Development of Fused Deposition Modeling of Multiple Materials (FD3M) Through Dynamic Coaxial Extrusion

Abstract

Multimaterial additive manufacturing is expanding the design space realizable with 3D printing, yet is largely constrained to sequential deposition of each individual material. The ability to coextrude two materials and change the ratio of materials while printing would enable custom-tailored polymer composites. Here, the evolution of a dynamic material coextrusion process for additive manufacturing capable of printing any ratio between and including two neat input materials is described across 3 hot-end generations and 14 implemented design iterations. The designs evolved with increased understanding of manufacturing constraints associated with the additive manufacturing of metal components with internal flow bore diameters on the order of 2 mm and typical bore length around 50 mm. The second generation overcame this issue by partitioning the design into two pieces to locate the flow channel geometry at the interface between the components so that the details could be easily printed on the components' external surfaces. The third concept generation then focused on minimizing flow channel volume to reduce the average length when transitioning between materials by 92%. The third-generation design was also used to investigate the improvements in dimensional stability during annealing of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) made possible by coextruding ABS with a polycarbonate (PC) core. The standard deviation of part shrinkage after annealing was 7.08% for the neat ABS but reduced to 0.24% for the coextruded ABS/PC components.