Since invented in 1980s, cold spraying (CS) has received numerous attentions recently because of its low heat input and high efficiency. Severe plastic deformation induced by high-velocity impaction makes the particles with temperature below the melting point deposited on the substrate. Theoretically, the coating obtained by CS is dense and free of oxidation, so excellent thermal and electrical conductivity can be obtained, which is ideal for ceramic metallisation (CM). Many studies have been done on the CS CM to study the coating structures, bonding mechanism and performances. Mechanical occlusion is considered to be the main bonding type at the interface, local melting plays a small role in the bonding, but local melting improves the bonding strength significantly. However, the specific bonding mechanism of CS CM is still unclear, especially in some metal/ceramic systems with bonding strength greater than 10 MPa, the bonding mechanisms need to be further studied. CS is also difficult to metallise some ceramics, which requires complicated design. Thus, aiming to improve the reliability and the extent of the application of CS CM, a thorough review should be made. In the present paper, the bonding mechanisms of CS metal coating on ceramic proposed by previous researches were summarised to help the researchers a better and quicker understanding for the CS CM. The factors influencing the properties were introduced. The author also made an outlook for the future development of CS in CM.
CaiZY, ZhangC, WangRC, High-temperature mechanical properties and thermal cycling stability of Al-50Si alloy for electronic packaging. Mater Sci Eng A. 2018;728:95–101. DOI:10.1016/j.msea.2018.05.020.
2.
YangSH, KangS.Fracture behavior and reliability of brazed alumina joints via Mo-Mn process and active metal brazing. J Mater Res. 2000;15:2238–2243. DOI:10.1557/JMR.2000.0321.
3.
FaddoulR, Reverdy-BruasN, BlayoA.Formulation and screen printing of water based conductive flake silver pastes onto green ceramic tapes for electronic applications. Mater Sci Eng B. 2012;177:1053–1066. DOI:10.1016/j.mseb.2012.05.015.
4.
XinCL, LiuWB, LiN, Metallization of Al2O3 ceramic by magnetron sputtering Ti/Mo bilayer thin films for robust brazing to Kovar alloy. Ceram Int. 2016;42:9599–9604. DOI:10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.03.044.
5.
ChenDQ, LinF, XiaoLR, Research and development of DBC packaging materials. Mater Rev. 2004;18(6):76–78 , 82.
6.
GaoLQ, LiuZ.Progress of ceramic to metal seal technology in China. Shandong Ceramics. 2019;42:7–12. (In Chinese).
AlkhimovAP, PapyrinAN, KosarevVF, Gas-dynamic spraying method for applying a coating. United States patent US 5302414. 1994; US5302414A.
9.
WielageB, GrundT, RupprechtC, New method for producing power electronic circuit boards by cold gas spraying and investigation of adhesion mechanisms. Surf Coat Technol. 2010;4:1115–1118. DOI:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.06.020.
10.
MarxS, PaulA, KohlerA, CS: innovative layers for new applications. Therm Spray Technol. 2006;2:177–183. DOI:10.1361/105996306X107977.
11.
WangYY, LiuY, LiCJ, Electrical and mechanical properties of nano structured TiN coatings deposited by vacuum cold spray. Vacuum. 2012;86:953–959. DOI:10.1016/j.vacuum.2011.06.026.
12.
WangYY, LiuY, YangGJ, Effect of microstructure on the electrical properties of nano structured TiN coatings deposited by vacuum cold spray. J Therm Spray Technol. 2010;19(6):1231–1237. DOI:10.1007/s11666-010-9541-9.
13.
AlkhimovAP, KosarevVF, PapyrinAN. A method of cold gas-dynamic deposition. Transl. American Institute of Physics. 1990;35(12):1047–1049. US5769A.
14.
PapyrinA.Cold spray technology. Adv Mater Processes. 2001;159(9):49–51.
DykhuizenRC, SmithMF, NeiserRA, Impact of high velocity cold spray particles. J Therm Spray Technol. 1998;8(4):559–564. DOI:10.1361/105996399770350250.
17.
AssadiH, SchmidtT, RichterH, On parameter selection in cold spraying. J Therm Spray Technol. 2011;20(6 ):1161–1176.
18.
WongW, VoP, IrissouE, Effect of particle morphology and size distribution on cold-sprayed pure titanium coatings. J Therm Spray Technol. 2013;22:1140–1153. DOI:10.1007/s11666-013-9951-6.
19.
AssadiH, GaertnerF, StoltenhoffT, Bonding mechanism in cold gas spraying. Acta Mater. 2003;51(15):4379–4394. DOI:10.1016/s1359-6454(03)00274-x.
20.
WrightT.Shear band susceptibility: work hardening materials. Int J Plast. 1992;8:583–602. DOI:10.1016/0749-6419(92)90032-8.
21.
KomarovSV, RomankovSE.Mechanical metallization of alumina substrate through shot impact treatment. J Eur Ceram Soc. 2014;34(2):391–399. DOI:10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2013.08.022.
22.
McCuneRC, DonlonWT, CartwrightEL, Characterization of copper and steel coatings made by the cold-gas-dynamic spray method. Proceedings of 9th NTSC; 1996. p. 397.
23.
GolanskiD.Temperature distribution in a cylindrical Al2O3-steel joint during the vacuum brazing cycle. Mater Process Technol. 1996;56:945–954. DOI:10.1016/0924-0136(95)01906-5.
24.
LeeHY, YuYH, LeeYC, Cold spray of SiC and Al2O3with Soft Metal incorporation: a technical contribution. J Therm Spray Technol. 2004;13(2):184–189. DOI:10.1361/10599630419355.
25.
DrehmannR, GrundT, LampkeT, Splat formation and adhesion mechanisms of cold gas-sprayed Al coatings on Al2O3 substrates. J Therm Spray Technol. 2013;23(1):68–75. DOI:10.1007/s11666-013-9966-z.
26.
RafajaD, SchucknechtT, KlemmV, Microstructural characterisation of titanium coatings deposited using cold Gas spraying on Al2O3 substrates. Surf Coat Technol. 2009;20–21(203):3206–3213. DOI:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2009.03.054.
KingPC, ZahiriS, JahediM, Aluminium coating of lead zirconate titanate-A study of cold spray variables. Surf Coat Technol. 2010;205(7):2016–2022. DOI:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.08.084.
29.
MaevRG, LeshchynskyV.Introduction to low pressure gas dynamic spray: physics& technology. Wiley-VCH. 2008;2:85–99. DOI:10.1002/9783527621903.
30.
DonnerKR, GaertnerF, KlassenT. (2017). Metallizat essential factors influencing the bonding strength of cold- sprayed aluminum coatings on ceramic substrates.
31.
GärtnerF, BorchersC, StoltenhoffT, Numerical and microstructural investigations of the bonding mechanisms in CSq. International Thermal spraying Conference ITSC, Orlando, Florida, USA, 2003.
32.
DietrichD, WielageB, LampkeT, Evolution of microstructure of cold-spray aluminium coatings on Al2O3 substrates. Adv Eng Mater. 2012;14(4):275–278.
33.
DrehmannR, GrundT, LampkeT, Interface characterization and bonding mechanisms of cold gas-sprayed Al coatings on ceramic substrates. J Therm Spray Technol. 2015;24(1):92–99. DOI:10.1007/s11666-014-0189-8.
34.
PapyrinAN, KosarevVF, KlinkowSV, On the interaction of high speed particles with a substrate under the CS. In: LugscheiderEF, BerndtCC, editors. Proceedings of the International Thermal Spray Conference 2002. Dusseldorf: DVS-Verlag; 2002. p. 380.
35.
GrujicicM, ZhaoCL, DerossetWS, Adiabatic shear instability based mechanism for particles/substrate bonding in the cold-gas dynamic-spray process. Mater Des. 2004;25(8):681–688. DOI:10.1016/j.matdes.2004.03.0.
36.
LiCJ, LiWY, WangYY.Formation of metastable phases in cold-sprayed soft metallic deposit. Surf Coat Technol. 2005;198(1–3):469–473. DOI:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2004.10.063.
37.
WankA, WielageB, PodlesakH, High-Resolution microstructural investigations of interfaces between light metal alloy substrates and cold Gas-sprayed coatings. JTherm Spray Technol. 2006;15(2):280–283. DOI:10.1361/105996306X108291.
38.
VlcekJ, GimenoL, HuberH, A systematic approach to material eligibility for the cold-spray process. J Therm Spray Technol. 2005;14(1):125–133. DOI:10.1361/10599630522738.
39.
KingPC, ZahiriSH, JahediM.Focused Ion beam micro-dissection of cold-sprayed particles. Acta Mater. 2008;56(19):5617–5626. DOI:10.1016/j.actamat.2008.07.034.
40.
WüstefeldC, RafajaD, MotylenkoM, Local heteroepitaxy as an adhesion mechanism in aluminium coatings cold gas sprayed on AlN substrates. Acta Mater. 2017;128:418–427. DOI:10.1016/j.actamat.2017.02.021.
41.
BaeG, XiongY, KumarS, General aspects of interface bonding in kinetic sprayed coatings. Acta Mater. 2008;56:4858–4868. DOI:10.1016/j.actamat.2008.06.003.
42.
KoKH, ChoiJO, LeeH.The interfacial restructuring to amorphous: a new adhesion mechanism of cold-sprayed coatings. Mater Lett. 2016;175:13–15. DOI:10.1016/j.matlet.2016.03.132.
43.
KoKH, ChoiJO, LeeH.Intermixing and interfacial morphology of cold-sprayed Al coatings on steel. Mater. Lett. 2014;136:45–47. DOI:10.1016/j.matlet.2014.07.142.
44.
SteenkisteT, SmithJR, TeetsRE.Aluminum coatings via kinetic spray with relatively large powder particles. Surf Coat Technol. 2002;154(2–3):237–252. DOI:10.1016/S0257-8972(02)00018-X.
45.
ZhangD, ShipwayPH, MccartneyDG. Particle-substrate interactions in cold gas dynamic spraying. In: Thermal spray advancing the science & applying the technology; 2003.
46.
MäkinenH, LagerbomJ, VuoristoP.Adhesion of cold sprayed coatings: effect of powder, substrate, and heat treatment. Therm Spray Technol. 2007: 31–36.
SpencerK, FabijanicDM, ZhangMX.The influence of Al2O3 reinforcement on the properties of stainless steel cold spray coatings. Surf Coat Technol. 2012;206:3275–3282. DOI:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.01.031.
50.
IrissouE, LegouxJG, ArsenaultB, Investigation of Al-Al2O3 cold spray coating formation and properties. J Thermal Spray Technol. 2007;16:661–668. DOI:10.1007/s11666-007-9086-8.
51.
SovaA, KosarevV, PapyrinA, Effect of ceramic particle velocity on cold spray deposition of metal-ceramic coatings. J Therm Spray Technol. 2011;20(1–2):285–293. DOI:10.1007/s11666-010-9571-3.
52.
HuangR, MaW, FukanumaH.Development of ultra-strong adhesive strength coatings using cold spray. Surf Coat Technol. 2014;258(15):832–841. DOI:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.07.074.
53.
KlinkovSV, KosarevVF, SovaAA, Deposition of multicomponent coatings by cold spray. Surf Coat Technol. 2008;202(24):5858–5862. DOI:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.06.171.
54.
MauriceJ, GorisAA, IanJ, Aluminium foil and cold spray copper technology as cost reduction process step in back-contact module design. Energy Procedia. 2014;55(1):342–347. DOI:10.1016/j.egypro.2014.08.099.
55.
LeeHY, JungS, LeeSY, Correlation between Al2O3 particles and interface of Al-Al2O3 coatings by cold spray. Appl Surf Sci. 2005;252:1891–1898. DOI:10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.03.148.
StoltenhoffT, KreyeH, RichterHJ.An analysis of the cold spray process and its coatings. J Therm Spray Technol. 2002;11(4):542–550. DOI:10.1361/105996302770348682.
58.
StoltenhoffT, VoyerJ, KreyeH. CS-state of the art and applicability kaltgasspritzen -stand der technik und anwendungsmöglichkeiten. International Thermal Spray Conference-ITSC; 2002. p. 366–374.
59.
KosarevVF, KlinkovSV, AlkimovAP, On some aspects of gas dynamics of the cold spray process. J Therm Spray Technol. 2003;12(2):265–281. DOI:10.1361/105996303770348384.
60.
StoltenhoffT, VoyerJ, KreyeH. Cold spraying-state of the art and applicability. Thermal Spray. 2002:366–374.
61.
SuoXK, YinS, LiaoHL, Strong effect of carrier gas species on particle velocity during cold spray processes. Surf Coat Technol. 2015;268:90–93. DOI:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.04.039.
62.
JodoinB, RaletzF, VardelleM.Cold spray modeling and va1idation using an optica1 diagnostic method. Surf Coat Technol. 2006;200(14–15):4424–4432.
63.
GrujicicM, ZhaoCL, TongC, Analysis of the impact velocity of powder particles in the cold gas dynamic spray process. Mater Sci Eng. 2004;368(1–2):22–23. DOI:10.1016/j.msea.2003.10.312.
64.
FukanumaH, OhnoN, SunB, In-flight particle velocity measurements with DPV-2000 in cold spray. Surf Coat Technol. 2006;201(5):1935–1941. DOI:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.04.035.
65.
ImbriglioSI, BroduschN, AghasibeigM, Influence of substrate characteristics on single Ti splat bonding to ceramic substrates by cold spray. J Therm Spray Technol. 2018;27(6):37–45. DOI:10.1007/s11666-018-0743-x.
66.
LuYP, GaoLQ.Surface metallization and welding of AlN ceramic. Vac Sci Technol. 2000;3:190–193.
67.
SchmidtT, GartnerF, AssadiH, Development of a generalized parameter window for cold spray deposition. Acta Mater. 2006;54(18):729–742. DOI:10.1016/j.actamat.2005.10.005.
68.
YinS, WangX, LiW, Effect of substrate hardness on the deformation behavior of subsequently incident particles in CS. Appl Surf Sci. 2011;257:7560–7565. DOI:10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.03.126.
69.
RicherP, JodoinB, AjdelsztajnL, Substrate roughness and thickness effects on cold spray nanocrystalline Al-Mg coatings. J Therm Spray Technol. 2006;15:246–254. DOI:10.1361/105996306x108174.
70.
MarroccoT, McCartneyDG, ShipwayPH, Production of titanium deposits by cold-gas dynamic spray: numerical modeling and experimental characterization. J Therm Spray Technol. 2006;15:263–272. DOI:10.1361/105996306x108219.
71.
KulmalaM, VuoristoP.Influence of process conditions in laser-assisted low-pressure cold spraying. Surf Coat Technol. 2008;202(5):4503–4508. DOI:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.04.034.
72.
RafajaD, SchucknechtT, KlemmV, Characterisation of titanium coatings deposited using cold gas spraying on Al2O3 substrates. Surf Coat Technol. 2009;203(20):3206–3213.
73.
HussainT, McCartneyDG, ShipwayPH, Bonding mechanisms inCS: the contributions of metallurgical and mechanical components. J Therm Spray Technol. 2009;18(3):364–379. DOI:10.1007/s11666-009-9298-1.
74.
GoyalT, WaliaRS, SidhuTS.Surface roughness optimization of cold-sprayed coatings using taguchi method. Int J Adv Manuf Technol. 2012;60(5-8):611–623. DOI:10.1007/s00170-011-3642-6.
GartnerF, StoltenhoffT, SchmidtT, The cold spray process and its potential for industrial applications. J Therm Spray Technol. 2006;15(2):223–232. DOI:10.1361/105996306x108110.
77.
SuoX, YuM, LiW, Effect of substrate preheating on bonding strength of cold-sprayed Mg coatings. J Therm Spray Technol. 2012;21:1091–1098. DOI:10.1007/s11666-012-9803-9.
78.
XiongY, ZhuangW, ZhangM.Effect of the thickness of cold sprayed aluminium alloy coating on the adhesive bond strength with an aluminium alloy substrate. Surf Coat Technol. 2015;270:259–265. DOI:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.02.048.
79.
YuM, LiW, WangFF, Effect of particle and substrate preheating on particle deformation behavior in CS. Surf Coat Technol. 2013;220:174–178. DOI:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.04.081.
80.
YinS, SuoX, GuoZ, Deposition features of cold sprayed copper particles on preheated substrate. Surf Coat Technol. 2015;268:252–256. DOI:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.11.009.
81.
YinS, SuoX, XieY, Effect of substrate temperature on interfacial bonding for cold spray of Ni onto Cu. J Mater Sci. 2015;50:7448–7457. DOI:10.1007/s10853-015-9304-6.
82.
XieY, PlancheM, RaoelisonR, Effect of substrate preheating on adhesive strength of SS 316L cold spray coatings. J Therm Spray Technol. 2016;25:123–130. DOI:10.1007/s11666-015-0312-5.
83.
WatanabeY, YoshidaC, AtsumiK, Influence of substrate temperature on adhesion strength of cold-sprayed coatings. J Therm Spray Technol. 2014;24:86–91. DOI:10.1007/s11666-014-0165-3.
84.
ErnstK, BraeutigamJ, GaertnerF, Effect of substrate temperature on cold-gas-sprayed coatings on ceramic substrates. J Therm Spray Technol. 2013;22:422–432. DOI:10.1007/s11666-012-9871-x.
85.
SamarehB, DolatabadiA.A three-dimensional analysis of the cold spray process: the effects of substrate location and shape. J Therm Spray Technol. 2007;16(5–6):634–642. DOI:10.1007/s11666-007-9082-z.
86.
IrissouE, LegouxJG, MoreauC, How cold is cold spray? An experimental study of the heat transfer to the substrate in cold gas dynamic spraying. International Thermal Spray conference, 2008.
87.
YinS, WangXF, LiWY, Examination on substrate preheating process in cold gas dynamic spraying. J Therm Spray Technol. 2011;20(4):852–859. DOI:10.1007/s11666-011-9623-3.
SchmidtT, GaertnerF, KreyeH.New developments in cold spray based on higher Gas and particle temperatures. J. Therm. Spray Technol. 2006;15(4):488–494. DOI:10.1361/105996306x147144.
90.
ZhangD, ShipwayPH, McCartneyDG.Particle-substrate interactions in cold gas dynamic spraying, thermal spray. In: MarpleBR, MoreauC, editor. Advancing the science and applying the technology. Orlando (FL): ASM International; 2003. p. 45–52.
91.
WongW, IrissouE, RyabininAN, Influence of helium and nitrogen gases on the properties of cold gas dynamic sprayed pure titanium coatings. J Therm Spray Technol. 2011;20(1–2):213–226.
92.
GoldbaumD, ShockleyJM, ChromikRR, The effect of deposition conditions on adhesion strength of Ti and Ti6Al4V cold spray splats. J Therm Spray Technol. 2012;21(2):288–303.
93.
LegouxJ, IrissouE, MoreauC.Effect of substrate temperature on the formation mechanism of cold-sprayed aluminum, zinc and tin coatings[J]. Therm Spray Technol. 2007;16(5):619–626.
94.
FukumotoM, WadaH, TanabeK, Effect of substrate temperature on deposition behavior of copper particles on substrate surfaces in the cold spray process. Therm Spray Technol. 2007;16(5):643–650. DOI:10.1007/s11666-007-9121-9.
JiangXY, WanYP, HermanH, Role of condensates and adsorbates on substrate surface on fragmentation of impinging molten droplets during thermal spray. Thin Solid Films. 2001;385(1–2):132–141. DOI:10.1016/s0040-6090(01)00769-6.
97.
LiC, LiJ, WangW.The effect of substrate preheating and surface organic covering on Splat formation. Thermal Spray. 1998;385(1-2):132–141. DOI:10.2307/41169767.
98.
LiCJ, LiJL.Evaporated-gas-induced splashing model for splat formation during plasma spraying. Surf Coat Technol. 2004;184(1):13–23. DOI:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2003.10.048.
99.
AbediniA, PourmousaA, ChandraS, Effect of substrate temperature on the properties of coatings and splats deposited by wire arc spraying. Surf Coat Technol. 2006;201(6):3350–3358. DOI:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.07.184.
100.
ChristoulisD, PantelisD, BoritF, Effect of substrate preparation on flattening of plasma sprayed aluminium bronze powders. Surf Eng. 2006;22(6):420–431. DOI:10.1179/174329406x150440.
101.
LiH, CostilS, LiaoH, Effects of surface conditions on the flattening behavior of plasma sprayed Cu splats. Surf Coat Technol. 2006;200(18-19):5435–5446. DOI:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.07.058.
102.
FukumotoM, YamaguchiT, YamadaM, Splash splat to disk transition behavior in plasma-sprayed metallic materials. J Therm Spray Technol. 2007;16(5):905–912. DOI:10.1007/s11666-007-9083-y.
103.
YangK, TomitaK, FukumotoM, Effect of ambient pressure on flattening behavior of thermal sprayed particles. J Therm Spray Technol. 2009;18(4):510–518. DOI:10.1007/s11666-009-9401-7.
104.
TranA, HylandM.The role of substrate surface chemistry on splat formation during plasma spray deposition by experiments and simulations. J Therm Spray Technol. 2009;19(1–2):11–23. DOI:10.1007/s11666-009-9414-2.
105.
YangK, FukumotoM, YasuiT, Study of substrate preheating on flattening behavior of thermal-sprayed copper particles. J Therm Spray Technol. 2010;19(6):1195–1205. DOI:10.1007/s11666-010-9515-y.
106.
CoustetV, JupilleJ.High-Resolution electron-energy-loss spectroscopy of isolated hydroxyl groups on a-Al2O3(0001). Surf Sci. 1994;307-309:1161–1165. DOI:10.1016/0039-6028(94)91557-1.
107.
ElamJW, NelsonCE, CameronMA, Adsorption of H2O on a single-crystal α-Al2O3(0001) surface. J Phys Chem B. 1998;36:7008–7015. DOI:10.1021/jp981070j.
108.
LiuP, KendelewiczT, BrownGE, Reaction of water vapor with a-Al2O3(0001) and a-Fe2O3(0001) surfaces: synchrotron X-ray photoemission studies and thermodynamic calculations. Surf Sci. 1998;417:53–65. DOI:10.1016/s0039-6028(98)00661-x.
109.
HassKC, SchneiderWF, CurioniA.The chemistry of water on alumina surfaces: reaction dynamics from first principles. Science. 1998;282:265–268. DOI:10.2307/2897664.
110.
HendersonMA.The interaction of water with solid surfaces: fundamental aspects revisited. Surf Sci Rep. 2002;46:1–308. DOI:10.1016/s0167-5729(01)00020-6.
111.
ThissenP, GrundmeierG, WippermannS.Water adsorption on the a-Al2O3(0001) surface. Phys Rev B. 2009;80(24). DOI:10.1103/PhysRevB.80.245403.
112.
HallAC, CookDJ, NeiserRA, The effect of a simple annealing heat treatment on the mechanical properties of cold-sprayed aluminum. J Therm. Spray Technol. 2006;15(2):233–238. DOI:10.1361/105996306x108138.
113.
CallaE, McCartneyDG, ShipwayPH.Effect of heat treatment on the structure and properties of cold spray copper. Proceedings of the International Thermal Spray Conference; 2005. p. 170–176.
114.
PhaniPS, RaoDS, JoshiSV, Effect of process parameters and heat treatments on properties of cold spray copper coatings. J Therm Spray Technol. 2007;16(3):425–434. DOI:10.1007/s11666-007-9048-1.
115.
LiWY, LiCJ, LiaoH.Effect of annealing treatment on the microstructure and properties of cold-sprayed Cu coating. J Therm Spray Technol. 2006;15(2):206–211. DOI:10.1361/105996306x108066.
116.
MaekinenH, LagerbomJ, VuoristoP.Ad-hesion of cold spray coatings: effect of powder, substrate, and heat treatment. Proceedings of the International Thermal Spray Conference; 2007. p. 31–36.
117.
KoivuluotoH, BolelliG, MilantiA.Microstructural analysis of high-pressure cold-sprayed Ni, NiCu, and NiCu + Al2O3 coatings. Surf Coat Technol. 2015;268:224–229.
118.
ImbriglioSI, Hassani-GangarajM, VeyssetD, Adhesion strength of titanium particles to alumina substrates: a combined cold spray and LIPIT study. Surf Coat Technol. 2019;361:403–412. DOI:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.01.071.
119.
DonnerKR, GaertnerF, KlassenT.Metallization of thin Al2O3 layers in power electronics using cold Gas spraying. J Therm Spray Technol. 2011;1-2(20):299–306. DOI:10.1007/s11666-010-9573-1.
