Wear evaluation of rolling components is crucial for tramway dynamics, maintenance and safety. 2D contact wear measurement techniques are the most commonly used to detect the health conditions of rails. In this paper, the novel use of a portable metrological 3D optical scanner is proposed and compared to the prior 2D methods. Laboratory results show that the application of 3D optical digitizers gives results consistent with the 2D results but gives also a more complete and global view of the wear phenomenon. Different inspection procedures are compared and discussed in order to propose the best method to perform 3D wear mapping. The results of on-line experimental campaigns on the real tramway line of Florence (Italy), performed with the current and the new proposed instruments and methods, are also presented and compared. From the results of this paper, new strategies for the maintenance service of tramways, and especially of the Florentine tramway, can be proposed.
AllottaB, ContiR, MeliE, . Modeling and control of a full-scale roller-rig for the analysis of railway braking under degraded adhesion conditions. IEEE Trans Control Syst Technol. 2015;23(1):186–196.
2.
InnocentiA, MariniL, MeliE, . Development of a wear model for the analysis of complex railway networks. Wear. 2014;309(1–2):174–191.
3.
AucielloJ, IgnestiM, MalvezziM, . Development and validation of a wear model for the analysis of the wheel profile evolution in railway vehicles. Veh Syst Dyn. 2012;50(11):1707–1734.
4.
IgnestiM, MalvezziM, MariniL, . Development of a wear model for the prediction of wheel and rail profile evolution in railway systems. Wear. 2012;284–285:1–17.
5.
AllottaB, MeliE, RidolfiA, . Development of an innovative wheel-rail contact model for the analysis of degraded adhesion in railway systems. Tribol Int. 2014;69:128–140.
6.
LewisR, Dwyer-JoyceRS, OlofssonU, . Mapping railway wheel material wear mechanisms and transitions). Proc. IMechE Part F: J. Rail and Rapid Transit; 2010.
7.
IwnickiS.Handbook of railway vehicle dynamics. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press-Taylor Francis Group; 2006.
8.
TorstenssonPT, NielsenJCO.Monitoring of rail corrugation growth due to irregular wear on a railway metro curve. Wear. 2009;267(1–4):556–561.
9.
EnblomR, BergM.Proposed procedure and trial simulation of rail profile evolution due to uniform wear. Proc Inst Mech Eng, F: J Rail Rapid Transit. 2008;222(1):15–25.
10.
EadieDT, ElvidgeD, OldknowK, . The effects of top of rail friction modifier on wear and rolling contact fatigue: Full-scale rail-wheel test rig evaluation, analysis and modelling. Wear. 2008;265(9–10):1222–1230.
11.
BraghinF, LewisR, Dwyer-JoyceRS, . A mathematical model to predict railway wheel profile evolution due to wear. Wear. 2006;261(11–12):1253–1264.
12.
MagelE, KalousekJ, CaldwellR.A numerical simulation of wheel wear. Wear. 2005;258(7–8):1245–1254.
13.
GrassieSL, SaxonMJ, SmithJD.Measurement of longitudinal rail irregularities and criteria for acceptable grinding. J Sound Vib. 1999;227(5):949–964.
14.
MaoJX, XuYD, ZhouY.Detection and recovery algorithm of rail surface short wavelength irregularities based on chord measuring method. ICTE 2013 - Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Transportation Engineering, 2013.
15.
MaoJX, XuYD, ZhouY.Rail short wave irregularities restoration algorithm based on digital inverse filter technology. Adv Mat Res. 2013;779:530–533.
16.
MaoJX, LiHF, XuYD.A new method for detecting rail short wave irregularity. Appl Mech Mater. 2013;361–363:1640–1644.
17.
GrassieSL.Measurement of long wavelength irregularities on rails. Notes Numer Fluid Mech Multidiscip Des. 2015;126:643–649.
18.
LiuZ, SunJ, WangH, . Simple and fast rail wear measurement method based on structured light. Opt Lasers Eng. 2011;49(11):1343–1351.
19.
LiuH, LiY, MaZ, . Recognition and calibration of rail profile under affine-distortion-based point set mapping. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas. 2017;60(1)7600390: 131–140.
20.
ValigiMC, LogozzoS, AffatatoS.New challenges in tribology: wear assessment using 3D optical scanners. Materials (Basel). 2017;10(5):548.
21.
AffatatoS, ValigiMC, LogozzoS.Wear distribution detection of knee joint prostheses by means of 3D optical scanners. Materials (Basel). 2017;10(4):364.
22.
ValigiMC, LogozzoS, CanellaG.A robotic 3D vision system for automatic cranial prostheses inspection. Mech Mach Sci. 2018;49:328–335.
23.
ValigiMC, LogozzoS, CanellaG.A new automated 2 DOFs 3D desktop optical scanner. Mechanisms and Machine Science. 2017;47:231–238.
24.
LogozzoS, ValigiMC, CanellaG.Advances in optomechatronics: an automated Tilt-rotational 3D scanner for high-quality reconstructions. Photonics. 2018;5(4), p. Art. 42.
25.
ValigiMC, LogozzoS, RinchiM.Wear resistance of blades in planetary concrete mixers. Part II: 3D validation of a new mixing blade design and efficiency evaluation. Tribol Int. 2016;103:37–44.
26.
ValigiMC, LogozzoS, GasperiniI.Study of wear of planetary concrete mixer blades using a 3D optical scanner). Proceedings of the International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition. IMECE2015; Houston, Texas, USA, 2015.
27.
ValigiMC, FabiL, GasperiniI.Wear resistance of new blade for planetary concrete mixer. 5th world tribology congress, WTC 2013; Torino, 2013.
28.
ValigiMC, LogozzoS, RinchiM.Wear resistance of blades in planetary concrete mixers. Design of a new improved blade shape and 2D validation. Tribol Int. 2016;96:191–201.
29.
LiL, LiC, TangY, . An integrated approach of reverse engineering aided remanufacturing process for worn components. Robot Comput Integr Manuf. 2017;48:39–50.
30.
BoyerB, NeriT, Di IorioA, . The linear penetration rate is not relevant for evaluating wear of dual mobility cups: an explant study. Int Orthop. 2017;41(3):599–603.
31.
BartkowskiD, BartkowskaA.Wear resistance in the soil of Stellite-6/WC coatings produced using laser cladding method. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater. 2017;64:20–26.
32.
ValigiMC, LogozzoS.Do exostoses correlate with contact disfunctions? A case study of a maxillary exostosis. Lubricants. 2019;7(2):15.
33.
ValigiMC, LogozzoS, ButiniE, . Experimental evaluation of tramway track wear by means of 3D metrological optical scanners. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Contact Mechanics and Wear of Rail/Wheel Systems (CM2018); Delft, The Netherlands, September 24–27, 2018.
