Abstract
High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is associated with increases in pulmonary arterial and hydrostatic pressures and an increase in pulmonary vascular permeability. There is evidence to suggest that inflammatory mediators may cause some forms of HAPE, and Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (ETX) is known to activate neutrophils and inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α and IL1-β. Since HAPE has been produced in rats primed with ETX, we hypothesized that ANP release and action may ameliorate HAPE and that ANP blockade may exacerbate HAPE in ETX-primed rats exposed to high altitude (HA). Plasma ANP, right atrial ANP mRNA, and indexes of lung injury were measured in rats primed with endotoxin (ETX) (0.1 mg/kg BW, i.p.) and exposed to simulated HA (4267 m; PB = 440 mmHg) for either 12 or 24 h. Catheters were chronically inserted into the right carotid artery, pulmonary artery, and jugular vein for assessment of hemodynamic parameters in response to ETX and/or HA. In addition, some rats were injected with an antibody against ANP (αANP) prior to normoxic (NX) or HA exposure. Pulmonary arterial pressure increased in the αANP group (50 ± 20%; p ≤ 0.05) and in the HA + αANP (51 ± 15%; p ≤ 0.05) group at 12 h compared to NX sham rats injected with normal rabbit serum. In addition, systemic arterial pressure was significantly lower in the HA + ETX rats compared to HA + ETX + αANP rats (p ≤ 0.001). Plasma ANP levels were significantly higher at 12 and 24 h in ETX, HA, and HA + ETX groups (p ≤ 0.05) compared to NX controls. There was an inverse relationship (p ≤ 0.001) between plasma ANP levels and lung wet to dry (W/D) weight when data from NX, ETX, HA, and HA + ETX groups were pooled. The HA + αANP rats had significantly higher lung W/D ratios (p < 0.001) compared to sham rats. These results support the hypothesis that ANP, at physiological levels, modulates the development of pulmonary edema in HA-exposed ETX-primed rats.
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