Which Medical Ethics for the 21st Century?

National Conference of Catholic Bishops, Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services (Washington, D.C.: United States Catholic Conference, Inc., 1995); these directives are supposed to be made known by Catholic health care institutions and followed by “the sponsors, trustees, administrators, chaplains, physicians, health care personnel, and patients or residents of these institutions and services.”, p. 2. See also The Pontifical Council for Pastoral Assistance, Charter for Health Care Workers (Boston: St. Paul Books and Media, 1995).

The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. U.S. Department of Health. Education and Welfare. The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research (1979).

See generally. Tom Beauchamp and James Childress, Principles of Biomedical Ethics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979); Tom Beauchamp and Leroy Walters (eds.). Contemporary Issues in Bioethics (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc., 1982.

See Beauchamp and Childress, pp. 7–9; and Beauchamp and Walters, pp. 1-3.

Mary Meehan's interview with Daniel Callahan, in “Eugenics: Still Alive and Well”, National Catholic Register, August 8, 1993.

Callahan Daniel “Bioethics: Private Choice and Common Good”. Hastings Center Report (May-June 1994). Vol. 24, No. 3. p. 31.

DuBose Edwin , Hamel Ronald , and O'Connell Laurence (eds.). A Matter of Principles.: Ferment in U.S. Bioethics (Valley Forge, PA: Trinity Press International. 1994), p. 1.

Meilaender Gilbert C. Body, Soul, and Bioethics, (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1995), p. x.

Gillon Raanan (ed.). Principles of Health Care Ethics (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994).

See Irving Dianne N. “Scientific and Philosophical Expertise: An Evaluation of the Arguments on “Personhood” “. The Linacre Quarterly (1993). Vol. 60. pp. 18–47.

E.g., to name but a few: United States Code of Federal Regulations: Protection of Human Subjects 45 CFR 46 (1981. revised 1983, reprinted 1989 - now incorporated into the Common Rule Washington, D.C., DHHS); The President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, 1983; National Institutes of Health: Report of the Human Fetal Transplant Research Panel (Washington, DC: NIH, Dec. 1988); NIH Guide for Grants and Contracts (Washington, DC: NIH, 1990); NIH Revitalization Act, Public Law 103-43 (June. 1993); Office for the Protection From Research Risks (OPRR), Protecting Human Research Subjects: Institutional Review Board Guidebook (Washington. DC. NIH. 1993): NIH Guidelines on the Inclusion of Women and Minorities as Subjects in Clinical Research, Federal Reg. 59 FR 14508 (Washington. DC: NIH. March. 1994): NIH. Outreach Notebook on the Inclusion of Women and Minorities in Biomedical and Behavioral Research (Washington, DC. NIH, 1994); National Institutes of Health: Report of the Human Embryo Research Panel (Washington, DC: NIH, Sept. 1994); CIOMS/WHO International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects (Geneva: CIOMS/WHO, 1993).

See especially the first draft. Office of the Maryland Attorney General. J. Joseph Curran., Jr., Attorney General, and Jack Schwartz. Assistant Attorney General. Initial Report of the Attorney General's Research Working Group (October 1996), revised May 1997. June 1998.

Singer Peter “Taking Life: Abortion,” in Practical Ethics (London: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 118: see also, Helga Kuhse and Peter Singer, “For Sometimes Letting - and Helping - Die.” Law, Medicine and Health Care. 1986. Vol. 3. No. 4. 149-153: Kuhse and Singer. Should the Baby Live? The Problem of Handicapped Infants (Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1985). P. 138.

Practical Ethics, Singer, Practical Ethics, p. 123.

Frey R.G. “The Ethics of the Search for Benefits: Animal Experimentation in Medicine.” in Gillon Raanon (ed.), Principles of Health Care Ethics (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994), pp. 1067–1075.

Oderberg David S. “A Messenger of Death at Princeton.” Washington Times. July 30. 1998. A17.

Hare H.R. “When Does Potentiality Count? A Comment on Lockwood.” Bioethics (1988), Vol. 2, No. 3, p. 214.

See generally. Humanae Vitae (Boston: Pauline Books & Media. 1968): “It is, in fact, indisputable, as our predecessors have many times declared, that Jesus Christ, when communicating to Peter and to the apostles His divine authority and sending them to teach all nations His commandments, constituted them as guardians and authentic interpreters of all the moral law, not only, that is, of the law of the Gospel, but also of the natural law, which is also an expression of the will of God, the faithful fulfillment of which is equally necessary for salvation.” (emphasis mine) (p. 2); the NCCB's Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services: “The moral teachings that we profess here flow principally from the natural law. understood in the light of the revelation Christ has entrusted to his Church.” (emphasis mine) (p. 2); Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, Iallae, q.94, Fathers of the English Dominican Province (trans.) (Westminster, MD: Christian Classics, 1981); Austin Fagothey, Right and Reason (3rd ed. only) (St. Louis, MO: The C.V. Mosby Company, 1963); Vernon Bourke, Ethics (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1953); Ralph McInerny, Ethica Thomistica (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 1982).

Aquinas Thomas ST. Ia.q.29. a.i, ans., ad. 2, 3, 5, p. 156; ibid., a.2, ans.; also ST. IIIa.q.19. a.l.ad.4.2127.

See Kevin Doran. “Person - a Key Concept for Ethics”. Linacre Quarterly (1989). Vol. 56, No. 4, p. 39.

See Vernon Bourke, Ethics (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1953), pp. 172–179.

See Jacques Maritain, The Person and the Common Good (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre dame Press, 1972), pp. 50–58.

Donum Vitae (Boston: Pauline Books & Media, 1987). See also, Dianne N. Irving. Philosophical and Scientific Analysis of the Nature of the Early Human Embryo (Doctoral dissertation) (Washington, DC: Georgetown University. 1991); Irving, testimony as member of the Science Panel, “Cloning: Legal, Medical, Ethical, and Social Issues“, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Health and Environment of the Committee on Commerce, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, DC, Feb. 12, 1998; Ward C. Kischer and Dianne N. Irving, The Human Development Hoax: Time to Tell the Truth! (1997), (2nd ed.) (distributed by the American Life League. Stafford. VA).

See Declaration on Euthanasia (Boston: St. Paul Books & Media, 1980): Declaration on Procured Abortion (Boston: Daughters of St. Paul. 1974).

Romans 2: 14–15.

But see Veritatis Splendor (Boston: St. Paul Books & Media, 1993).

ST, I-II. q.91. a.2.

Matthew 25: 40.

See Evangelium Vitae (Boston: St. Paul Books & Media, 1995).