In this research furfuryl alcohol (FA) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) in different ratio were added to a tannin based adhesive in order to improve its moisture resistance. In order to characterize the functional groups involved, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to study the thermal behaviour of the formulations. FTIR spectroscopy indicated the reaction of quebracho tannin with FA and PEI. The results of the TGA showed that the added FA and PEI increased the resistance to thermal degradation. DSC analysis showed that the added FA and PEI reduced the heat absorption peak. According to the tensile shear strength of the formulations, the adhesive formulation T1 F0.75 P20 (mixing proportion: Tannin 1, FA 0.75, PEI 20%) was able to satisfy the standards requirements (BS 1204-2) as a moisture resistant adhesive. Furthermore, this formulation presented the best tensile shear tests results and the least number of delaminated samples.
BöhmR, HauptmannM, PizziA, FriedrichC, LaborieMP.2016. The chemical, kinetic and mechanical characterization of tannin-based adhesives with different crosslinking systems. Int J Adhes Adhes. 68:1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2016.01.006
4.
British Standard. 1979. Specification for synthetic resins adhesives. 1204, Part 2.
5.
ChenH, CuiS, ZhaoY, ZhangC, ZhangS, PengX.2015. Grafting chitosan with polyethylenimine in an ionic liquid for efficient gene delivery. PloS one. 10(4):e0121817. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121817
6.
CoglianoVJ, GrosseY, BaanRA, StraifK, SecretanMB, El GhissassiF.2005. Working Group for Volume 88. Meeting report: summary of IARC monographs on formaldehyde, 2-butoxyethanol, and 1-tert-butoxy-2-propanol. Environmental health perspectives. 113(9):1205. doi: 10.1289/ehp.7542
7.
EfhamisisiD, ThevenonMF, HamzehY, KarimiAN, PizziA, PourtahmasiK.2016. Induced tannin adhesive by boric acid addition and its effect on bonding quality and biological performance of poplar plywood. ACS Sustainable Chem Eng. 4(5):2734–2740. doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b00230
8.
FarisAH, RahimAA, IbrahimMNM, AlkurdiAM, ShahI.2016. Combination of lignin polyol–tannin adhesives and polyethylenimine for the preparation of green water-resistant adhesives. J Appl Polym Sci. 133(20):1–6. doi: 10.1002/app.43437
9.
GengX, LiK.2006. Investigation of wood adhesives from kraft lignin and polyethylenimine. J Adhes Sci Technol. 20(8):847–858. doi: 10.1163/156856106777638699
10.
GhahriS, MohebbyB, PizziA, MirshokraieA, MansouriHR.2017. Improving Water Resistance of Soy-Based Adhesive by Vegetable Tannin. Journal of Polymers and the Environment. 26(5):1881–1890. doi: 10.1007/s10924-017-1090-6
11.
HamarnehAIM.2010. Novel wood adhesives from bio-based materials and polyketones.
12.
JiX, GuoM.2018. Preparation and properties of a chitosan-lignin wood adhesive. Int J Adhes Adhes. 82:8–13. doi: 10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2017.12.005
13.
KimS.2009. Environment-friendly adhesives for surface bonding of wood-based flooring using natural tannin to reduce formaldehyde and TVOC emission. Bioresour technol. 100(2):744–748. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.06.062
14.
KimT, JeongJ, RahmanM, ZhuE, MahajanD.2014. Characterizations of furfuryl alcohol oligomer/polymerization catalyzed by homogeneous and heterogeneous acid catalysts. Korean J Chem Eng. 31(12):2124–2129. doi: 10.1007/s11814-014-0322-x
15.
LiC, ZhangJ, YiZ, YangH, ZhaoB, ZhangW, LiJ.2016. Preparation and characterization of a novel environmentally friendly phenol–formaldehyde adhesive modified with tannin and urea. Int J Adhes Adhes. 66:26–32. doi: 10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2015.12.004
16.
LisperguerJ, SaraviaY, VergaraE.2016. Structure and thermal behavior of tannins from acacia dealbata bark and their reactivity toward formaldehyde. J Chil Chem Soc. 61(4):3188–3190. doi: 10.4067/S0717-97072016000400007
17.
LiuY, LiK.2006. Preparation and characterization of demethylated ligninpolyethylenimine adhesives. J Adhe. 82(6):593–605. doi: 10.1080/00218460600766632
18.
MoubarikA, PizziA, AllalA, CharrierF, CharrierB.2009. Cornstarch and tannin in phenol–formaldehyde resins for plywood production. Ind Crops Prod. 30(2):188–193. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2009.03.005
19.
NavarreteP, MansouriHR, PizziA, Tapin-linguaS, Benjelloun-mlayahB, PaschH, RigoletS.2010. Synthetic-resin-free wood panel adhesives from low molecular mass lignin and tannin. J Adhesion Sci Technol. 24(8):1597–1610. doi: 10.1163/016942410X500972
20.
NicollinA, LiX, GirodsP, PizziA, RogaumeY.2013. Fast pressing composite using tannin-furfuryl alcohol resin and vegetal fibers reinforcement. J Renew Mater. 1(4):311–316. doi: 10.7569/JRM.2013.634124
21.
OsmanZ.2012. Thermomechanical analysis of the tannins of Acacia Nilotica spp. Nilotica as a rapid tool for the evaluation of wood–based adhesives. J Therm Anal calorim. 107(2):709–716. doi: 10.1007/s10973-011-1721-4
22.
PizziA.2016. Wood products and green chemistry. Ann For Sci. 73(1):185–203. doi: 10.1007/s13595-014-0448-3
PizziA, MeiklehamN, StephanouA.1995b. Induced accelerated autocondensation of polyflavonoid tannins for phenolic polycondensates – Part II: cellulose effect and application. J Appl Polymer Sci. 55(6):929–933. doi: 10.1002/app.1995.070550611
25.
PizziA, Von leyserEP, ValenzuelaJ, ClarkJG.1993. The chemistry and development of pine tannin adhesives for exterior particleboard. Holzforschung. 47:164–172.
26.
PradyawongS, QiG, LiN, SunXS, WangD.2017. Adhesion properties of soy protein adhesives enhanced by biomass lignin. Int J Adhes Adhes. 75:66–73. doi: 10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2017.02.017
27.
Roselló-SotoE, KoubaaM, MoubarikA, LopesRP, SaraivaJA, BoussettaN, GrimiN, BarbaFJ.2015. Emerging opportunities for the effective valorization of wastes and by-products generated during olive oil production process: non-conventional methods for the recovery of high-added value compounds. Trends Food Sci Tech. 45(2):296–310. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2015.07.003
28.
Santiago-MedinaF, FoyerG, PizziA, CaillolS, DelmotteL.2016. Lignin-derived non-toxic aldehydes for ecofriendly tannin adhesives for wood panels. Int J Adhes Adhes. 70:239–248. doi: 10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2016.07.002
29.
ThoemenH, IrleM, SerneM.2010. Wood-based panels: an introduction for specialists, 1th ed. London: Brunel University Press. UB8 3PH England.
30.
TondiG.2017. Tannin-Based Copolymer Resins: Synthesis and Characterization by Solid State 13C NMR and FT-IR Spectroscopy. Polymers. 9(6):223. doi: 10.3390/polym9060223
31.
TrindadeWG, HoareauW, MegiattoJD, RazeraIAT, CastellanA, FrolliniE.2005. Thermoset phenolic matrices reinforced with unmodified and surface-grafted furfuryl alcohol sugar cane bagasse and curaua fibers: properties of fibers and composites. Biomacromolecules. 6(5):2485–2496. doi: 10.1021/bm058006+
32.
TrosaA, PizziA.1998. Industrial hardboard and other panels binder from tannin/furfuryl alcohol in absence of formaldehyde. Eur J Wood Prod. 56(3):213–214. doi: 10.1007/s001070050301
33.
ValenzuelaJ, Von LeyserE, PizziA, WestermeyerC, GorriniB.2012. Industrial production of pine tannin-bonded particleboard and MDF. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products. 70(5):735–740. doi: 10.1007/s00107-012-0610-2
34.
WinDT.2005. Furfural-Gold from garbage. Au J Technol. 8:185–190.
35.
ZhangB, FanB, HuoP, GaoZH.2017. Improvement of the water resistance of soybean protein-based wood adhesive by a thermo-chemical treatment approach. Int J Adhes Adhes. 78:222–226. doi: 10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2017.08.002
36.
ZhaoM, JingJ, ZhuY, YangX, WangX, WangZ.2016. Preparation and performance of lignin–phenol–formaldehyde adhesives. Int J Adhes Adhes. 64:163–167. doi: 10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2015.10.010
37.
ZhouX, PizziA.2014. Pine tannin based adhesive mixes for plywood. Int Wood Prod J. 5(1):27–32. doi: 10.1179/2042645313Y.0000000043
