Abstract
Increased levels of isoprostanes have been detected in human atherosclerotic lesions. To examine a possible role for 8-iso-prostaglandin E2 (8-iso-PGE2) in atherogenesis, we tested the effect of 8-iso-PGE2 on adhesion of leukocytes to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (EC). We demonstrate that 8-iso-PGE2 stimulates EC to bind monocytes, but not neutrophils. This effect was inhibited by the thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist SQ29548. Moreover, 8-iso-PGE2 increased levels of cyclic AMP in EC, and monocyte adhesion induced by 8-iso-PGE2 was blocked by a protein kinase A inhibitor, H89. In addition, 8-iso-PGE2 induced phosphorylation of p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and stimulated expression of EGR-1. A specific inhibitor of p38 MAP kinase (SB203580) abrogated monocyte binding, whereas an inhibitor of the ERK pathway (PD98059) did not block monocyte adhesion induced by 8-iso-PGE2. Activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and expression of NFκB-dependent genes intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and E-selectin were not induced by 8-iso-PGE2. Taken together, these results demonstrate that 8-iso-PGE2 stimulates EC to specifically bind monocytes, but not neutrophils. This effect is mediated by cyclic AMP/protein kinase A- and p38 MAP kinase-dependent pathways and is independent of the classical inflammatory NFκB pathway. Thus, formation of 8-iso-PGE2 may play an important role in chronic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis by increasing adhesion and extravasation of monocytes.
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