Novel Approach to Regeneration of Periodontal Tissues Based on in Situ Tissue Engineering: Effects of Controlled Release of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor from a Sandwich Membrane

Abstract

To regenerate periodontal tissues, a sandwich membrane composed of a collagen sponge scaffold and gelatin microspheres containing basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in a controlled-release system was developed according to the new concept of "in situ tissue engineering." A three-walled alveolar bone defect (3 × 4 × 4 mm) was made bilaterally in edentulous regions created mesially to the canines in both the maxilla and mandible of nine beagle dogs. A sandwich membrane with or without bFGF (100 μg) was implanted in each defect (each group, n = 18). During weeks 1, 2, and 4, histologic evaluation and histometric analyses were performed on three dogs. Throughout the 4 weeks, vascularization and osteogenesis were active only in the bFGF-treated group (p < 0.01). New cementum was formed (2.4 ± 0.9 mm) on the exposed root surface at 4 weeks, and functional recovery of the periodontal ligament was indicated in part by the perpendicular orientation of regenerated collagen fibers. In the control group, epithelial downgrowth and root resorption occurred and the defects were filled with connective tissue. Thus, our sandwich membrane induced successful regeneration of the periodontal tissues in a short period of time.