In this study, we will apply the hot-press moulding method for the first time to the preparation of alkali-activated slag composites (AASC) and incorporate 1vol.-%, 3vol.-%, 5vol.-%, and 7vol.-% steel, copper, and carbon fibres into the matrix in order to investigate the characteristics of the HP-AASC and fibre reinforced (HP-FRAASC) in terms of compressive strength, flexural strength, impact toughness, and bulk density of HP-AASC and HP-FRAASC. Results show that the composites have good flexural strength, compressive strength, and impact toughness when the content of steel fibres is 5 vol.-%, copper fibres are 7 vol.-%, and carbon fibres are 1–3 vol.-%. It was observed from each sample of HP-FRAASC and HP-AASC that the HP-AASC samples had lower porosity, better density, and an easy preparation process, which can be used as a suitable preparation method for this material.
AmerI, KohailM, El-FekyMS, . A review on alkali-activated slag concrete. Ain Shams Eng J. 2021;12(2):1475–1499. doi:10.1016/j.asej.2020.12.003
2.
ShariatiM, ShariatiA, TrungNT, . Alkali-activated slag (AAS) paste: correlation between durability and microstructural characteristics. Constr Build Mater. 2021;267:120886, doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120886
3.
FuQ, BuM, ZhangZ, . Hydration characteristics and microstructure of alkali-activated slag concrete: a review. Engineering. 2021;20:162–179.
4.
AwoyeraP, AdesinaA.A critical review on application of alkali activated slag as a sustainable composite binder. Case StudConstruct Mater. 2019;11:e00268, doi:10.1016/j.cscm.2019.e00268
5.
LiL, XieJ, ZhangB, . A state-of-the-art review on the setting behaviours of ground granulated blast furnace slag- and metakaolin-based alkali-activated materials. Constr Build Mater. 2023;368:130389, doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.130389
6.
AbhishekHS, PrashantS, KamathMV, . Fresh mechanical and durability properties of alkali-activated fly ash-slag concrete: a review. Innovat Infrastruct Solut. 2022;7:1–14. doi:10.1007/s41062-021-00711-w
7.
PuertasF, PalaciosM, ManzanoH, . A model for the CASH gel formed in alkali-activated slag cements. J Eur Ceram Soc. 2011;31:2043–2056. doi:10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2011.04.036
8.
GruskovnjakA, LothenbachB, HolzerL, . Hydration of alkali-activated slag: comparison with ordinary Portland cement. Adv Cem Res. 2006;18(3):119–128. doi:10.1680/adcr.2006.18.3.119
9.
CollinsF, SanjayanJG.Microcracking and strength development of alkali activated slag concrete. Cem Concr Compos. 2001;23(4–5):345–352. doi:10.1016/S0958-9465(01)00003-8
10.
WangSD, ScrivenerKL, PrattPL.Factors affecting the strength of alkali-activated slag. Cem Concr Res. 1994;24(6):1033–1043. doi:10.1016/0008-8846(94)90026-4
11.
AtişCD, BilimC, ÇelikÖ, . Influence of activator on the strength and drying shrinkage of alkali-activated slag mortar. Constr Build Mater. 2009;23(1):548–555. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.10.011
12.
WangSD, PuXC, ScrivenerKL, . Alkali-activated slag cement and concrete: a review of properties and problems. Adv Cem Res. 1995;7(27):93–102. doi:10.1680/adcr.1995.7.27.93
MohamedOA.A review of durability and strength characteristics of alkali-activated slag concrete. Materials (Basel). 2019;12(8):1198, doi:10.3390/ma12081198
15.
XiaoR, ShenZ, SiR, . Alkali-activated slag (AAS) and OPC-based composites containing crumb rubber aggregate: physico-mechanical properties, durability and oxidation of rubber upon NaOH treatment. J Clean Prod. 2022;367:132896, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132896
16.
JiX, GuX, WangZ, . Admixture effects on the rheological/mechanical behavior and micro-structure evolution of alkali-activated slag backfills. Minerals. 2023;13(1):30, doi:10.3390/min13010030
17.
ZamanabadiSN, ZareeiSA, ShoaeiP, . Ambient-cured alkali-activated slag paste incorporating micro-silica as repair material: effects of alkali activator solution on physical and mechanical properties. Constr Build Mater. 2019;229:116911, doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116911
18.
De FilippisU, Prud'HommeE, MeilleS.Relation between activator ratio, hydration products and mechanical properties of alkali-activated slag. Constr Build Mater. 2021;266:120940, doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120940
19.
LaoJC, HuangBT, XuLY, . Seawater sea-sand Engineered Geopolymer Composites (EGC) with high strength and high ductility. Cem Concr Compos. 2023;138:104998, doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2023.104998
20.
LaoJC, HuangBT, FangY, . Strain-hardening alkali-activated fly ash/slag composites with ultra-high compressive strength and ultra-high tensile ductility. Cem Concr Res. 2023;165:107075, doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2022.107075
RanjbarN, ZhangM.Fiber-reinforced geopolymer composites: a review. Cem Concr Compos. 2020;107:103498, doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.103498
23.
KorniejenkoK, LinWT, ŠimonováH.Mechanical properties of short polymer fiber-reinforced geopolymer composites. J Compos Sci. 2020;4(3):128, doi:10.3390/jcs4030128
24.
AbbasAGN, AzizFNAA, AbdanK, . A state-of-the-art review on fibre-reinforced geopolymer composites. Constr Build Mater. 2022;330:127187, doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127187
25.
ShaikhFUA.Review of mechanical properties of short fibre reinforced geopolymer composites. Constr Build Mater. 2013;43:37–49. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.01.026
26.
FarhanKZ, JohariMAM, DemirboğaR.Impact of fiber reinforcements on properties of geopolymer composites: a review. J Build Eng. 2021;44:102628, doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102628
27.
LaxmiG, PatilSG.Effect of fiber types, shape, aspect ratio and volume fraction on properties of geopolymer concrete – a review. Mater Today Proc. 2022;65(2):1086–1094.
28.
KorniejenkoK, FigielaB, MiernikK, . Mechanical and fracture properties of long fiber reinforced geopolymer composites. Materials (Basel). 2021;14(18):5183, doi:10.3390/ma14185183
29.
FigielaB, ŠimonováH, KorniejenkoK.State of the art, challenges, and emerging trends: geopolymer composite reinforced by dispersed steel fibers. Rev Adv Mater Sci. 2022;61(1):1–15. doi:10.1515/rams-2021-0067
30.
ShahSFA, ChenB, OderjiSY, . Comparative study on the effect of fiber type and content on the performance of one-part alkali-activated mortar. Constr Build Mater. 2020;243:118221, doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118221
31.
HammadN, El-NemrA, HasanHED.The performance of fiber GGBS based alkali-activated concrete. J Build Eng. 2021;42:102464, doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102464
32.
SivakumarA, SrinivasanK.High performance fibre reinforced alkali activated slag concrete. Int J Civil Environ Eng. 2014;8(12):1288–1291.
33.
MatalkahF, AbabnehA, AqelR.Effect of fiber type and content on the mechanical properties and shrinkage characteristics of alkali-activated kaolin. Struct Concr. 2022;23(1):300–310. doi:10.1002/suco.202100061
34.
AdesinaA.Performance of fibre reinforced alkali-activated composites – a review. Materialia. 2020;12:100782, doi:10.1016/j.mtla.2020.100782
BernalS, De GutierrezR, DelvastoS, . Performance of an alkali-activated slag concrete reinforced with steel fibers. Constr Build Mater. 2010;24(2):208–214. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.10.027
37.
AydınS, BaradanB.The effect of fiber properties on high performance alkali-activated slag/silica fume mortars. Composites Part B: Eng. 2013;45(1):63–69. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.09.080
38.
EskandariniaM, EsmailzadeM, AslaniF.Splitting tensile strength of recycled tire steel fiber-reinforced alkali-activated slag concrete designed by Taguchi method. Struct Concr. 2022;24(3):3365–3384.
39.
ChengH, ChenP, RongX, . Effect of steel fibre and manufactured sand on mechanical properties of alkali-activated slag green cementitious material after high temperature. Case Stud Constr Mater. 2023;18:e01919, doi:10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e01919
40.
BernalS, de GutiérrezRM, RodríguezE, . Mechanical behaviour of steel fibre-reinforced alkali activated slag concrete. Mater de Construcción. 2009;59(293):53–62.
41.
YuanX, GuanH, ShiY.Stress-Strain relationship of steel fiber reinforced alkali activated slag concrete under static compression. Adv Civil Eng. 2021;2021:1–12.
42.
PerumalP, NguyenH, CarvelliV, . High strength fiber reinforced one-part alkali activated slag composites from industrial side streams. Constr Build Mater. 2022;319:126124, doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126124
AbdollahnejadZ, MastaliM, FalahM, . Durability of the reinforced one-part alkali-activated slag mortars with different fibers. Waste Biomass Valorization. 2021;12:487–501. doi:10.1007/s12649-020-00958-x
45.
BeglarigaleA, AydınS, KızılırmakC.Fiber-Matrix bond characteristics of alkali-activated slag cement–based composites. J Mater Civ Eng. 2016;28(11):04016133, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001642
ZhouX, ZhengW, ZengY, . Effect of fiber content and stress–strength ratio on the creep of basalt fiber–reinforced alkali-activated slag concrete. Struct Concr. 2022;23(1):382–394. doi:10.1002/suco.202100443
48.
KhanMZN, HaoY, HaoH, . Mechanical properties of ambient cured high strength hybrid steel and synthetic fibers reinforced geopolymer composites. Cem Concr Compos. 2018;85:133–152. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.10.011
49.
ChenP, WangZ, CaoS, . Study on axial compressive stress-strain relationship of alkali-activated slag lightweight aggregate concrete. Constr Build Mater. 2023;364:129991, doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129991
ChenW, XieY, LiB, . Role of aggregate and fibre in strength and drying shrinkage of alkali-activated slag mortar. Constr Build Mater. 2021;299:124002, doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124002
55.
YanS, HeP, JiaD, . Effect of fiber content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of carbon fiber felt reinforced geopolymer composites. Ceram Int. 2016;42(6):7837–7843. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.01.197
56.
HeP, JiaD, LinT, . Effects of high-temperature heat treatment on the mechanical properties of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced geopolymer composites. Ceram Int. 2010;36(4):1447–1453. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2010.02.012
57.
SoSM, ChoiWH, KimKH, . Mechanical properties of B4C–SiC composites fabricated by hot-press sintering. Ceram Int. 2020;46(7):9575–9581. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.12.222
58.
YangL, WangT, LiuC, . Microstructures and mechanical properties of AZ31 magnesium alloys fabricated via vacuum hot-press sintering. J Alloys Compd. 2021;870:159473, doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.159473
59.
WangH, CaiD, YangZ, . Hot-press sintering studies of sol-gel-prepared composite powders: a novel preparation method to improve mechanical properties of BN-BAS composite ceramics. Ceram Int. 2022;48(12):17539–17547. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.03.019
SunZL, ZhouY, JiaDC, . Mechanical and thermal physical properties of amorphous SiCN(O) ceramic bulks prepared by hot-press sintering. Mater Lett. 2012;72:57–59. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2011.12.053
62.
WangS, MaX, HeL, . High strength inorganic-organic polymer composites (IOPC) manufactured by mold pressing of geopolymers. Constr Build Mater. 2019;198:501–511. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.281
