Systemic and Intestinal Immune Responses to HIV-2 287 Infection in Macaca nemestrina

Abstract

Nonhuman primate models of human AIDS have been used successfully to evaluate candidate vaccines and infection intervention therapies. Successes of pathogenicity studies in primate models have been limited because of the varied infection outcomes and characteristic low number of study animals. The acutely pathogenic HIV-2₂₈₇-Macaca nemstrina model has shown promise both in antiviral drug evaluation and in pathogenicity studies. Here we describe virus replication, spread, and host responses during the first 28 days of HIV-2₂₈₇ infection. Focusing on 18 macaques from a larger 27-macaque study, we report changing virus loads, CD4⁺ cell depletions, and antibody responses both systemically and in the mucosa of the small intestine. After intravenous inoculation, blood and intestinal tissue were collected from pairs of macaques at 12 hr and 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 14, 21, and 28 days postinfection. Specimens were examined for evidence of infection by quantitative cultures, in situ hybridization, lymphocyte subset monitoring, and antibody production. The data were presented serially as though all samples were collected from a single macaque. The highest blood virus loads were detected between days 10 and 14 and subsequently decreased through day 28. This coincided with a significant increase in ileum mucosa virus loads on day 10, which became undetectable by day 28. The lowest levels of CD4⁺ cells were observed on days 21 and 28 in blood and ileum mucosa. CD4⁺:CD8⁺ cell ratios in blood and ileum dropped dramatically after day 10 to lowest levels by day 28. Intestinal virus loads were inversely correlated with CD4⁺ cell and virus-specific antibody levels in the ileum after day 6. These results underscore the suitability of this model for pathogenicity studies as well as the importance of the intestinal lymphoid tissues as an initial site of virus replication and cell destruction during the acute, asymptomatic stage of AIDS development.