New Alternatives in Management of the Infected Vascular Prosthesis

Abstract

Background: Infection of vascular prosthetics implanted for arterial occlusive disease occurs in approximately 1-5% of patients, including early and late clinical presentation. The incidence of infection depends on the anatomical site, with the highest rate occurring in vascular access grafts placed for hemodialysis and in inguinal and lower extremity incisions in patients undergoing bypass procedures for femoropopliteal tibial occlusion. Treatment of prosthetic graft infection has traditionally included antimicrobials, excision of the infected prosthesis, and extraanatomical bypass. With the recognition that prosthetic infection secondary to Staphylococcus epidermidis can be managed with less extensive procedures, clinical data have been reported on in situ replacement with antibiotic-bonded prostheses. Patients who have S. aureus isolated, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus, or gram-negative pathogens, still require conventional graft excision and extraanatomical bypass. Methods: Selective review of the English-language literature. Results: Recent clinical series show that management by graft excision of infected infrarenal aortic prosthetics and axillofemoral bypass results in 2- and 5-year survival rates of 67% and 47%, and limb salvage rates in survivors of 93% and 82% at 2 and 5 years. In situ replacement with a rifampicin-bonded prosthesis has been accomplished successfully in smaller numbers of patients and shows promising early results. Other methods under study include cryopreserved arterial and femoral vein allografts and autogenous femoral vein grafts, but data are limited when used as replacement for infected prosthetics. Conclusion: Advances in the management of infected vascular prostheses over the last decade have led to improved mortality and decreased amputation rates with conventional excision and extraanatomical bypass. Newer methods including in situ graft replacement with antibiotic-impregnated prosthetics appear suitable for low-virulence S. epidermidis infection. Early results are promising for cryopreserved allografts and autogenous femoral vein in situ grafts; however, more clinical experience and longer follow-up will be needed to confirm their durability in a contaminated field.