischoff-FerrariHA. Dietary fatty acids for the treatment of OA, including fish oil. Ann Rheum Dis, 2016; 75:23–29.
28.
ZawadzkiM, JanoschC, SzechinskiJ. Perna canaliculus lipid complex PCSO-524TM demonstrated pain relief for osteoarthritis patients benchmarked against fish oil, a randomized trial, without placebo control. Mar Drugs, 2013; 11:1920–1935.
29.
TenikoffD, MurphyKJ, LeM, et al.Lyprinol (stabilised lipid extract of New Zealand green-lipped mussel): A potential preventative treatment modality for inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol, 2005; 40:361–365.
30.
CoulsonS, VecchioP, GramotnevH, et al.Green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) extract efficacy in knee osteoarthritis and improvement in gastrointestinal dysfunction: A pilot study. Inflammopharmacology, 2012; 20:71–76.
31.
CoulsonS, ButtH, VecchioP, et al.Green-lipped mussel extract (Perna canaliculus) and glucosamine sulphate in patients with knee osteoarthritis: Therapeutic efficacy and effects on gastrointestinal microbiota profiles. Inflammopharmacology, 2013; 21:79–90.
32.
ChoSH, JungYB, SeongSC, et al.Clinical efficacy and safety of Lyprinol®, a patented extract from New Zealand green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip and knee: A multicenter 2-month clinical trial. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol, 2003; 35:212–216.
33.
StebbingsS, GrayA, SchneidersAG, SansomA. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial to investigate the effectiveness and safety of a novel green-lipped mussel extract—BioLex®—for managing pain in moderate to severe osteoarthritis of the hip and knee. BMC Complement Altern Med, 2017; 17:416.
34.
BoltenWW, GladeMJ, RaumS, et al.The safety and efficacy of an enzyme combination in managing knee osteoarthritis pain in adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis, 2015; 2015:251521.
35.
TilweGH, BeriaS, TurakhiaNH, et al.Efficacy and tolerability of oral enzyme therapy as compared to diclofenac in active osteoarthrosis of knee joint: An open randomized controlled clinical trial. J Assoc Physicians India, 2001; 49:617–621.
36.
KleinG, KullichW, SchnitkerJ, et al.Efficacy and tolerance of an oral enzyme combination in painful osteoartritis of the hip. A double-blind, randomised study comparing oral enzymes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Clin Exp Rheumatol, 2006; 24:25–30.
37.
AkhtarNM, NaseerR, FarooqiAZ, et al.Oral enzyme combination versus diclofenac in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee—A double-blind prospective randomized study. Clin Rheumatol, 2004; 23:410–415.
38.
ZhuX, SangL, WuD, et al.Effectiveness and safety of glucosamine and chondroitin for the treatment of osteoarthritis: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Orthop Surg Res, 2018; 13:170.
39.
Simental-MendíaM, Sánchez-GarcíaA, Vilchez-CavazosF, et al.Effect of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Rheumatol Int, 2018; 38:1413–1428.
40.
OgataT, IdenoY, AkaiM, et al.Effects of glucosamine in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rheumatol, 2018; 37:2479–2487.
41.
HonvoG, ReginsterJY, RabendaV, et al.Safety of symptomatic slow-acting drugs for osteoarthritis: Outcomes of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drugs Aging, 2019; 36:65–99.
42.
BandakE, BoesenM, BliddalH, et al.Exercise-induced pain changes associate with changes in muscle perfusion in knee osteoarthritis: Exploratory outcome analyses of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2019; 20:491.
43.
LeongDJ, SunHB. Osteoarthritis—Why exercise?. J Exerc Sport Orthop, 2014; 1:4.
44.
FernandesL, HagenKB, BijlsmaJWJ, et al.EULAR recommendations for the non-pharmacological core management of hip and knee osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis, 2013; 72:1125–1135.
45.
HunterDJ, EcksteinF. Exercise and osteoarthritis. J Anat, 2009; 214:197–207.
46.
HootmanJM, MurphyLB, OmuraJD, et al.Health care provider counseling for physical activity or exercise among adults with arthritis—United States, 2002 and 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2018; 66:1398–1401.
47.
LoGH, MusaSM, DribanJB, et al.Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis: Data from the osteoarthritis initiative. Clin Rheumatol, 2018; 37:2497–2504.
48.
WangC, SchmidCH, IversenMD, et al.Comparative effectiveness of Tai Chi versus physical therapy for knee osteoarthritis: A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med, 2016; 165:77–86.
49.
BliddalH, LeedsAR, ChristensenR. Osteoarthritis, obesity and weight loss: Evidence, hypotheses and horizons—A scoping review. Obes Rev, 2014; 15:578–586.
50.
SilveriF, BrecciaroliD, ArgentatiF, et al.Serum levels of insulin in overweight patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. J Rheumatol, 1994; 21:1899–1902.
51.
SowersMF, Karvonen-GutierrezCA, Palmieri-SmithR, et al.Knee osteoarthritis in obese women with cardiometabolic clustering. Arthritis Rheum, 2009; 61:1328–1336.
52.
ChristensenR, BartelsEM, AstrupA, et al.Effect of weight reduction in obese patients diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis, 2007; 66:433–439.
53.
LoeserRF, BeaversDP, Bay-JensenAC, et al.Effects of dietary weight loss with and without exercise on interstitial matrix turnover and tissue inflammation biomarkers in adults with knee osteoarthritis: The Intensive Diet and Exercise for Arthritis trial (IDEA). Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 2017; 25:1822–1828.
54.
AtukoralaI, MakoveyJ, LawlerL, et al.Is there a dose-response relationship between weight loss and symptom improvement in persons with knee osteoarthritis?. Arthritis Care Res, 2016; 68:1106–1114.
55.
MessierSP, ResnikAE, BeaversDP, et al.Intentional weight loss in overweight and obese patients with knee osteoarthritis: Is more better?. Arthritis Care Res, 2018; 70:1569–1575.
56.
XuC, MarchandNE, DribanJB, et al.Dietary patterns and progression of knee osteoarthritis: Data from the osteoarthritis initiative. Am J Clin Nutr, 2020; 111:667–676.
57.
VeroneseN, ShivappaN, StubbsB, et al.The relationship between the dietary inflammatory index and prevalence of radiographic symptomatic osteoarthritis: Data from the osteoarthritis initiative. Eur J Nutr, 2019; 58:253–260.
58.
DyerJ, DavisonG, MarcoraSM, et al.Effect of a Mediterranean type diet on inflammatory and cartilage degradation biomarkers in patients with osteoarthritis. J Nutr Heal Aging, 2017; 21:562–566.
59.
DuC, SmithA, AvalosM, et al.Blueberries improve pain, gait performance, and inflammation in individuals with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Nutrients, 2019; 11:290.
60.
BellL, LamportDJ, ButlerLT, et al.A study of glycaemic effects following acute anthocyanin-rich blueberry supplementation in healthy young adults. Food Funct, 2017; 8:3104–3110.
61.
CurtisPJ, Van Der VelpenV, BerendsL, et al.Blueberries improve biomarkers of cardiometabolic function in participants with metabolic syndrome—Results from a 6-month, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr, 2019; 109:1535–1545.
62.
SchellJ, Hal ScofieldR, BarrettJR, et al.Strawberries improve pain and inflammation in obese adults with radiographic evidence of knee osteoarthritis. Nutrients, 2017; 9:949.
63.
BasuA, KurienBT, TranH, et al.Strawberries decrease circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor and lipid peroxides in obese adults with knee osteoarthritis. Food Funct, 2018; 9:6218–6226.
64.
GhoochaniN, KarandishM, MowlaK, et al.The effect of pomegranate juice on clinical signs, matrix metalloproteinases and antioxidant status in patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Sci Food Agric, 2016; 96:4377–4381.
65.
SchumacherHR, Pullman-MooarS, GuptaSR, et al.Randomized double-blind crossover study of the efficacy of a tart cherry juice blend in treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 2013; 21:1035–1041.