Sliding wear behaviour of austempered ductile iron,boron steel and AISI 1045 steel of similar hardness: Effect of microstructure,yield strength,and strain hardening
Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online December, 2023
Sliding wear behaviour of austempered ductile iron,boron steel and AISI 1045 steel of similar hardness: Effect of microstructure,yield strength,and strain hardening
A study on dry sliding wear investigated four alloys: fully austenitized ADI (F-ADI), intercritically austenitized austempered ductile iron (I-ADI), hardened and tempered Boron steel (B-Steel), and hardened and tempered AISI 1045 steel (EN-Steel). Despite their similar hardness levels, these alloys differ in composition and microstructure. Testing was conducted using a Ball-On-Disc setup (ASTM G99-05) with a chrome steel ball, maintaining a constant sliding speed of 0.6 m/s and applying loads between 20 and 80 N. This study aimed to understand the influence of yield strength (σy), strain hardening coefficient (n), and microstructure on sliding wear under uniform hardness conditions. The findings indicated a strong connection between sliding wear resistance, strain hardening coefficient, toughness, and yield strength. Wear mechanisms varied slightly among materials; F-ADI and I-ADI exhibited deformed layers with increased hardness and oxide formation, while B-Steel and EN-Steel showed micro-cutting and micro-ploughing. F-ADI's high-carbon austenite film and I-ADI's proeutectoid ferrite contributed to improved wear performance. The hardness of the deformation layer on FADI and I-ADI's worn surfaces highlighted the benefits of strain hardening in dry sliding wear.
WangBL, MorrisDS, FarshidS, . Rolling contact fatigue study of chilled and quenched/tempered ductile iron compared with AISI 1080 steel. Wear. 2021;478–479:203890, doi:10.1016/j.wear.2021.203890
2.
BrandenbergKR, HayrynenKL.Agricultural applications of austempered ductile iron. Proc. 2002 World Conf: ADI; 2002.
3.
KeoughJR, HayrynenKL, PopovskiVM.Continuing developments in the science and application of austempered ductile iron (ADI). Monterrey, Mexico.: World Foundry Congr; 2012.
4.
VoigtRC, EldokyLM, ChiouHS.Fracture of ductile cast irons with dual matrix structures. Trans Am Foundrymen's Soc. 1986;94:645–656.
5.
AranzabalJ, SerramogliaG, GoriaCA, . Development of a new mixed (ferritic-ausferritic) ductile iron for automotive suspension parts. Int J Cast Met Res ISSN. 2003;16:185–190. doi:10.1080/13640461.2003.11819580
6.
KilicliV, ErdoganM.Tensile properties of partially austenitised and austempered ductile irons with dual matrix structures. Mater Sci Technol. 2006;22:919–928. doi:10.1179/174328406X102390
7.
KilicliV, ErdoganM.The nature of the tensile fracture in austempered ductile iron with dual matrix microstructure. J Mater Eng Perform. 2010;19:142–149. doi:10.1007/s11665-009-9386-x
BhakatAK, MishraAK, MishraNS.Characterization of wear and metallurgical properties for development of agricultural grade steel suitable in specific soil conditions. Wear. 2007;263:228–233. doi:10.1016/j.wear.2006.12.006
10.
HardellJ, YousfiA, LundM, . Abrasive wear behaviour of hardened high strength boron steel. Mater Surfaces Interfaces2014;8:90–97. doi:10.1179/1751584X14Y.0000000068
11.
BialobrzeskaB, KostenckiP.Abrasive wear characteristics of selected low-alloy boron steels as measured in both field experiments and laboratory tests. Wear. 2015;149–159:149–159. doi:10.1016/J.WEAR.2015.02.003
12.
AhmadiI.A draught force estimator for disc harrow using the laws of classical soil mechanics. Biosyst Eng. 2018;171:52–62. doi:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2018.04.008
13.
BatraU, BatraN, SharmaJD.Wear performance of Cu-alloyed austempered ductile iron. J Mater Eng Perform. 2013;22:1136–1142. doi:10.1007/s11665-012-0380-3
14.
ZambranoOA, GómezJA, CoronadoJJ.The sliding wear behaviour of steels with the same hardness. Wear. 2019;201–207:201–207. doi:10.1016/J.WEAR.2018.12.002
15.
BandstraJP, KossDA.A simulation of growth and coalescence of voids during ductile fracture. Sci Eng A Complete. 2004: 399–403. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2004.02.092
16.
DuY, WangX, ZhangD, . A superior strength and sliding-wear resistance combination of ductile iron with nanobainitic matrix. J Mater Res Technol. 2021;11:1175–1183. doi:10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.01.104
17.
BatraU, SinghM, SharmaSK.Effect of austempering temperature on microstructure and tribological behaviour of hypoeutectic austempered ductile iron alloyed with copper. Mater Surfac Interfac. 2022. doi:10.1080/17515831.2022.2105990
18.
HernandezS, HardellJ, CourbonC, . High temperature friction and wear mechanism map for tool steel and boron steel tribopair. Tribol – Mater Surfac Interfac. 2014;8; doi:10.1179/1751584X13Y.0000000049
19.
ZdraveckáE, TkáčováJ, OndáčM.Effect of microstructure factors on abrasion resistance of high-strength steels. Agric Eng. 2014;60:115–120. doi:10.17221/20/2013-RAE
20.
LinH, Chang-JunZ.An investigation of the role of secondary carbide in martensitic steel during three-body abrasion wear. Wear. 1994;176:103–109. doi:10.1016/0043-1648(94)90203-8
21.
BourithisL, PapadimitriouG.Three body abrasion wear of low carbon steel modified surfaces. Wear. 2005;258:1775–1786. doi:10.1016/j.wear.2004.12.013
22.
StachowiakGB, StachowiakGW.The effects of particle characteristics on three-body abrasive wear. Wear. 2001;249:201–207. doi:10.1016/S0043-1648(01)00557-9
23.
AxénN, JacobsonS, HogmarkS.Influence of hardness of the counterbody in three-body abrasive wear — an overlooked hardness effect. Tribol Int. 1994;27:233–241. doi:10.1016/0301-679X(94)90003-5
24.
FangL, ZhouQD, LiYJ.An explanation of the relation between wear and material hardness in three-body abrasion. Wear. 1991;151:313–321. doi:10.1016/0043-1648(91)90258-V
25.
GatesJD.Two-body and three-body abrasion: a critical discussion. Wear. 1998;214:139–146. doi:10.1016/S0043-1648(97)00188-9
26.
HraběP, MüllerM, HadačV.Evaluation of techniques for ploughshare lifetime increase. Agric Eng. 2015;61:72–79. doi:10.17221/73/2013-RAE
27.
NatsisA, PapadakisG, PitsilisJ.The influence of soil type, soil water and share sharpness of a mouldboard plough on energy consumption, rate of work and tillage quality. J Agric Eng Res. 1999;72:171–176. doi:10.1006/jaer.1998.0360
28.
wei YiD, pu ShiY, guang FuH, . Microstructures and erosion-corrosion behavior of Fe-B alloy containing chromium and nickel. China Foundry. 2019;16:307–312. doi:10.1007/s41230-019-9007-8
29.
DaberS, RaoPP.Formation of strain-induced martensite in austempered ductile iron. J Mater Sci. 2008;43:357–367. doi:10.1007/s10853-007-2258-6
30.
LiX, SoriaS, GanW, . Multi-scale phase analyses of strain-induced martensite in austempered ductile iron (ADI) using neutron diffraction and transmission techniques. J Mater Sci. 2021;56:5296–5306. doi:10.1007/s10853-020-05619-x
31.
TarassovSY, KolubaevAV.Effect of friction on subsurface layer microstructure in austenitic and martensitic steels. Wear. 1999;231:228–234. doi:10.1016/S0043-1648(99)00107-6
32.
YuanCQ, PengZ, ZhouXC, . The characterization of wear transitions in sliding wear process contaminated with silica and iron powder. Tribol Int. 2005;38:129–143. doi:10.1016/J.TRIBOINT.2004.06.007
33.
De OliveiraMM, CostaHL, SilvaWM, . Effect of iron oxide debris on the reciprocating sliding wear of tool steels. Wear. 2019;1065–1075:1065–1075. doi:10.1016/j.wear.2018.12.047
34.
SinghJ, AlpasAT.Dry sliding wear mechanisms in a Ti50Ni47Fe3 intermetallic alloy. Wear. 1995;302–311:302–311. doi:10.1016/0043-1648(95)90037-3
35.
GopinathK, RayuduGVN, NarayanamurthiRG.Friction and wear of sintered iron. Wear. 1977;42:245–250. doi:10.1016/0043-1648(77)90055-2
36.
LeheupER, DeenZ, MoonJR.The effect of density on fretting wear of sintered iron. Wear. 1994;176:111–119. doi:10.1016/0043-1648(94)90204-6
37.
PapaphilippouC, VardavouliasM, JeandinM.The influence of humidity and the role of debris in the unlubricated wear of ductile cast iron against alumina. Wear. 1994;177:151–157. doi:10.1016/0043-1648(94)90240-2
38.
HurricksPL.The mechanism of fretting — a review. Wear. 1970;15:389–409. doi:10.1016/0043-1648(70)90235-8
39.
HardellJ, HernandezS, MozgovoyS, . Effect of oxide layers and near surface transformations on friction and wear during tool steel and boron steel interaction at high temperatures. Wear. 2015;223–229:223–229. doi:10.1016/j.wear.2015.02.040
