Abstract
In the last two decades, convincing evidence of the utility of endoscopic correction of primary vesicoureteral reflux and urinary incontinence owing to intrinsic sphincter dysfunction has become available. However, the ideal bulking material has not yet been found. Polytetrafluoroethylene and purified crosslinked bovine collagen are most often used. Dextranomer microspheres suspended in sodium hyaluron solution and detachable microballoons are being studied, as are various types of beads and autologous chondrocytes.
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