The influence of temper temperature on the environment assisted cracking of seamless 9% Ni steel tubes were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), X-ray diffraction (XRD), slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) tests, hydrogen permeation tests and electrochemical measurements. Mechanical and electrochemical tests were conducted in sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3 10−3 mol L−1) solution at open circuit potential (OCP) and at cathodic potential. Results showed that 9% Ni steel had a higher ductility loss at OCP when compared with the results obtained under cathodic potential. The lower ductility loss at cathodic potential was attributed to the inhibition of the anodic dissolution. After the tests, the specimens were examined using scanning electron microscopy to characterise the fracture morphology. The fracture surface exhibited mixed morphology, with a ductile morphology in the centre and a brittle morphology near the edges.
ZeemannAEmygdioG. 9% ni alloy steel for h2s service, in: CORROSION 2013, NACE International, 2013, pp. 1-15.
2.
PenseAWStoutRD. Fracture toughness and related characteristics of the cryogenic ni steels, in: WRC Bulletin No. 205, Welding Research Council, 1975, pp. 1-43.
3.
StrifeJrPassojaDE.The effect of heat treatment on microstructure and cryogenic fracture properties in 5ni and 9ni steel. Metall Trans A. 1980; 11 (8): 1341, doi: 10.1007/BF02653488.
4.
KimYHKimHJMorrisJW.The influence of precipitated austenite on hydrogen embrittlement in 5.5 ni steel. Metall Trans A. 1986; 17 (7): 1157–1164. doi: 10.1007/BF02665314.
5.
McIntyreDrCaseRPBallantyneT. Environmentally assisted cracking of nickel steels in liquid mercury, hydrogen and methanol, in: CORROSION 2013, NACE International, 2013, p. 15.
6.
FolenaMCGomesJACP.Assessment of hydrogen embrittlement severity of an api 5lx80 steel in h2s environments by integrated methodologies. Eng Fail Anal ; doi: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2020.104380.
7.
HuangFChengPZhaoXY. Effect of sulfide films formed on x65 steel surface on hydrogen permeation in h2s environments. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2017; 42 (7): 4561–4570. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.10.130.
8.
De MoraesFDBastianFLPoncianoJA.Influence of dynamic straining on hydrogen embrittlement of uns-g41300 and uns-s31803 steels in a low h2s concentration environment. Corros Sci. 2005; 47 (6): 1325–1335.
9.
ChoudharyLMacdonaldDDAlfantaziA.Role of thiosulfate in the corrosion of steels: A review. Corrosion. 2015; 71: 1147–1168.
10.
ZhengCBHuangYLYuQ. Effect of h2s on stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen permeation behaviour of x56 grade steel in atmospheric environment. Corros Eng, Sci Technol. 2009; 44 (2): 96–100.
11.
ASTM A333 / A333M-18. Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Steel Pipe for Low-Temperature Service and Other Applications with Required Notch Toughness, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2018.
12.
EN 13445-4. Unfired pressure vessels – Part 4: Fabrication, The European Standard, 2002.
13.
SongYJingpingCLijianR.Microstructure and mechanical properties of 06cr13ni4mo steel treated by quenching–tempering–partitioning process. J Mater Sci Technol. 2016; 32 (2): 189–193. doi: 10.1016/j.jmst.2015.10.004.
14.
ISO 17081:2014. Method of measurement of hydrogen permeation and determination of hydrogen uptake and transport in metals by an electrochemical technique, ISO International, 2014.
15.
YangYHCaiQWTangD. Precipitation and stability of reversed austenite in 9ni steel. Int J Miner, Metall, Mater. 2010; 17 (5): 587–595. doi: 10.1007/s12613-010-0361-1.
16.
ZhaoTLiuZDuC. Effects of cathodic polarization on corrosion fatigue life of e690 steel in simulated seawater. Int J Fatigue. 2018; 110: 105–114. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2018.01.008.
17.
EscobarDPDepoverTDuprezL. Combined thermal desorption spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction study of hydrogen trapping in cold deformed trip steel. Acta Mater. 2012; 60 (6-7): 2593–2605. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2012.01.026.
18.
GeFHuangFYuanW. Effect of tensile stress on the hydrogen permeation of ms x65 pipeline steel under sulfide films. Int J Hydrogen Energy ; doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.02.149.
19.
ZhouCChenXWangZ. Effects of environmental conditions on hydrogen permeation of x52 pipeline steel exposed to high h2s-containing solutions. Corros Sci. 2014; 89: 30–37. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2014.07.061.
20.
SilvaSCSilvaABFolenaMC. Cracking mechanism in api 5 l x65 steel in a co2-saturated environment–part ii: A study under cathodic polarisation. Eng Fail Anal. 2020; 113: 104550, doi: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2020.104550.
21.
DuvalARobinsonM.Measurement and prediction of hydrogen embrittlement in high strength carbon steel. Corros Eng, Sci Technol. 2009; 44 (5): 340–346.
22.
HuangYNakajimaANishikataA. Effect of mechanical deformation on permeation of hydrogen in iron. ISIJ Int. 2003; 43 (4): 548–554. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.43.548.
23.
KimSJYunDWJungHG. Determination of hydrogen diffusion parameters of ferritic steel from electrochemical permeation measurement under tensile loads. J Electrochem Soc. 2014; 161 (12): E173–E181. doi: 10.1149/2.1021412jes.
24.
HariharanKMajidiOKimC. Stress relaxation and its effect on tensile deformation of steels. Mater Des. 2013; 52: 284–288. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2013.05.088.
25.
TurnbullAGriffithsAJ.Implications of hydrogen uptake and transport for environment assisted cracking testing and interpretation of results. Br Corros J. 1996; 31 (1): 39–43.
