In this article, a method to develop 3D printable hybrid sodium alginate and albumin foam, crosslinked with calcium chloride mist is introduced. Using this method, highly porous structures are produced without the need of further postprocessing (such as freeze drying). The proposed method is particularly beneficial in the development of wound dressing as the printed foams show excellent lift-off and water absorption properties. Compared with methods that use liquid crosslinker, the use of mist prevents the leaching of biocompounds into the liquid crosslinker. 3D printing technique was chosen to provide more versatility over the wound dressing geometry. Calcium chloride and rhodamine B were used as the crosslinking material and the model drug, respectively. Various biomaterial inks were prepared by different concentrations of sodium alginate and albumin, and the fabricated scaffolds were crosslinked in mist, liquid, or kept without crosslinking. The effects of biomaterial composition and the crosslinking density on the wound dressing properties were assessed through printability studies. The mist-crosslinked biomaterial ink composed of 1% (w/v) sodium alginate and 12% (w/v) albumin showed the superior printability. The fabricated scaffolds were also characterized through porosity, mechanical, degradation, and drug release tests. The mist-crosslinked scaffolds showed superior mechanical properties and provided relatively prolonged drug release.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
LiuH, WangC, LiC, et al.A functional chitosan-based hydrogel as a wound dressing and drug delivery system in the treatment of wound healing. RSC Adv, 2018; 8(14):7533–7549; doi: 10.1039/c7ra13510f
2.
AhmedMK, MoydeenAM, IsmailAM, et al.Wound dressing properties of functionalized environmentally biopolymer loaded with selenium nanoparticles. J Mol Struct, 2021; 1225:129138; doi: 10.1016/J.MOLSTRUC.2020.129138
3.
JohnsonZI, MahoneyC, HeoJ, et al.The Role of Chemokines in Fibrotic Dermal Remodeling and Wound Healing. Humana Press: Cham; 2019; pp. 3–24.
4.
YangY, LiangY, ChenJ, et al.Mussel-inspired adhesive antioxidant antibacterial hemostatic composite hydrogel wound dressing via photo-polymerization for infected skin wound healing. Bioact Mater, 2022; 8:341–354; doi: 10.1016/J.BIOACTMAT.2021.06.014
5.
PowersJG, HighamC, BroussardK, et al.Wound healing and treating wounds: Chronic wound care and management. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2016; 74(4):607–625; doi: 10.1016/J.JAAD.2015.08.070
6.
AdamuBF, GaoJ, JhatialAK, et al.A review of medicinal plant-based bioactive electrospun nano fibrous wound dressings. Mater Des, 2021; 209:109942; doi: 10.1016/J.MATDES.2021.109942
7.
YingH, ZhouJ, WangM, et al.In situ formed collagen-hyaluronic acid hydrogel as biomimetic dressing for promoting spontaneous wound healing. Mater Sci Eng: C, 2019; 101:487–498; doi: 10.1016/J.MSEC.2019.03.093
8.
AdeliH, KhorasaniMT, ParvaziniaM. Wound dressing based on electrospun PVA/chitosan/starch nanofibrous mats: Fabrication, antibacterial and cytocompatibility evaluation and in vitro healing assay. Int J Biol Macromol, 2019; 122:238–254; doi: 10.1016/J.IJBIOMAC.2018.10.115
9.
NaseriE, CartmellC, SaabM, et al.Development of N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan-starch biomaterial inks for 3D printed wound dressing applications. Macromol Biosci, 2021; 21:2100368; doi: 10.1002/MABI.202100368
10.
SchremlS, SzeimiesRM, PrantlL, et al.Oxygen in acute and chronic wound healing. Br J Dermatol, 2010; 163(2):257–268; doi: 10.1111/J.1365-2133.2010.09804.X
11.
KumarA, WangX, NuneKC, et al.Biodegradable hydrogel-based biomaterials with high absorbent properties for non-adherent wound dressing. Int Wound J, 2017; 14(6):1076–1087; doi: 10.1111/IWJ.12762
12.
MouroC, GomesAP, AhonenM, et al.Chelidoniummajus L. incorporated emulsion electrospun PCL/PVA_PEC nanofibrous meshes for antibacterial wound dressing applications. Nanomaterials, 2021; 11(7):1785; doi: 10.3390/NANO11071785
13.
PengY, MaY, BaoY, et al.Electrospun PLGA/SF/artemisinin composite nanofibrous membranes for wound dressing. Int J Biol Macromol, 2021; 183:68–78; doi: 10.1016/J.IJBIOMAC.2021.04.021
14.
JurakM, WiącekAE, ŁadniakA, et al.What affects the biocompatibility of polymers?. Adv Colloid Interface Sci, 2021; 294:102451; doi: 10.1016/J.CIS.2021.102451
15.
ReddyMSB, PonnammaD, ChoudharyR, et al.A comparative review of natural and synthetic biopolymer composite scaffolds. Polymers (Basel), 2021; 13(7):1105; doi: 10.3390/POLYM13071105
16.
TangY, LanX, LiangC, et al.Honey loaded alginate/PVA nanofibrous membrane as potential bioactive wound dressing. Carbohydr Polym, 2019; 219:113–120; doi: 10.1016/J.CARBPOL.2019.05.004
17.
IlhanE, CesurS, GulerE, et al.Development of Satureja cuneifolia-loaded sodium alginate/polyethylene glycol scaffolds produced by 3D-printing technology as a diabetic wound dressing material. Int J Biol Macromol, 2020; 161:1040–1054; doi: 10.1016/J.IJBIOMAC.2020.06.086
18.
AhmadF, MushtaqB, ButtFA, et al.Preparation and characterization of wool fiber reinforced nonwoven alginate hydrogel for wound dressing. Cellulose, 2021; 28(12):7941–7951; doi: 10.1007/S10570-021-04043-X/FIGURES/8
19.
LanSF, KehindeT, ZhangX, et al.Controlled release of metronidazole from composite poly-ɛ-caprolactone/alginate (PCL/alginate) rings for dental implants. Dent Mater, 2013; 29(6):656–665; doi: 10.1016/J.DENTAL.2013.03.014
20.
MndlovuH, du ToitLC, KumarP, et al.Development of a fluid-absorptive alginate-chitosan bioplatform for potential application as a wound dressing. Carbohydr Polym, 2019; 222:114988; doi: 10.1016/J.CARBPOL.2019.114988
21.
VowdenK, VowdenP. Wound dressings: Principles and practice. Surgery (Oxford), 2017; 35(9):489–494; doi: 10.1016/J.MPSUR.2017.06.005
22.
ProbstS, SainiC, SkinnerMB. Comparison of sterile polyacrylate wound dressing with activated carbon cloth and a standard non-adhesive hydrocellular foam dressing with silver: A randomised controlled trial protocol. J Wound Care, 2019; 28(11):722–728; doi: 10.12968/JOWC.2019.28.11.722
23.
CarolineC, RayaB, DanielC, et al.Elaboration and evaluation of alginate foam scaffolds for soft tissue engineering. Int J Pharm, 2017; 524(1–2):433–442; doi: 10.1016/J.IJPHARM.2017.02.060
24.
KarimpoorM, Yebra-FernandezE, ParhizkarM, et al.Alginate foam-based three-dimensional culture to investigate drug sensitivity in primary leukaemia cells. J R Soc Interface, 2018; 15(141); doi: 10.1098/RSIF.2017.0928
25.
AndersenT, MelvikJE, GåserødO, et al.Ionically gelled alginate foams: Physical properties controlled by type, amount and source of gelling ions. Carbohydr Polym, 2014; 99:249–256; doi: 10.1016/J.CARBPOL.2013.08.036
JirkovecR, SamkovaA, KalousT, et al.Preparation of a hydrogel nanofiber wound dressing. Nanomaterials, 2021; 11(9):2178; doi: 10.3390/NANO11092178
28.
KratzF.A clinical update of using albumin as a drug vehicle—A commentary. J Control Release, 2014; 190:331–336; doi: 10.1016/J.JCONREL.2014.03.013
29.
JanarthananG, LeeS, NohI. 3D printing of bioinspired alginate-albumin based instant gel ink with electroconductivity and its expansion to direct four-axis printing of hollow porous tubular constructs without supporting materials. Adv Funct Mater, 2021; 31(45):2104441; doi: 10.1002/ADFM.202104441
30.
LiuY, LiT, HanY, et al.Recent development of electrospun wound dressing. Curr Opin Biomed Eng, 2021; 17:100247; doi: 10.1016/J.COBME.2020.100247
31.
LongJ, EtxeberriaAE, NandAV, et al.A 3D printed chitosan-pectin hydrogel wound dressing for lidocaine hydrochloride delivery. Mater Sci Eng C, 2019; 104:109873; doi: 10.1016/J.MSEC.2019.109873
32.
NaseriE, CartmellC, SaabM, et al.Development of 3D printed drug-eluting scaffolds for preventing piercing infection. Pharmaceutics, 2020; 12(9):901; doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090901
33.
MacCallumB, NaseriE, ButlerH, et al.Development of a 3D bioprinting system using a Co-Flow of calcium chloride mist. Bioprinting, 2020; 20:e00085; doi: 10.1016/J.BPRINT.2020.E00085
34.
BadrS, MacCallumB, MadadianE, et al.Development of a mist-based printhead for droplet-based bioprinting of ionically crosslinking hydrogel bioinks. Bioprinting, 2022; 27:e00207; doi: 10.1016/J.BPRINT.2022.E00207
35.
OuyangL, YaoR, ZhaoY, et al.Effect of bioink properties on printability and cell viability for 3D bioplotting of embryonic stem cells. Biofabrication, 2016; 8(3):1–12; doi: 10.1088/1758-5090/8/3/035020
36.
PaxtonN, SmolanW, BöckT, et al.Proposal to assess printability of bioinks for extrusion-based bioprinting and evaluation of rheological properties governing bioprintability. Biofabrication, 2017; 9(4):044107; doi: 10.1088/1758-5090/AA8DD8
37.
BonattiAF, ChiesaI, VozziG, et al.Open-source CAD-CAM simulator of the extrusion-based bioprinting process. Bioprinting, 2021; 24:e00172; doi: 10.1016/J.BPRINT.2021.E00172
38.
RibeiroA, BlokzijlMM, LevatoR, et al.Assessing bioink shape fidelity to aid material development in 3D bioprinting. Biofabrication, 2017; 10(1):014102; doi: 10.1088/1758-5090/AA90E2
39.
HaeriM, HaeriM. ImageJ Plugin for Analysis of Porous Scaffolds used in Tissue Engineering. J Open Res Softw, 2015; 3(1);e1:1–4; doi: 10.5334/JORS.BN
ZhangK, FengW, JinC. Protocol efficiently measuring the swelling rate of hydrogels. MethodsX, 2020; 7:100779; doi: 10.1016/J.MEX.2019.100779
42.
ZhangR, HummelgrdM, LvG, et al.Real time monitoring of the drug release of rhodamine B on graphene oxide. Carbon N Y, 2011; 49(4):1126–1132; doi: 10.1016/J.CARBON.2010.11.026
43.
FanW, ZhangZ, LiuY, et al.Shape memory polyacrylamide/gelatin hydrogel with controllable mechanical and drug release properties potential for wound dressing application. Polymer (Guildf), 2021; 226:123786; doi: 10.1016/J.POLYMER.2021.123786
44.
SarkerM, IzadifarM, SchreyerD, et al.Influence of ionic crosslinkers (Ca 2+/Ba 2+/Zn 2+) on the mechanical and biological properties of 3D Bioplotted Hydrogel Scaffolds. J Biomater Sci, 2018; 29(10):1126–1154; doi: 10.1080/09205063.2018.1433420
45.
ŁabowskaMB, CierlukK, JankowskaAM, et al.A review on the adaption of alginate-gelatin hydrogels for 3D cultures and bioprinting. Materials (Basel), 2021; 14(4):1–28; doi: 10.3390/MA14040858
46.
JiaJ, RichardsDJ, PollardS, et al.Engineering alginate as bioink for bioprinting. Acta Biomater, 2014; 10(10):4323–4331; doi: 10.1016/J.ACTBIO.2014.06.034
47.
PooleS.The foam-enhancing properties of basic biopolymers. Int J Food Sci Technol, 1989; 24(2):121–137; doi: 10.1111/J.1365-2621.1989.TB00626.X
48.
JangJ, SeolYJ, KimHJ, et al.Effects of alginate hydrogel cross-linking density on mechanical and biological behaviors for tissue engineering. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 2014; 37:69–77; doi: 10.1016/J.JMBBM.2014.05.004
49.
MlekoS, KristinssonHG, LiangY, et al.Rheological properties of foams generated from egg albumin after pH treatment. LWT Food Sci Technol, 2007; 40(5):908–914; doi: 10.1016/J.LWT.2006.04.007
50.
AttiaJA, KholiS, PilonL. Scaling laws in steady-state aqueous foams including Ostwald ripening. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp, 2013; 436:1000–1006; doi: 10.1016/J.COLSURFA.2013.08.025
51.
ChenZ, SongJ, XiaY, et al.High strength and strain alginate fibers by a novel wheel spinning technique for knitting stretchable and biocompatible wound-care materials. Mater Sci Eng C, 2021; 127:112204; doi: 10.1016/J.MSEC.2021.112204
52.
AvossaJ, PotaG, VitielloG, et al.Multifunctional mats by antimicrobial nanoparticles decoration for bioinspired smart wound dressing solutions. Mater Sci Eng C, 2021; 123:111954; doi: 10.1016/J.MSEC.2021.111954
53.
WenY, YuB, ZhuZ, et al.Synthesis of antibacterial gelatin/sodium alginate sponges and their antibacterial activity. Polymers, 2020; 12(9):1926; doi: 10.3390/POLYM12091926
54.
BarcelóX, EichholzKF, GarciaO, et al.Tuning the degradation rate of alginate-based bioinks for bioprinting functional cartilage tissue. Biomedicines, 2022; 10(7):1621; doi: 10.3390/BIOMEDICINES10071621/S1
55.
KulkarniRV, SreedharV, MutalikS, et al.Interpenetrating network hydrogel membranes of sodium alginate and poly(vinyl alcohol) for controlled release of prazosin hydrochloride through skin. Int J Biol Macromol, 2010; 47(4):520–527; doi: 10.1016/J.IJBIOMAC.2010.07.009
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
