One of the important factors to introduce a cement as an injectable one is to control the setting time of the cement. In this paper to control the setting time of magnesium phosphate cement, the effect of addition of calcium and sodium on phase composition and the solubility of its precursor powders was evaluated. Three phosphate precursor powders that contained only Mg, Mg–Na and Mg–Na–Ca were synthesised via an emulsion precipitation method. Phase composition, particle size distribution and solubility of the powders were determined by XRD, laser particle size analyser and ionic chromatographic methods, respectively. Addition of calcium and sodium decreased the mean size of the powder significantly from 114 to 12 µm. Furthermore, solubility of the powders decreased by the addition of calcium and sodium.
HeZ, ZhaiQ, HuM, Bone cements for percutaneous vertebroplasty and balloon kyphoplasty: current status and future developments. J Orthop Transl. 2015;3(1):1–11.
2.
WangH, LeeuwenburghSCG, LiY, The use of micro- and nanospheres as functional components for bone tissue regeneration. Tissue Eng Part B. 2012;18(1):24–39. doi: 10.1089/ten.teb.2011.0184
3.
RahmanCV, SaeedA, WhiteLJ, Chemistry of polymer and ceramic-based injectable scaffolds and their applications in regenerative medicine. Chem Mater. 2012;24(5):781–795. doi: 10.1021/cm202708n
4.
TanY, LiuY, BirdiG, Calcium silicate/calcium aluminate composite biocement for bone restorative application: synthesis, characterisation and in vitro biocompatibility. Adv Appl Ceram. 2016;115:384–390. doi:10.1080/17436753.2016.1163006
5.
VorndranE, WunderK, MosekeC, Hydraulic setting Mg3(PO4)2 powders for 3D printing technology. Adv Appl Ceram. 2011;110(8):476–481. doi: 10.1179/1743676111Y.0000000030
6.
ZhangJ, LiuW, SchnitzlerV, Calcium phosphate cements for bone substitution: chemistry, handling and mechanical properties. Acta Biomater. 2014;10(3):1035–1049. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.11.001
7.
KlammertU, IgnatiusA, WolframU, In vivo degradation of low temperature calcium and magnesium phosphate ceramics in a heterotopic model. Acta Biomater. 2011;7(9):3469–3475. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.05.022
8.
WaghAS.Chemically bonded phosphate ceramics: twenty-first century materials with diverse applications. Amsterdam: Elsevier Ltd; 2004.
9.
MontufarEB, TraykovaT, SchachtE, Self-hardening calcium deficient hydroxyapatite/gelatine foams for bone regeneration. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2010;21(3):863–869. doi: 10.1007/s10856-009-3918-7
10.
PerutF, MontufarEB, CiapettiG, Novel soybean/gelatine-based bioactive and injectable hydroxyapatite foam: material properties and cell response. Acta Biomater. 2011;7(4):1780–1787. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.12.012
11.
MosekeC, SaratsisV, GbureckU.Injectability and mechanical properties of magnesium phosphate cements. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2011;22(12):2591–2598. doi: 10.1007/s10856-011-4442-0
12.
MestresG, GinebraMP.Novel magnesium phosphate cements with high early strength and antibacterial properties. Acta Biomater. 2011;7(4):1853–1861. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.12.008
13.
KlammertU, ReutherT, BlankM, Phase composition, mechanical performance and in vitro biocompatibility of hydraulic setting calcium magnesium phosphate cement. Acta Biomater. 2010;6(4):1529–1535. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.10.021
14.
AlkhraisatMH, Cabrejos-AzamaJ, RodríguezCR, Magnesium substitution in brushite cements. Mater Sci Eng C. 2013;33(1):475–481. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.09.017
15.
VorndranE, EwaldA, MüllerFA, Formation and properties of magnesium-ammonium-phosphate hexahydrate biocements in the Ca-Mg-PO4 system. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2011;22(3):429–436. doi: 10.1007/s10856-010-4220-4
16.
MontufarEB, TraykovaT, PlanellJA, Comparison of a low molecular weight and a macromolecular surfactant as foaming agents for injectable self setting hydroxyapatite foams: polysorbate 80 versus gelatine. Mater Sci Eng C. 2011;31(7):1498–1504. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2011.06.008
17.
ThürmerMB, DiehlCE, BrumFJB, Development of dual-setting calcium phosphate cement using absorbable polymer. Artif Organs. 2013;37(11):992–997. doi: 10.1111/aor.12236
18.
MosekeC, BayerC, VorndranE, Low temperature fabrication of spherical brushite granules by cement paste emulsion. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2012;23(11):2631–2637. doi: 10.1007/s10856-012-4740-1
19.
GanguliD, GanguliM.Particle formation from macroemulsions. In: Inorganic particle synthesis via macro and microemulsions. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 2003. p. 71–95.
20.
NiemannB, RauscherF, AdityawarmanD, Microemulsion-assisted precipitation of particles: experimental and model-based process analysis. Chem Eng Process Process Intensif. 2006;45(10):917–935. doi: 10.1016/j.cep.2005.10.012
21.
AramendíaMA, BorauV, JiménezC, Influence of the structure and composition of magnesium phosphate catalysts on the transformation of 2-hexanol. J Mol Catal A Chem. 2002;182–183:25–34. doi: 10.1016/S1381-1169(01)00463-0
22.
ObadiaL, DeniardP, AlonsoB, Effect of sodium doping in ß-tricalcium phosphate on its structure and properties. Chem Mater. 2006;18(7):1425–1433. doi: 10.1021/cm052135f
23.
AbbonaF, Lundager MadsenHE, BoistelleR.The final phases of calcium and magnesium phosphates precipitated from solutions of high to medium concentration. J Cryst Growth. 1988;89(4):592–602. doi: 10.1016/0022-0248(88)90223-0
24.
AbbonaF, Lundager MadsenHE, BoistelleR.The initial phases of calcium and magnesium phosphates precipitated from solutions of high to medium concentrations. J Cryst Growth. 1986;74:581–590. doi: 10.1016/0022-0248(86)90205-8
