A non-destructive tritium–hydrogen exchange procedure has been developed in order to determine the concentration of exchangeable hydrogens on surfaces, and in this particular instance it has been used on carbon fibres. The results show that the concentrations of ‘active sites’ on the surfaces of Courtaulds Grafil XAS and XAU carbon fibres are 2.61 and 0.08 μmol g−1 respectively. When the XAS fibres are subjected to a standard methylation procedure the concentration of exchangeable hydrogens is reduced to 0.79 μmol g−1.On the other hand, when XAU fibres are subjected to oxidation in concentrated nitric acid, the concentration of exchangeable hydrogens is increased to 10.27 μmol g−1.
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