Cultured marble is a blend of unsaturated polyester and calcium carbonate that is combined with pigments and additives to produce a wide range of colours and realistic, natural-looking patterns. This study aims to investigate process conditions (catalyst, temperature, cured time, etc …) of cultured marble at high temperatures. The optimized process conditions are obtained by thermal analysis from DSC with a temperature of 110°C and curing time of 20 min, respectively. The optimum catalyst for process conditions in a bulk moulding compound (BMC) machine is 2 phr of benzoyl peroxide (BPO). The styrene amount in UP resin is determined at 37.40% by the Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy – headspace (GCMS-HS) technique. Anhydride maleic (MA) is found to improve outstanding mechanical properties in terms of flexural properties, the strength of impact, and the resistance of volume shrinkage of UP resin in cultured marble material.
LuJ, CongX, LiY, High strength artificial stoneware from marble waste via surface modification and low temperature sintering. J Clean Prod. 2018; 180: 728–734. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.181
2.
GomesMLPM, CarvalhoEAS, SobrinhoLN, Production and characterization of a novel artificial stone using brick residue and quarry dust in epoxy matrix. J Mater Res Technol. 2018; 7 ( 4 ): 492–498. doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2018.08.012
3.
WangJG, WuL, ZhouJX, Preparation and characterization of marble/unsaturated polyester resin composite materials. Adv Mat Res. 2011; 152-153: 825–828.
4.
NguyenDM, VuTN, NguyenTML, Synergistic influences of stearic acid coating and recycled PET microfibers on the enhanced properties of composite materials. Materials (Basel). 2020; 13 ( 6 ): 1461. doi: 10.3390/ma13061461
5.
ZhangH.Finishing materials. Building materials in civil engineering: Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering; 2011. p. 316–343.
6.
HeriyantoPF, SahajwallaV.Effect of different waste filler and silane coupling agent on the mechanical properties of powder-resin composite. J Clean Prod. 2019; 224 ( 1 ): 940–956. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.269
7.
JaiswalN, PatilPG, GangurdeA, Wettability of 3 different artificial saliva substitutes on heat-polymerized acrylic resin. J Prosthet Dent. 2019; 121 ( 3 ): 517–522. doi: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2018.03.037
8.
PengL, QinS.Mechanical behaviour and microstructure of an artificial stone slab prepared using a SiO2 waste crucible and quartz sand. Constr Build Mater. 2018; 171 ( 20 ): 273–280. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.141
9.
DemartiniTJDC, RodríguezRJS, SilvaFS.Physical and mechanical evaluation of artificial marble produced with dolomitic marble residue processed by diamond-plated bladed gang-saws. J Mater Res Technol. 2018; 7 ( 3 ): 308–313. doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2018.02.001
10.
StefanidouM, PachtaV, PapayianniI.Design and testing of artificial stone for the restoration of stone elements in monuments and historic buildings. Constr Build Mater. 2015; 93 ( 15 ): 957–965. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.063
11.
RibeiroCEG, RodriguezRJS, CarvalhEAD.Microstructure and mechanical properties of artificial marble. Constr Build Mater. 2017; 149: 149–155. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.119
12.
LeeMY, KoCH, ChangFC, Artificial stone slab production using waste glass, stone fragments and vacuum vibratory compaction. Cem Concr Compos. 2008; 30: 583–587. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.03.004
13.
BorsellinoC, CalabreseL, Di BellaG.Effects of powder concentration and type of resin on the performance of marble composite structures. Constr Build Mater. 2009; 23: 1915–1921. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.09.005
AteşE, BarnesS.The effect of elevated temperature curing treatment on the compression strength of composites with polyester resin matrix and quartz filler. Mater Des. 2012; 34 ( 0 ): 435–443. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2011.08.042
16.
TibilettiL, LonguetC, FerryL, Thermal degradation and fire behaviour of unsaturated polyesters filled with metallic oxides. Polym Degrad Stab. 2011; 96 ( 1 ): 67–75. doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.10.015
17.
OllierR, RodriguezE, AlvarezV.Unsaturated polyester/bentonite nanocomposites: influence of clay modification on final performance. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf. 2013; 48 ( 0 ): 137–143. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2013.01.005
18.
Morote-MartínezV, Torregrosa-CoqueR, Martín-MartínezJM.Addition of unmodified nanoclay to improve the performance of unsaturated polyester resin coating on natural stone. Int J Adhes Adhes. 2011; 31 ( 3 ): 154–163. doi: 10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2010.12.001
19.
GaoY, XuK, JiangJ, Effect of heat treatment on water absorption of Chinese fir using TD-NMR. Appl Sci. 2018; 9 ( 1 ): 78. doi: 10.3390/app9010078
20.
BucknallCB, PartridgeIK.Phase separation in crosslinked resins containing polymeric modifiers. Polym Eng Sci. 1986; 26 ( 1 ): 54–62. doi: 10.1002/pen.760260110
21.
ButtaE, LevitaG, MarchettiA.Morphology and mechanical properties of amine-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile/epoxy blends. Polym Eng Sci. 1986; 26 ( 1 ): 63–73. doi: 10.1002/pen.760260111
22.
WangK, WangJH, ZhuYD.The effect of low profile additives on unsaturated polyester resins during curing at low/medium temperature: shrinkage behavior study. Key Eng Mater. 2003; 249: 351–354. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.249.351
23.
ShengH, WangX, PanZ.Thermodynamics and kinetics of one-step curing process for vinyl ester-unsaturated polyester resin in low shrinkage. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2017; 130 ( 2 ): 823–833. doi: 10.1007/s10973-017-6403-4
24.
KdlC, GuerreroP, EceizaA, Kinetic and rheological studies of an unsaturated polyester cured with different catalyst amounts. Polymer (Guildf). 1996; 37: 275–280. doi: 10.1016/0032-3861(96)81099-8
25.
TameeshA.Separation and gas-chromatographic determination of free styrene in unsaturated polyester resins. Anal Lett. 1990; 23 ( 8 ): 1581–1589. doi: 10.1080/00032719008052509
26.
International A. ASTM D7029 - 09. Standard test method for determination of reactivity of unsaturated polyesters and vinyl esters at 180.0F [82.2°C]. ASTM Volume 0803 Plastics (III): D5117 – latest; Reinforced Plastic Piping Systems and Chemical Equipment; Plastic Building Products2009.
27.
HuangY-J, LeuJ-S.Curing of unsaturated polyester resins. Effects of temperature and initiator: 1. Low temperature reactions. Polymer (Guildf). 1993; 34: 295–304. doi: 10.1016/0032-3861(93)90080-T
28.
HuangYJ, LiangCM.Volume shrinkage characteristics in the cure of low-shrink unsaturated polyester resins. Polymer (Guildf). 1996; 37: 401–412. doi: 10.1016/0032-3861(96)82909-0
29.
HuangYJ, ChenCJ.Curing of unsaturated polyester resins: effects of comonomer composition. II. High-temperature reactions. J Appl Polym Sci. 1993; 47: 1533–1549. doi: 10.1002/app.1993.070470904
30.
CaoX, LeeLJ.Control of shrinkage and residual styrene of unsaturated polyester resins cured at low temperatures: I. Effect of curing agents. Polymer (Guildf). 2003; 44: 1893–1902. doi: 10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00014-4
31.
LiW, LeeLJ.Low temperature cure of unsaturated polyester resins with thermoplastic additives II. Structure formation and shrinkage control mechanism. Polymer (Guildf). 2000; 41: 697–710. doi: 10.1016/S0032-3861(99)00178-0
32.
SanchezEMS, ZavagliaaCAC, FelisbertiMI.Unsaturated polyester resins: influence of the styrene concentration on the miscibility and mechanical properties. Polymer (Guildf). 2000; 41: 765–769. doi: 10.1016/S0032-3861(99)00184-6
33.
BeheshtyMH, HayatyM, VafayanM.Evaluation of low-profile additives in the curing of unsaturated polyester resins at low temperatures. Iran Polym J. 2006; 15: 145–153.
34.
ZhangZ, ZhuS.Microvoids in unsaturated polyester resins containing poly(vinyl acetate) and composites with calcium carbonate and glass fibers. Polymer (Guildf). 2000; 41: 3861–3870. doi: 10.1016/S0032-3861(99)00540-6
35.
CaoX, LeeLJ.Control of shrinkage and residual styrene of unsaturated polyester resins cured at low temperatures: II. Effect of comonomer. Polymer (Guildf). 2003; 44: 1507–1516. doi: 10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00015-6
36.
BoyardN, VayerM, SinturelC, Study of the porous network developed during curing of thermoset blends containing low molar weight saturated polyester. Polymer (Guildf). 2005; 46: 661–669. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.11.094
KamarudinMH, RomliAZ, AbidinMH.The evaluation of eggshell particulate size in unsaturated polyester via mechanical test. Malaysia Polymer International Conference. IOI Resort, Putrajaya. 2009.
40.
MurafaAV, BobyrevaNI.Modification of polyester resins with active mineral filters. Mech Compos Mater. 1996; 32: 86–89. doi: 10.1007/BF02254653
41.
Martinez-BarreraG, BrostowW.Effect of marble particle size and gamma irradiation on mechanical properties of polymer concrete. e-Polymers. 2010.
42.
Martínez-BarreraG, Menchaca-CamposC, GencelO.Polyester polymer concrete: effect of the marble particle sizes and high gamma radiation doses. Constr Build Mater. 2013; 41 ( 0 ): 204–208. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.12.009
43.
DongJP, HuangJG, LeeFH, Effects of poly(methyl methacrylate)-based low-profile additives on the properties of cured unsaturated polyester resins. I. Miscibility, curing behavior, and glass-transition temperatures. J Appl Polym Sci. 2004; 91 ( 5 ): 3369–3387. doi: 10.1002/app.13557
44.
DongJP, LeeJH, LaiDH, Effects of reactive low-profile additives on the properties of cured unsaturated polyester resins. II. Glass-transition temperature and mechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci. 2006; 100 ( 2 ): 867–878. doi: 10.1002/app.22504
45.
HuangYJ, LeeSC, DongJP.Effects of chemical structure of polyurethane-based low-profile additives on the miscibility, curing behavior, volume shrinkage, glass transition temperatures, and mechanical properties for styrene/unsaturated polyester/low-profile additive ternary systems. II: Glass transition temperatures and mechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci. 2000; 78 ( 3 ): 558–568. doi: 10.1002/1097-4628(20001017)78:3<558::AID-APP100>3.0.CO;2-K
46.
HuangYJ, HorngJC.Effects of thermoplastic additives on mechanical properties and glass transition temperatures for styrene-crosslinked low-shrink polyester matrices. Polymer (Guildf). 1998; 39 ( 16 ): 3683–3695. doi: 10.1016/S0032-3861(97)10280-4
