Letters to the Editor …

But see Irving DN Philosophical and Scientific Analysis of the Nature of the Early Human Embryo. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Philosophy, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: 1991; Irving DN. Scientific and philosophical expertise: an evaluation of the arguments on fetal personhood. Linacre Quarterly, Feb. 1993; Irving DN. The impact of scientific misinformation: philosophy, theology, biomedical ethics, public policy. Accountability in Research. Feb. 1993 (forthcoming); Carberry J, Kmiec DW. Abortion: how law denies science. Chicago Tribune. July 14; Fisher A. Individuogenesis and a recent book by Fr. Norman Ford. Anthropotes. 1991: 2: 199; McCullagh P. The Foetus as Transplant Donor: Scientific, Social and Ethical Perspectives. New York, John Wiley and Sons: 1987.

Bedate C , Cefalo R. The zygote: to be or not to be a person. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 1989: 14: 6: 641. Also Bole J.T. Metaphysical accounts of the zygote as a person and the veto power of facts. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy. 1989: 14: 647-653, and Zygotes, souls, substances and persons. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy. 1990: 15: 637-652.

Grobstein C. The early development of human embryos. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 1985: 10: 213–236. Also McCormick R. Who or what is the preembryo? Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal. 1991: 1: 1-15.

Ford N. When Did I Begin? New York: Cambridge University Press: 1988: 137, 156.

Jones DG . Brain birth and personal identity. Journal of Medical Ethics 1989: 15: 4: 173–178; MacKay D. in Jones 1989; Rahner, Ruff and Haring, in Jones 1989; Sass H. Brain death and brain life: a proposal for normative agreement. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 1989: 14: 45-59; Singer and Wells, in Jones 1989; Tauer C. Personhood and human embryos and fetuses. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy. 1985: 10: 253-266; Lockwood M. Warnock versus Powel (and Harradine): when does potentiality count? Bioethics 1988: 3: 3: 187-213; Goldenring J. Development of the fetal brain. New England Journal of Medicine. 1982: 307: 564, and The brain-life theory: towards a consistent biological definition of humanness. Journal of Medical Ethics 1985: 11: 198-120; Kushner T. Having a life versus being alive. Journal of Medical Ethics. 1984: 10: 5-8; Gertler, in Singer P. Practical Ethics. London, Cambridge University Press: 1981; Bennett MV. Personhood from a neuroscientific perspective in Doerr, et al. Abortion Rights and Fetal “Personhood”. Long Beach, Cresline Press: 1989.

Moore KL , The Developing Human. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co.: 1982: 14; Lewin B ed. Genes III. New York: John Wiley and Sons: 1983: 9-13, 386-394, 401; Emery AEH. Elements of Medical Genetics. New York: Churchill Livingstone: 1983: 19, 93; also obvious from the following reserach: Gordon K, et al. Production of human tissue plasminogen activator in transgenic mouse milk. Bio Technology. 1987: 5: 1183: Weishous T, et al. Secretion of emzymatically active human renin from mammalian cells using an avian retroviral vector. Genes. 1986: 45: 2: 121-129; Tanaka A, Fujita D. Expression of a molecularly cloned human C-SRC oncogene by using a replication-competent retroviral vector. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 1986: 6: 11: 3900-3909; Schnieke, et al. Introduction of the human pro alpha 1(1) collagen gene into pro alpha 1(1) — deficient Mov-13 mouse cells leads to formation of functional mouse-human hybrid type I collagen. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science —USA. Feb. 1987: 84: 3: 764-768; HArt C, Awgulwitch A, et al. Homeobox gene complex on a mouse chromosome II: molecular cloning, expression in embryogenesis, and homology to a human homeobox locus. Cell. 1985: 43: 1: 9-18; Kollias G, et al. The human beta-globulin gene contains a downstream developmental specific enhancer. Nucleic Acids Research. July 1987: 15: 14: 5739-47; Olofsson, B, Pizon V, et al. Structure and expression of the chicken epidermal growth factor receptor gene locus. European Journal of Biochemistry. 1986: 160: 2: 261-266; Saez L, Leinwand S. Characterization of diverse forms of myosin light chain gene; unexpected interspecies homology with repetitive DNA. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1984: 233: 2: 565-572; Olle R, et al. Structural relation among mouse and human immunoglobulin VH genes in the subgroup III. Nucleic Acids Research. 1983: 11: 22: 7887-97; Proudfoot N, et al. The structure of the human zeta-globin gene and a closely linked, nearly identical pseudogene. Cell. 1982: 31: 32: 553-563.

Kollias 1987; Covarrubias L Cellular DNA rearrangements and early developmental arrest caused by DNA insertion in transgenic mouse embryos. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 1987: 7: 6: 2243–2247; Humphries RK, et al. Transfer of human and murine globin-gene sequences into transgenic mice. American Journal of Human Genetics 1985: 37: 2: 295-310; Khillan J, et al. Tissue-specific, inducible and functional expression of the Ead MHC class II gene in transgenic mice. EMBO Journal. 1985;4: 9: 2225-30; Palmiter R, et al. Cell lineage ablation in transgenic mice by cell-specific expression of a toxin gene. Cell. 1985: 43: 1: 9-18.

Moore 1982: 14; Lewin 1983: 9-13, 202-203, 681; Emery 1983: 93; Lejeune J in Martin Palmer ed. A Symphony of the Preborn Child: Part Two. Hagerstown, MD; NAAPC: 1989: 9-10, 16-19, 30.

Lewin 1983: 11-13, 202-203, 681; Emery 1983: 93.

That differentiation is not caused by the mother and is determined by the embryo: Holtzer H, et al. Induction-dependent and lineage-dependent models for cell-diversification are mutually exclusive. Progress in Clinical Biological Research. 1985: 175: 3–11; Mavilio F, Sineone A, et al. Differential and stage-related expression in embryonic tissues of a new human homeobox gene. Nature. 1986: 324: 6098: 664-668; Hart Cet al 1985.

Szulmann AE , Surti U. The syndromes of hydatidiform mole. I. Cytogenic and morphologic correlations. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1978: 131: 665–671; Moore 1982: 30; Lejeune 1989: 19-19; Wimmers MSE, et al. Chromosome studies on early human embryos fertilized in vitro. Human Reproduction. 1988: 7: 894-900; Lawler SD, Fisher RA. Genetic studies in hydatidiform mole with clinical correlations. Placenta. 1987: 8: 77-88; Martin GR. Teratocarcinomas and mammalian embryogenesis. Science. 1980: 209: 768-76; Alberts, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell New York: Garland Publishing: 1983.

Moore 1982: 33, 62-63, 111, 127; Chauda K An embryonic pattern of expression of a human fetal globin gene in transgenic mice. Nature. 1986: 319: 6055: 685–689; Migliaccio G, et al. Human embryonic hemopoiesis. Kinetics of progenitors and precursor underlying the yolk sacliver transition. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1986: 78: 1: 51-60.

Moore 1982: 133; Dawson K , in Peter Singer , Embryo Experimentation. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1990: 43–52.

Jones 1989: 15; 4; 173–178.

Moore 1982: 1.

Jones 1989: 173–178; Engelhardt T. The Foundations of Bioethics. New York: Oxford University Press: 1985: 111.