Human Cloning and Donum Vitae

Pontifical Academy for Life/The Embryo, “When Human Life Begins,” Origins 26, no. 40 (1997): 662.

The Roslin Institute and PPL Therapeutics. News Release, Roslin, Midlothian. UK, 24 February 1997.

Stewart Colin , “An Udder Way of Making Lambs.” Nature 385 (1997) 769.

Cohen Jacques , and Tomkin Giles , “The Science. Fiction, and Reality of Embryo Cloning,” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 4, no. 3 (1994): 195. See also Michael B. Burke, “Sortal Essentialism and the Potentiality Principle,” Review of Metaphysics 49 (1996): 500.

Lederberg Joshua , “Experimental Genetics and Human Evolution,” The American Naturalist 100 (1966): 519–31.

The term “fabricated man” was coined by Ramsey. His commentary on the theology and ethics of cloning can be found in his book: Ramsey Paul , Fabricated Man: The Ethics of Genetic Control (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1970).

Allen D. Verhey “Cloning: Revisiting an Old Debate,” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 4, no. 3 (1994): 230. Fletcher's thesis appears in his book: Joseph Fletcher, Morals and Medicine (Boston: Beacon Press, 1954).

Verhey 229–30.

Annas George J. , “Regulatory Models for Human Embryo Cloning: The Free Market, Professional Guidelines, and Government Restrictions.” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 4, no. 3 (1994): 236.

A recent review of reaction to the concept of human cloning can be found Lozzio M.J. , “Science, Ethics, and Cloning Technologies,” Linacre Quarterly 64, no. 4 (1997): 46–52.

Verhey 230–2.

Leon R. Kass “New Beginnings in Life,” The New Genetics and the Future of Man, ed. Hamilton Michael P. (Grand Rapids. MI: Eerdmans, 1971) 42–63.

Kass 46–7.

Kass 53

McCormick Richard A. , “Blastomere Separation: Some Concerns,” Hastings Center Report 24, no. 2 (1994): 14–6.

Jones Howard W. Jr. , Edwards Robert G. , and Seidel George E. Jr. , “On Attempts at Cloning in the Human,” Fertility and Sterility 61, no. 3 (1994): 423.

Researchers have successfully “cloned” human embryos by using a technique to artificially separate the cells of a pre-embryo while they are still totipotent, thus obtaining two identical entities. This process is known as blastomere separation. Another type of cloning widely used in the cattle industry is the bisection technique, in which embryos are bisected at the blastocyst stage, giving rise, again, to two identical entities. Both these processes are, in essence, an artificial method of twinning; the offspring, regardless of number, are ultimately the product of sexual reproduction in which the genotype is derived from both male and female parents.

Cohen 196.

Wilmut 810.

Wertz Dorothy C. , “Cloning Humans: Is It Ethical?” The Gene Letter 1, no. 5 (March 1997): n.pag. Online. http://www.geneletter.org/0397/cloning.htm, 22 July 1997.

The final conclusions and recommendations of the National Bioethics Advisory Commission are summarized in “Cloning Human Beings: Responding to the National Bioethics Advisory Commission,” The Hastings Center Report 27, no. 5 (1997): 8–9.

McGinley Laurie , “U.S. Bioethics Panel to Recommend Ban on Cloning to Produce a Human Being,” Wall Street Journal 9 June 1997.

A brief historical review of artificial reproductive technology may be found in Jersild Paul T. , “On Having Children: A Theological and Moral Analysis of In Vitro Fertilization,” Questions About the Beginning of Life, ed. Schneider Edward D. (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1985) 31–2.

Thomas A. Shannon , and Cahill Lisa Sowle , Religion and Artificial Reproduction: An Inquiry into the Vatican “Instruction on Respect for Human Life in Its Origin and on the Dignity of Human Reproduction” (New York: Crossroad, 1988) 6–7. See also Jersild 34–5.

Manicheism was a Gnostic religious system that espoused dualistic concepts of the world, i.e., the radical duality between Good and Evil.

Burke Cormac , “St. Augustine and Conjugal Sexuality,” Communio 17 (1990): 545–9. The comments of Augustine as qtd. in Burke 548.

Burke 548.

St. Augustine of Hippo, De bono coniugali c. 6 n. 6 (378) (qtd. in Burke, “St. Augustine” 561).

McCormick Richard A. , “Therapy or Tampering? The Ethics of Reproductive Technology,” America 7 Dec. 1985: 399.

McCormick , “Therapy” 400.

Pius X.I.I. , “Address to the 4th International Convention of Catholic Physicians,” (September, 1949). (qtd. in Charles E. Curran and Richard A. McCormick, Readings in Moral Theology No. 8: Dialogue About Catholic Sexual Teaching (New York: Paulist, 1993) 223–4.

Pius X.I.I. , “Discourse on Moral Problems of Married Life,” (October 29, 1951). (qtd. in Charles E. Curran and Richard A. McCormick, Readings in Moral Theology No. 8: Dialogue About Catholic Sexual Teaching (New York: Paulist, 1993) 225.

Paul V.I. , On the Regulation of Birth (Humanae Vitae) II, 12. 1968.

Humanae Vitae II, nos. 10, 11.

Shannon and Cahill 61.

Donum Vitae II, no. 5.

Donum Vitae II, no. 5.

Shannon and Cahill 63.

Donum Vitae I, no. 6.

McCormick , “Therapy,” 399.

McCormick , “Therapy,” 399.

Pius XII, “Address.”

Donum Vitae II, no. 2.

McCormick , “Therapy” 401.

Quoted in McCormick , “Therapy” 401.

McCormick Richard A. , How Brave a New World: Dilemmas in Bioethics (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1981) 316.

Vacek Edward V. , “Vatican Instruction on Reproductive Technology,” Theological Studies 49 (1988): 114.

Walters LeRoy , “Ethics and New Reproductive Technologies: An International Review of Committee Statements,” Hastings Center Report 17, no. 3 (1987): Special Supplement 3–9.

Vacek 114.

McCormick Richard A. , “The Vatican Document on Bioethics: Some Unsolicited Suggestions,” America 156 (1987): 24.

Gaudium et spes no. 16.

Vacek 115.

McCormick Richard A. , “The Vatican Document on Bioethics: Two Responses,” America 156 (1987): 248.

Maguire Marjorie Reiley , “The Vatican Has Gone Too Far,” Conscience 8, no. 3 (1987): 14–5.

Callahan Sidney , “Lovemaking and Babymaking,” Commonweal 114 (1987): 234.

Vacek 119.

A short commentary on “biologism”: can be found in John P. Doyle, “Reflections on Persons in Petri Dishes,” Linacre Quarterly 64, no. 4 (1997): 72–3.

McCormick , “Vatican Document: Suggestions,” 26.

As quoted in McCormick, “Therapy,” 400.

Shannon , “Cloning,” 304.

See notes 54 and 55.

Meyer John R. , “Cloning Human Embryos: Why Artificial Human Procreation is Immoral,” Linacre Quarterly 62, no. 2 (1995) 22–9; Lisa Sowle Cahill, testimony, and Gilbert Meilaender, testimony, National Bioethics Advisory Committee, Watergate Hotel, Washington DC, 13 Mar. 1997; Edmund Pellegrino, Address to the Physicians’ Guild of the Diocese of Venice in Florida, Venice, Florida, 8 Nov. 1997; see also McCormick, “Blastomere,”; Verhey, “Cloning.”