Condoms and Adolescent HIV: A Medical Evaluation

Noble RC . The Myth of “Safe Sex”. Newsweek, April 1, 1991.

Trussel J , Warner DL , Hatcher R Condom Slippage and Breakage Rates. Fam Plann Perspect 1992; 24: 20–23.

Digest. Study Finds Low Condom Breakage Rate, ties most Slippage to Improper Use. Fam Plann Perspect 1992; 24: 191.

CDC. Condoms for Prevention of Sexually Trasmitted Diseases. MMWR 1988; 37: 133–134.

National Recall Alert Center. Recall Warning Alert #842 (condoms). March 26, 1991 p. 8.

Recalls, an Update List. Good Housekeeping May 1991, p. 121.

Carey RF , Herman WA , Retta SM Effectiveness of Latex Condom As a Barrier to HIV Sized Particles under Conditions of Simulated Use. Sex Transm Dis 1992; 718: 230–234.

Wigersma L , Oud R. Safety and Acceptability of Condoms for Use by Homosexual Men as a Prophylactic against Transmission of HIV During Anogenital Sexual Intercourse, Br Med J 1987; 295: 94.

AIDS Surveillance Update, New York, NY: New York City Department of Health; January 1993.

Jones EF , Forest JD . Contraceptive Failure Rates Based on the 1988 NSFG. Fam Plann Perspect 1992; 24: 12–19.

Strunin L , Hingson R. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Adolescents: Knowledge, Beliefs, Attitudes and Behaviors. Pediatrics 1987; 79: 825–828.

Kegeles SM , Adler NE , Irwin ChE Sexually Active Adolescents and Condoms: Changes over one Year Knowledge, Attitudes and Use. Am J Public Health 1988; 78: 460–461.

Stout JW , Rivara FP . Schools and Sex Education: Does it Work? Pediatrics 1989; 83 375–379.

Goodman E , Cohall AT . Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Adolescents: Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviors in a New York City Adolescent Minority Population. Pediatrics 1989; 36–42.

Kann L , Anderson JE , Holtzman D HIV Knowledge, Beliefs, and Behaviors among High School Students in the United States: Results from a National Survey. J School Health 1991; 61: 397–401.

Millstein SG , Irwin ChE , Adler NE Health Risk Behaviors and Health Concerns Among Young Adolescents. Pediatrics 1992; 89: 422–428.

Stiffman AR , Earl SF , Dore P Changes in Aquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome -Related Risk Behavior After Adolescence: Relationships to Knowledge and Experience Concerning Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Pediatrics 1992; 89: 950–956.

Harris and Associates Survey “American Teens Speak: Sex, Myths, TV and Birth Control”, conducted for Planned Parenthood, 1986.

Kirby D , Warza KC , Ziegler J. Six School Based Clinics: Their reproductive Health Services and Impact on Sexual Behavior. Fam Plann Perspect 1991; 23: 6–16.

Kirby D , Resnik MD , Downes B The Effects of School Based Health Clinics in St. Paul on School Wide Birth Rates. Fam Plann Perspect 1993; 25: 12–16.

Anderson JE , Kann L , Holtzman D HIV/AIDS Knowledge and Sexual Behavior Among High School Students. Fam Plann Perspect 1990; 22: 252–255.

Weisman C , Plichta S , Nathanson CA Consistency of Condom Use for Disease Prevention Among Adolescent Users of Oral Contraceptives. Fam Plann Perspect 1991; 23: 71–74.

Walter HJ , Vaughan RD , Cohall AT . Psychosocial Influence on Aquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - Risk Behaviors Among High School Students. Pediatrics 1991; 88: 846–852.

DiClemente RJ , Dubin M , Siegel D : Determinants of Condom Use Among Junior High School Students in a Minority, Inner City School District. Pediatrics 1992; 89: 197–202.

Orr DP , Langefeld CD , Katz BP Factors Associated with Condom Use Among Sexually Active Female Adolescents. J Pediatrics 1992; 120: 311–317.

CDC. Sexual Behavior Among High School Students - United States, 1990. MMWR 1992; 40: 885–887.

Orr DP , Beiler M , Ingersoll G. Premature Sexual Activity as an Indicator of Psychological Risk. Pediatrics 1991; 87: 141–147.

Gillmore MR , Butler SS , Lohr MJ Substance Use and Other Factors Associated with Risky Sexual Behavior Among Pregnant Adolescents. Fam Plann Perspect 1992; 24: 255–268.

Digest. Teenage Sex and Other Risky Acts. Fam Plann Perspect 1993; 25: 3.

Joffe Gp , Foxman B , Schmidt A : Multiple Partners and Partner Choice as Risk Factors for Sexually Transmitted Disease Among Female College Students. Sex Transm Dis 1992; 19: 272–278.

Klepinger DH , Billy J , Tanfer K , Grady WR . Perceptions of AIDS Risk and Severity and Their Association With Risk Related Behavior Among US Men. Fam Plann Perspect 1993; 25: 74–82.

Laurian Y , Peynet J , Verroust F. HIV Infection in Sexual Partners of HIV Seropositive Patients with Hemophilia. N Engl J Med. 1989; 320: 183.

Lusher JM , Operskalski EA , Alerdot LM Risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection Among Sexual/non Sexual Household Contacts of Persons With Congenital Clotting Disorders. Pediatrics 1991; 88: 242–249.

Fischl MA , Dickinson G , Scott GB Evaluation of Household Partners, Children and Household Contacts of Adults with AIDS. JAMA 1987; 257: 640–644.

Padian N , Marquis L , Francis DP . Male to Female Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus. JAMA 1987; 253: 788–790.

Detels R , English P , Visscher BR Seroconversion, Sexual Activity, and Condom Use Among 2915 HIV Seronegative Men Followed For Up to 2 Years. J Acquired Immun Def Syn 1989; 2: 77–83.

Frosner GG . How Efficient is “Safer Sex” in Preventing HIV Infection? Infection 1989; 17: 3–5.

Kreiss JK , Kitchen LW , Prince HE Antibody to Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type III in Wives of Hemophiliacs. Ann Intern Med 1988; 148: 1299–1301.

Brettler DB , Forsberg AD , Levine PH Human Immunodeficiency Virus Isolation Studies and Antibody Testing. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148: 1299–1301.

CDC. HIV Infection and Pregnancies in Sexual Partners of HIV Seropositve Hemophilic Men-United States. MMWR 1987; 36: 593–595.

Jackson JB , Kwok SY , Hopsicker JS Absence of HIV 1 Infection in Antibody Negative Sexual Partners of HIV 1 Infected Hemophiliacs. Transfusion 1989; 29: 265–267.

Brettler DB , Somasunduran M , Forsberg AF Silent Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection: A Rare Occurence in a High Risk Heterosexual Population. Blood 1992; 80: 2396–2400.

Kreiss J , Ngugi E , Holmes K Efficacy of Nonoxynol 9 Contraceptive Sponge Use in Preventing Heterosexual Acquisition of HIV in Nairobi Prostitutes. JAMA 1992; 268: 477–482.

Hearst N , Hulley SB . Preventing the Heterosexual Spread of AIDS. JAMA 1988; 259: 2428–2433.

Cohen DA , Dent C , MacKinnon D Condoms for Men, Not Women. Sex Transm Dis 1992; 19: 245–251.

Weller SC . A Meta-Analysis of Condom Effectiveness in Reducing Sexually Transmitted HIV. Soc Sci Med 1993; 36: 1635–1644.

Archer WR II, (former) Deputy Assistant Secretary for Population Affairs, in a letter to HC McCall, President, New York City Board of Education, December 1992.

McCray E , Onorato IM . Sentinel Surveillance of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinic in the United States. Sex Transm Dis 1992; 19: 235–241.

McIlhaney JS Jr. : Safe Sex. A Doctor Explains the Realities of AIDS and Other STD's. Grand Rapids Michigan: aker Book House, 1990.

Wendell DA , Onorato IM , McCray E Youth at Risk. Sex, Drugs, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Am J Dis Children 1992; 146: 76–81.

Cates W , Stone KN . Family Planning, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Contraceptive Choice: a Literature Update- Part 1. Fam Plann Perspect 1992; 24: 75–84.

Samuels S. Clamydia: Epidemic Among America's Young. Med Aspects Hum Sex 1989; Dec: 16–24.

Richart RM . Oncology Times 1992; June, p 50, and personal communication.

Dervin JV . Condom Won't Prevent Transmission of Human Papillomavirus. Family Practice News 1992; 22: 12.

Kasun J. The War Against Population. San Francisco CA: Ignatius Press, 1988.

Rogers JL , Boruch RF , Stoms GB Impact of the Minnesota Prenatal Notification Law on Abortion and Birth. Am J Public Health 1991; 81: 294–298.

Newman HH . Does Sex Education in School Help of Hurt? Medical Economics 1992; May 24: 35–37.

Marsiglio W , Mott F. The Impact of Sexual Activity, Contraceptive Use and Premarital Pregnancy Among Teenagers. Fam Plann Perspect 1986; 18: 151–161.

Dawson DA , The Effects of Sex Education on Adolescent Behavior. Fam Plann Perspect 1986; 18: 162–170.

Washington Times 3/8/91.

USA Today 5/19/92.

CDC. Premarital Sexual Experience Among Adolescent Women - United States, 1970-1988. MMWR 1991; 31: 929–932.

Kost K , Forresr JD . American Women's Sexual Behavior and Exposure to Risk of STD's. Fam Plann Perspect 1992; 24: 244–254.

CDC: HIV/AIDS Prevention-Adolescents and HIV. September 1992.

Hopkins E. Special Report. Why Sex Ed Fails. Parents Magazine September 1993.

Kirby D , Barth RP , Leland N Reducing the Risk. Fam Plann Perspect 1991; 23: 253–263.

Howard M , McCabe JB . Helping Teenagers postpone Sexual Involvement. Fam Plann Perspect 1990; 22: 21–26.

Community of Caring. Joseph P Kennedy, Jr. Fnd. 1350 NY Av Washington DC. 20005

Teen Aid. Me, My World and my Future. N 1330 Calispel, Spokane WA 99201

Sex Respect. Project Respect PO Box 97 Golf IL 60029

Teen Choice. 6201 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church VA 22044.

Free Teens. 7 Park Av. Westwood NJ 07675.

Funderburk Patricia, (former) Director of the Office of Adolescent Pregnancy Programs in the USA. “Abstinence Education and Public Policy”. Teaching Abstinence in the Public Schools. Jacob Javits Convention Center New York, NY. September 19, 1992. Ms Funderburk is presently Director of Educational Services, Americans for a Sound AIDS Policy.