This study investigated three different milling sequences of high-energy ball milling for in-situ synthesis of Ti2SC MAX phase by Ti, FeS2 and C. The ball milling sequences involved: 1–10-h ball milling of the primary powders, 2–5-h ball milling of Ti and FeS2 followed by 5-h ball milling of added C powder; and 3–5-h ball milling of FeS2 followed by 5-h ball milling of added Ti and C. Heat treatment at 1000°C under Ar atmosphere after ball milling led to complete reactions and increased the purity of Ti2SC. Results also showed that the synthesis based on method 2 was more suitable as it resulted in the formation of Ti2SC and TiC. The spark plasma sintering (SPS) led to a dense bulk sample. The characteristic layered structure of the Ti2SC MAX was further analysed by scanning electron microscopy.
BarsoumMW.MAX phases: properties of machinable ternary carbides and nitrides, Wiley-VCH. Weinheim. 2013. doi:10.1002/9783527654581.
2.
SunZM.Progress in research and development on MAX phases: a family of layered ternary compounds. Int. Mater. Rev. 2011;56:143–166. doi:10.1179/1743280410Y.0000000001.
3.
RangarajL, DivakarC, JayaramV.MAX phases and Ultra-high temperature ceramics for Extreme Environments. IGI Global. 2013. doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-4066-5.
4.
HaftaniM, Saeedi HeydariM, BaharvandiHR, Studying the oxidation of Ti2AlC MAX phase in atmosphere: a review. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater. 2016;61:51–60. doi:10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2016.07.006.
5.
XiaoQD, LvZL.Current carrying friction and wear characteristics of Ti3AlC2 by novel method of infiltration sintering. Adv. Appl. Ceram. 2012;111:202–207. doi:10.1179/1743676111Y.0000000066.
6.
ZhouW, LiK, ZhuJ, In situ synthesis, mechanical and cyclic oxidation properties of Ti3AlC2/Al2O3 composites. Adv. Appl. Ceram. 2018;117:340–346. doi:10.1080/17436753.2018.1434953.
7.
FuH, LiuW, GaoTAO.Structural, elastic and thermodynamic properties of Ti2SC, Bull. Mater. Sci. 2011;34:1617–1625. doi:10.1007/s12034-011-0367-y.
8.
CuiS, FengW, HuH, Hexagonal Ti2SC with high hardness and brittleness: a first-principles study. Scr. Mater. 2009;61:576–579. doi:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2009.05.026.
9.
GuptaS, AminiS, FilimonovD, Tribological behavior of Ti2SC at ambient and elevated temperatures. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2007;90:3566–3571. doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2007.01950.x.
10.
LiX, LiangB, LiZ.Combustion synthesis of Ti2SC. Int. J. Mater. Res. 2013;104:1038–1040. doi:10.3139/146.110972.
11.
GuanC, SunN.Synthesis of high-purity Ti2SC powder by microwave hybrid heating. J. Adv. Ceram. 2016;5:337–343. doi:10.1007/s40145-016-0207-z.
12.
GuanC, SunN.Synthesis and tribological properties of high purity Ti2SC nanolamellas by microwave hybrid heating. J. Alloys Compd. 2017;699:25–30. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.12.329.
13.
GuanCL.Rapid and low temperature synthesis of high purity Ti2SC powder by microwave hybrid heating. Adv. Appl. Ceram. 2016;115:470–472. doi:10.1179/1743676115Y.0000000032.
14.
ZhouW, LiuL, ZhuJ, Facile synthesis of high-purity Ti2SC powders by spark plasma sintering technique. Ceram. Int. 2017;43:9363–9368. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.04.104.
15.
ChenK, YeQ, ZhouJ, Synthesis of Ti2SC phase using iron disulfide or iron sulfide post-treated with acid. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2015;98:1074–1079. doi:10.1111/jace.13457.
16.
HoseiniSM, HeidarpourA, GhasemiS.On the mechanism of mechanochemical synthesis of Ti2SC from Ti/FeS2/C mixture. Adv. Powder Technol. 2019;30:1672–1677. doi:10.1016/j.apt.2019.05.017.
17.
Zarezadeh MehriziM, BeygiR, EisaabadiBG, Mechanically activated combustion synthesis of Ti3AlC2/Al2O3 nanocomposite from TiO2/Al/C powder mixtures. Adv. Powder Technol. 2018. doi:10.1016/j.apt.2018.11.007.
YangC, JinSZ, LiangBY, Synthesis of Ti3AlC2 ceramic by high-energy ball milling of elemental powders of Ti, Al and C. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 2009;209:871–875. doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2008.02.056.
20.
ZhuJF, QiGQ, WangF, Synthesis of Ti3AlC2/Al2O3 nanopowders by mechano-chemical reaction. Adv. Powder Technol. 2010;21:578–581. doi:10.1016/j.apt.2010.03.010.
21.
ShahinN, KazemiS, HeidarpourA.Mechanochemical synthesis mechanism of Ti3AlC2 MAX phase from elemental powders of Ti, Al and C. Adv. Powder Technol. 2016;27:1775–1780. doi:10.1016/j.apt.2016.06.008.
22.
HendaouiA, VrelD, AmaraA, Synthesis of high-purity polycrystalline MAX phases in Ti–Al–C system through mechanically activated self-propagating high-temperature synthesis. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 2010;30:1049–1057. doi:10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2009.10.001.
23.
TurkiF, AbderrazakH, SchoensteinF, SPS parameters influence on Ti3SiC2 formation from Si/TiC: mechanical properties of the bulk materials. J. Alloys Compd. 2017;708:123–133. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.02.304.
24.
FengL, LeeS, LeeH.Nano-sized zirconium carbide powder: synthesis and densification using a spark plasma sintering apparatus. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater. 2017;64:98–105. doi:10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2017.01.006.
25.
Bin ZhuW, SongJH, MeiBC.Kinetics and microstructure evolution of Ti2SC during in situ synthesis process. J. Alloys Compd. 2013;566:191–195. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.03.032.
