In this article we report an experiment that investigated differences in classification performance of women and men in artificial grammar learning (AGL). Women's and men's responses correspond to a large extent. Consistent differences, however, were found in a variable that codes overlaps between training and test items in terms of string fragments. The results are best explained by the assumption that women and men apply different cognitive strategies at test.
De VriesM. H.BarthA. C. R.MaiwormS.KnechtS.ZwitserloodP.FlöelA. (2010). Electrical stimulation of Broca's area enhances implicit learning of an artificial grammar.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience22, 2427–2436.
3.
ForkstamC.PeterssonK. M. (2005). Towards an explicit account of implicit learning.Current Opinion in Neurology18, 435–441.
4.
GebauerG. F.MackintoshN. J. (2007). Psychometric intelligence dissociates implicit and explicit learning.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition33, 34–54.
5.
HalpernD. F. (2004). A cognitive-process taxonomy for sex differences in cognitive abilities.Current Directions in Psychological Science13, 135–139.
6.
HarastyJ.DoubleK. L.HallidayG. M.KrilJ. J.McRitchieD. A. (1997). Language-associated cortical regions are proportionally larger in the female brain.Archives of Neurology54, 2171–176.
7.
HowardD. V.HowardJ. H. (2001). When it does hurt to try: Adult age differences in the effects of instructions on implicit pattern learning.Psychonomic Bulletin & Review8, 798–805.
8.
JohnstoneT.ShanksD. R. (1999). Two mechanisms in implicit artificial grammar learning? Comment on Meulemans and Van der Linden (1997).Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition25, 524–531.
9.
KinderA.AssmannA. (2000). Learning artificial grammars: No evidence for the acquisition of rules.Memory and Cognition28, 1321–1332.
10.
KinderA.ShanksD. R. (2001). Amnesia and the declarative/nondeclarative distinction: A recurrent network model of classification, recognition, and repetition priming.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience13, 648–669.
11.
KnowltonB. J.SquireL. R. (1994). The information acquired during artificial grammar learning.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition20, 79–91.
12.
KnowltonB. J.SquireL. R. (1996). Artificial grammar learning depends on implicit acquisition of both abstract and exemplar-specific information.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition22, 169–181.
13.
KnowltonB. J.SquireL. R. (1997). Correction to Knowlton and Squire (1996).Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition23, 220.
14.
LiebermanM. D.ChangG. Y.ChiaoJ.BookheimerS. Y.KnowltonB. J. (2004). An Event-related fMRI study of artificial grammar learning in a balanced chunk strength design.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience16, 427–438.
15.
LorchR. F.MyersJ. L. (1990). Regression analyses of repeated measures data in cognitive research.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition16, 149–157.
16.
LotzA.KinderA. (2006). Transfer in artificial grammar learning: The role of repetition information.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition32, 707–715.
17.
LotzA.KinderA.LachnitH. (2009). Multiple regression analyses in artificial grammar learning: The importance of control groups.The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology62, 576–584.
18.
OvermanW. H. (2004). Sex differences in early childhood, adolescence, and adulthood on cognitive tasks that rely on orbital prefrontal cortex.Brain and Cognition55, 134–147.
PothosE. M. (2007). Theories of artificial grammar learning.Psychological Bulletin133, 227–244.
21.
PothosE. M.BaileyT. M. (2000). The role of similarity in artificial grammar learning.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition26, 847–862.
22.
ReberA. S. (1967). Implicit learning of artificial grammars.Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior6, 855–863.
23.
WallentinM. (2009). Putative sex differences in verbal abilities and language cortex: A critical review.Brain and Language108, 175–183.