The present paper demonstrates the possibility of the use of atomic force microscopy (AFM) to study the morphology of elastomeric materials under stretching. A prototype of a stretching device that could be integrated into AFM for the tensile drawing of polymer at different temperatures including low temperature was constructed. As a trial sample for testing the prototype of low temperature stretching device nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) was selected. The strain-induced morphological changes of neat NBR and NBR with plasticiser were studied. Poisson's ratio and average surface microroughness at different temperatures and strains are measured.
FrickA, SternC, MuralidharanV.Polymer testing. In: FrickA, editor. Practical testing and evaluation of plastics. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co; 2018. p. 45–52.
4.
ThomasS, ThomasR, ZachariahAK, Microscopy methods in nanomaterials characterization. Vol. 1. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2017. p. 407.
5.
BhushanB.Scanning probe microscopy in nanoscience and nanotechnology 3. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2013. 630. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-25414-7__15.
6.
TsouAH, YablonDG.Atomic force microscopy of polymers. In: YablonDG, editor. Scanning probe microscopy in industrial applications. Weinheim: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.; 2014. p. 210–231.
7.
GhenoSM, PassadorFR, PessanLA.Investigation of the phase morphology of dynamically vulcanized PVC/NBR blends using atomic force microscopy. J Appl Polym Sci. 2010; 117: 3211. DOI: 10.1002/app.32195.
8.
GanserC, CzibulaC, TscharnuterD, Combining adhesive contact mechanics with a viscoelastic material model to probe local material properties by AFM. Soft Matter. 2018; 14 ( 1 ): 140–150. DOI: 10.1039/c7sm02057k.
9.
RuedaL, SaraleguiA, Fernandez d'ArlasB, Cellulose nanocrystals/polyurethane nanocomposites. Study from the viewpoint of microphase separated structure. Carbohydr Polym. 2013; 92: 751. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.09.093. PMid:23218363.
10.
ShinDG, KimTH, KimDE.Assessment of nano-scale tribological and mechanical properties of flexible transparent polymers based on atomic force microscopy. CIRP Ann Manuf Technol. 2019; 68: 599–602. DOI: 10.1016/j.cirp.2019.04.036.
11.
MertzG, HassounaF, LeclereP, Correlation between (nano)-mechanical and chemical changes occurring during photo-oxidation of filled vulcanised styrene butadiene rubber (SBR). Polym Degrad Stab. 2012; 97: 2195–2201. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.08.008.
12.
EllulMD, TsouAH, HuW.Crosslink densities and phase morphologies in thermoplastic vulcanizates. Polymer. 2004; 45: 3351–3358. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.03.029.
13.
WoodcockS, JohnsonW, ZhC.Feature article: characterization of polymer blends by atomic force microscopy: a review. Polym News. 2004; 29 ( 6 ): 176–183. DOI: 10.1080/00323910490981056.
14.
LangU, DualJ.Microtensile tests using in situ atomic force microscopy. In: BhushanB, FuchsH, editors. Applied scanning probe methods XII. NanoScience and technology. Berlin: Springer; 2009. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-85039-7_8.
15.
HuneauB, MasquelierI, MarcoY, Fatigue crack initiation in a carbon black-filled natural rubber. Rubber Chem Technol. 2016; 89: 126–141. DOI: 10.5254/rct.15.84809
16.
MorozovIA.Structural−mechanical AFM study of surface defects in natural rubber vulcanizates. Macromolecules. 2016; 49 ( 16 ): 5985–5992. DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01309
17.
MorozovIA, IzumovRI, GarishinOK.Local elongation of stretched filled rubber surface. Express Polym Lett. 2018; 12 ( 4 ): 383–394. DOI: 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2018.32.
18.
HildS, GutmannsbauerW, LuthiR, A nanoscopic view of structure and deformation of hard elastic polypropylene with scanning force microscopy. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys. 1996; 34 ( 12 ): 1953–1959. DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0488(19960915)34:12<1953::aid-polb1 > 3.0.co;2-r.
19.
HildS, RosaA, MartiO.Deformation induced changes in surface properties of polymers investigated by scanning force microscopy. In: RatnerBD, TsukrukVV, editors. Scanning probe microscopy of polymers. Washington: American Chemical Society; 1998. p. 110–128.
20.
NishinoT, NozawaA, KoteraM, In situ observation of surface deformation of polymer films by atomic force microscopy. Rev Sci Instrum. 2000; 71 ( 5 ): 2094–2096. DOI: 10.1063/1.1150585.
21.
OpdahlA, SomorjaiGA.Stretched polymer surfaces: atomic force microscopy measurement of the surface deformation and surface elastic properties of stretched polyethylene. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys. 2001; 39 ( 19 ): 2263–2274. DOI: 10.1002/polb.1200.
22.
BobjiMS, BhushanB.In situ microscopic surface characterization studies of polymeric thin films during tensile deformation using atomic force microscopy. J Mater Res. 2001; 16 ( 3 ): 844–855. DOI: 10.1557/JMR.2001.0110.
23.
OderkerkJ, De SchaetzenG, GoderisB, Micromechanical deformation and recovery processes of nylon-6/rubber thermoplastic vulcanizates as studied by atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Macromolecules. 2002; 35: 6623–6629. DOI: 10.1021/ma0113475.
24.
KraevAV, SauninSA, AlekseevME, A temperature-deformation unit for scanning electron probe microscopy of polymers. Polym Sci Ser B. 2007; 49: 282–287. DOI: 10.1134/S1560090407110048.
25.
ShadrinovNV, ChirikovAA, FedorovAL.Device with active cooling system for low-temperature deformation research of polymeric materials by atomic-force microscope. Russ Pat. 2019; 34: 194314.
26.
ShadrinovNV.Atomic force microscopic research of structural features of elastomeric composite materials based on butadiene nitrile rubber. Mater Sci Forum. 2019; 945: 333–337. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.945.333
27.
ShadrinovNV.Effect of thermal aging on deformation properties of nitrile-butadiene rubber: atomic force microscopy data. Inorg Mater Appl Res. 2019; 10 ( 1 ): 53–57. DOI: 10.1134/S2075113319010283
28.
ShadrinovNV, KhaldeevaAR, PavlovaLV.Effect of single-walled nanotubes on mechanical and deformational properties of butadiene-nitrile rubber. Perspect Mater. 2017; 6: 50–59.
29.
BhushanB, MokashiPS, MaT.A technique to measure Poisson's ratio of ultrathin polymeric films using atomic force microscopy. Rev Sci Instrum. 2003; 74: 1043–1047. DOI: 10.1063/1.1531827.
30.
MottPH, DorganJR, RolandCM.The bulk modulus and Poisson's ratio of ‘incompressible’ materials. J Sound Vib. 2008; 312: 572–575. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsv.2008.01.026.
31.
KuglerHP, StacerRG, SteimleC.Direct measurement of Poisson's ratio in elastomers. Rubber Chem Technol. 1990; 63 ( 4 ): 473–487. DOI: 10.5254/1.3538267.
32.
FominSV, ShirokovaES.Masstransfusion of dibutylsebacinate in butadien-acrylonitrylic and butadien-methylstyrolic vulcanizates. Fine Chem Technol. 2009; 4 ( 4 ): 97–100 (In Russ.).
33.
KuhnW, KuhnH.Statistical and energy-elastic restoring force in the case of thread molecules that are heavily strained. Helv Chim Acta. 1946; 29: 1095–1099.
34.
BechirH, DjemaA, BouzidiS.On Poisson's functions of compressible elastomeric materials under compression tests in the framework of linear elasticity theory. Acta Mech. 2019. DOI: 10.1007/s00707-019-02407-w.
