SingerPeter“Animal Liberation,”(The New York Review, 1975).
2.
This idea comes from David Hull's article “A Matter of Individuality.”
3.
This idea comes from Philip Kitcher's article “Species.”
4.
HullDavid L.“A Matter of Individuality,” in Philosophy of Science, Vol. 45, No. 3 (Sep., 1978), 335–360.
5.
KitcherPhilip“Species,” in Philosophy of Science, Vol. 51, No. 2 (Jun., 1984), 308–333.
6.
Philosophy of Science, Kitcher.
7.
Philosophy of Science, Kitcher.
8.
Philosophy of Science, Kitcher.
9.
Philosophy of Science, Kitcher.
10.
Philosophy of Science, Kitcher.
11.
Philosophy of Science, Kitcher.
12.
Philosophy of Science, Kitcher., p. 331.
13.
Philosophy of Science, Singer.
14.
Recall the example of the “other Earth” and the “other human-like creatures” on it. The “other human-like creatures” would be human beings, but not Homo sapiens.
15.
At least not actualized during the individual's earthly life, that is.
16.
For example: God and angels are persons but are not human beings.
17.
For example: injury, Alzheimer's disease, retardation, etc.
18.
PlantingaAlvinWarrant and Proper Function. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), p 221
19.
All of the Plantinga material is found in Chapter 11 of: Alvin Plantinga, Warrant and Proper Function (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).
20.
Nor do I think that these things actually possess the intellective powers that human beings possess.
21.
I am indebted to David Hershenov for his extremely valuable comments on this paper.
22.
HennigW.Phylogenetic Systematics, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1966.
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HullDavid L.“A Matter of Individuality,” in Philosophy of Science vol. 45, no. 3 (Sep., 1978), 335–360.
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KitcherPhilip“Species,” in Philosophy of Science vol. 51, no. 2 (Jun., 1984), 308–333.
25.
KoutskyLA, KiviatNB.“Genital Human Papillomavirus” in HolmesKK, MardhPA, SparlingPF, eds. Sexually Transmitted Diseases.3rd ed.New York, NY: McGraw Hill, CO; 1999: 347–359.
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MayrE.Populations. Species and Evolution.Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970.
27.
MillikanRuthLanguage. Thought and Other Biological Categories.Cambridge: MIT Press, 1984.
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NelsonG., and PlatnickN.Systematics and Biogeography: Cladistics and Vicariance.New York: Columbia University Press, 1981.
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PlantingaAlvinWarrant and Proper Function.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
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PollockJohn“How to Build a Person” in Philosophical Perspectives. 1. Metaphysics, ed. TomberlinJames, Atascadero, CA: Ridgeview, 1988.
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SimpsonG.G.Principles of Animal Taxonomy.New York: Columbia University Press, 1961.
32.
SingerPeter“Animal Liberation” in The New York Review, 1975.
33.
SokalR., and SneathP.Principles of Numerical Taxonomy.San Francisco: Freeman, 1961.
34.
van ValenL“Ecological Species, Multispecies and Oaks,” in Taxon vol. 25 (1976) 233–39.
35.
WileyE.O.“Paleontological Documentation of Speciation in Cenozoic Moluscs from Turana Basin,” in Nature vol. 293 (1981) 437–43.
