The Process of Forgiving: An Inclusive Model

For two views on process, see Horsbrugh H. , “Forgiveness.” Canadian Journal of Philosophy, IV 1974, pp. 269–82. and R. Enright, E. Gassin & Ching-Ru Wu, “Forgiveness: A Developmental View.” Journal of Moral Education, 21 1992, pp. 99–114. H. Morris argues that forgiveness requires divine agency in order to bloom. “Murphy on Forgiveness,” Criminal Justice Ethics, 7 1988. pp. 15–19.

For specific discussion on the phrase, see Note 1. Horsbrugh. and Haber J. , Forgiveness (Savage, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1991), pp. 17–19.

Newsweek, June 16, 1997, p. 30.

Benn P. “Forgiveness and Loyalty.” Philosophy. 71 1996. pp. 369–83; W. Neblett, “Forgiveness and Ideals,” Mind, 83 1974. pp. 269–75.

The debate continues about whether institutions or groups can be viewed as legitimate agents of wrongdoing. It is also a question whether the wrongdoer needed to intend the specific wrong done. For my purposes it will be enough if the forgiver has a sense that the wrongdoer was voluntary and competent, and caused the wrong done.

Butler J. , Fifteen Sermons (London: The English Theological Library. 1726).

The Passions (Garden City. NY: Anchor Press. 1976), p. 351.

Newsweek, June 16. 1997, p. 30.

Horsbrugh H. , “Forgiveness”; J. Haber, Forgiveness, pp. 55–6. Haber captures the poignancy in the case of never reaching closure with his paraphrase of Solon, “Call no man forgiven until the forgiver is dead,” pp. 22–3.

Enright R. , “Forgiveness: A Developmental View,” p. 107.

Golding M. , “Forgiveness and Regret,” Philosophical Forum, 16 1984–5, pp. 121–37.

Horsbrugh H. , “Forgiveness,” p. 270.

Haber J. , Forgiveness, p. 39.

Murphy J. “Forgiveness. Mercy, and the Retributive Emotions,” Criminal Justice Ethics, 7 1988. pp. 3–14, and “Forgiveness and Resentment.” Midwest Studies in Philosophy. 7 1982. pp. 503–16. and with J. Hampton, Forgiveness and Mercy (New York: Cambridge UP, 1988): H. McGary. “Forgiveness.” American Philosophical Quarterly, 26 1989, pp. 343–350; A. Ewing, The Morality of Punishment (Montclair, NJ: Patterson-Smith. 1989); K. Moore, Pardons: Justice, Mercy, and the Public Interest (New York: Oxford UP. 1989); N. Richards, “Forgiveness,” Ethics, 99 1988, pp. 77–97; M. Hughes, “Forgiveness,” Analysis 35 1975, pp. 113–7; R. Downie. “Forgiveness.” Philosophical Quarterly, 15 1965. pp. 128–34.

Hampton J. , and Murphy J. Forgiveness and Mercy.

Calhoun C. “Changing One's Heart.” Ethics, 103 1992. pp. 76–96.

North J. , “Wrongdoing and Forgiveness,” Philosophy, 62 1987, pp. 499–508.

See Roberts R. , “Forgiveness,” American Philosophical Quarterly, 32 1995, pp. 298–9.

MT 5: 43–44.

Rashdall H. “The Ethics of Forgiveness,” Ethics, 10 1900. pp. 193–206.

Haber J. , Forgiveness, p. 90.

Wilson J. , “Why Forgiveness Requires Repentance,” Philosophy, 63 1988, p. 535.

Murphy J. , Forgiveness and Mercy, p. 24.

Catechism of the Catholic Church (Ligouri, MO: Ligouri Publications. 1994), pp. 366–7.

Arendt H. , The Human Condition (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1958), p. 237.

O'Shaughnessy R. , “Forgiveness, ” Philosophy, 42 1967, p. 346.