Log characteristics and basic density were evaluated in four common Mongolian softwoods, Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus sibirica Du Tour, Picea obovata Ledeb., and Larix sibirica Ledeb. by developing the linear or nonlinear mixed-effects models for longitudinal and radial variations of measured characteristics. Total of 19 trees from four species were used in this study. Log taper and juvenile wood percentage increased from base to treetop in all species, except for log taper in Pinus sylvestris. Dynamic young's modulus of logs decreased from base to treetop, and the mean values were 7.81, 5.74, 7.12, and 8.78 GPa for Pinus sylvestris, Pinus sibirica, Picea obovata, and Larix sibirica, respectively. Basic density increased (Pinus sylvestris and Larix sibirica) or decreased (Pinus sibirica and Picea obovata) and then became stable values. The estimated whole tree values of basic density in juvenile wood significantly differed from those in mature wood for all species.
AkaikeH.1998. Information theory and an extension of the maximum likelihood principle. In: ParzenE, TanabeK, KitagawaG, editors. Selected papers of Hirotugu Akaike. Springer series in statistics. New York: Springer; p. 199–213.
2.
AyushT, JigjjavA, BaasanB, PertiwiYAB, IshiguriF, YokotaS.2019. Drying performance of a direct-fired kiln developed in Mongolia. Wood Res. 64:177–184.
3.
BaoFC, JiangZH, JiangXM, LuXX, LuoXQ, ZhangSY.2001. Differences in wood properties between juvenile wood and mature wood in 10 species grown in China. Wood Sci Technol. 35:363–375.
4.
BatesD, MächlerM, BolkerBM, WalkerSC.2015. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J Statistical Software. 67:1–48.
5.
ButlerMA, DahlenJ, EberhardtTL, MontesC, AntonyF, DanielsRF.2017. Acoustic evaluation of loblolly pine tree- and lumber-length logs allows for segregation of lumber modulus of elasticity, not for modulus of rupture. Ann For Sci. 74:20–35.
6.
DiasA, GasparMJ, CarvalhoA, PiresJ, Lima-BritoJ, SilvaME, LouzadaJL.2018. Within-and between-tree variation of wood density components in Pinus nigra at six sites in Portugal. Ann For Sci. 75:58.
7.
Erdene-OchirT, IshiguriF, NezuI, TumenjargalB, BaasanB, ChultemG, OhshimaJ, YokotaS.2020. Utilization potential of naturally regenerated Mongolian Betula platyphylla wood based on growth characteristics and wood properties. Silva Fenn. 54:10284.
HirakawaY, YamashitaK, NakadaR, FujisawaY.1997. The effects of S2 microfibril angles of latewood tracheids and densities on modulus of elasticity variations of Sugi tree (Cryptomeria japonica) logs. Mokuzai Gakkaishi. 43:717–724. [In Japanese with English summary].
11.
IshiguriF, TumenjargalB, BaasanB, JigjjavA, PertiwiYAB, Aiso-SanadaH, TakashimaY, IkiT, OhshimaJ, YokotaS.2018. Wood properties of Larix sibirica naturally grown in Tosontsengel. Mongolia. Inter Wood Prod J. 9:127–133.
KärenlampiPP, RiekkinenM.2004. Maturity and growth rate effects on scots pine basic density. Wood Sci Technol. 38:465–473.
14.
MooreJR, CownDJ.2017. Corewood (juvenile wood) and its impact on wood utilization. Curr Forestry Rep. 3:107–118.
15.
PanshinAJ, de ZeeuwC.1980. Textbook of Wood Technology.4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 1–722.
16.
PeltolaH, GortJ, PulkkinenP, GerendiainAZ, KarppinenJ, IkonenV-P.2009. Differences in growth and wood density traits in scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) genetic entries grown at different spacing and sites. Silva Fenn. 43:339–354.
17.
PinheiroJC, BatesDM.2000. Mixed-effects models in S and S-plus. New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 1–528.
18.
R Core Team. 2020. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. URL https://www.R-project.org/.
19.
SarkhadM, IshiguriF, NezuI, TumenjargalB, TakahashiY, BaasanB, ChultemG, OhshimaJ, YokotaS.2020. Preliminary evaluation for quality of dimension lumber in four common softwoods in Mongolia. J Wood Sci. 66:72.
20.
SarkhadM, IshiguriF, NezuI, TumanjargalB, TakahashiY, BaasanB, ChultemG, OhshimaJ, YokotaS.2022. Modeling of radial variations in wood properties and comparison of juvenile and mature wood of four common conifers in Mongolia. Holzforschung. 76:14–25.
21.
SobueN.1986. Measurement of Young's modulus by the transient longitudinal vibration of wooden beams using a fast Fourier transformation spectrum analyzer. Mokuzai Gakkaishi. 32:744–747.
22.
TumenjargalB, IshiguriF, AisoH, TakahashiY, NezuI, TakashimaY, BaasanB, ChultemG, OhshimaJ, YokotaS.2020a. Physical and mechanical properties of wood and their geographic variations in Larix sibirica trees naturally grown in Mongolia. Sci Rep. 10:12936.
23.
TumenjargalB, IshiguriF, Aiso-SanadaH, TakahashiY, NezuI, BaasanB, ChultemG, OhshimaJ, YokotaS.2019. Geographical variations of lumber quality of Larix sibirica naturally grown in five different provenances of Mongolia. J Wood Sci. 65:43.
24.
TumenjargalB, IshiguriF, Aiso-SanadaH, TakahashiY, BaasanB, ChultemG, OhshimaJ, YokotaS.2018. Geographic variations of wood properties of Larix sibirica naturally grown in Mongolia. Silva Fenn. 52:10002.
25.
TumenjargalB, IshiguriF, TakahashiY, NezuI, BaasanB, ChultemG, Aiso-SanadaH, OhshimaJ, YokotaS.2020b. Predicting the bending properties of Larix sibirica lumber using nondestructive-testing methods. Int Wood Prod J. 11:115–121.
26.
TumenjargalB, IshiguriF, TakahashiY, NezuI, BaasanB, ChultemG, Aiso-SanadaH, OhshimaJ, YokotaS.2020c. Bending properties of dimension lumber produced from Siberian larch (Larix sibirica) in Mongolia. J Wood Sci. 66:17.
27.
YamashitaK, HirakawaY, FujisawaY, NakadaR.2000. Effects of microfibril angle and density on variation of modulus of elasticity of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) logs among eighteen cultivars. Mokuzai Gakkaishi. 46:510–522. [In Japanese with English summary].
28.
YamashitaK, KatsukiT, AkashiK, KubojimaY.2010. Wood properties of Picea koyamae: within-tree variation of grain angle, tracheid length, microfibril angle, wood density and shrinkage. Bull FFPRI. 9:19–29.
