Abstract
Tuberculosis is the most frequently occurring infectious disease in the world. The tuberculin skin test using 5 TU of purified protein derivative (PPD) applied by the Mantoux technique remains the primary method of identifying children infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium bovis. PPD is injected intradermally, and induration is measured 48-72 hours after application. Interpretation of the skin test reaction depends on the age of the child and presence or absence of risk factors for acquisition of tuberculosis, irrespective of previous immunization with bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG). False-positive and false-negative skin test reactions can occur. Following identification of a positive tuberculin skin test reaction, a complete history, physical examination, chest radiographs, and laboratory studies are necessary to determine the appropriate chemotherapeutic agents to treat tuberculosis infection or disease. Epidemiologic investigation of the child's contact with active tuberculosis is vital in the care of the child and prevention of spread of tuberculosis within the community.
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