Stable,Genetically Engineered F(ab′) 2 Fragments of Chimeric TNT-3 Expressed in Mammalian Cells

Abstract

F(ab′)₂ fragments are desirable structural derivatives of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) because of their pharmacokinetic properties and bivalent binding to antigen. Production of these fragments, however, has proven difficult because of the variable sensitivity of intact antibodies to proteolytic enzymes, which can result in very low yields and unstable product. To circumvent these problems, we attempted to apply genetic engineering methods to generate stable F(ab′)₂ fragments in NSO murine myeloma cells using the glutamine synthase expression system. For these studies, the chimeric MAb, chTNT-3, directed against necrotic regions of solid tumors, was used to generate several F(ab′)₂ variants, which contained between one and three cysteine residues at the end of the hinge region. In addition, two different affinity tags (his tag, streptactin tag) were used with each variant to determine the best tag for purification procedures. Stability was measured by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and by antigen binding studies and the constructs were tested in vivo to measure their pharmacokinetic properties and biodistribution in normal organs and tumor. The results of these studies show that 3 cysteine residues are required to produce stable F(ab′)₂ fragments and that either purification tag can be used with this variant to produce suitable reagents for in vivo studies. Those constructs containing one or two cysteines were found to be unstable and broke down to Fab fragments regardless of the purification tag used. These studies demonstrate that stable, clinically useful F(ab′)₂ fragments of chTNT-3 can be produced in mammalian cells by genetic engineering methods.