In this work, poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and elastomer ethylene-butyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer (EBA-GMA) containing epoxy groups were melt-blended using a novel vane extruder. The solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra (13C-NMR) and the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy proved that epoxy groups of EBA-GMA reacted with the carboxylic acid or hydroxyl groups of PLA during melt blending, resulting in a grafted structure which improved the interfacial adhesion of PLA/EBA-GMA blends. The phase morphology, mechanical and thermal properties were investigated to identify the effect of EBA-GMA weight fraction on the properties of PLA/EBA-GMA blends. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the incorporation of EBA-GMA improved the thermal stability of PLA. The impact strength of the annealed PLA80/20EBA-GMA binary blend increased up to ten times compared without annealing process.
KrishnanS, PandeyP, MohantyS, Toughening of Polylactic acid: an overview of research Progress. Polym Plast Technol Eng. 2016;55(15):1623–1652. doi: 10.1080/03602559.2015.1098698
2.
DongW, JiangF, ZhaoL, PLLA microalloys versus PLLA nanoalloys: preparation, morphologies, and properties. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2012;4(7):3667–3675. doi: 10.1021/am3007577
AkindoyoJO, BegMDH, GhazaliS, Impact modified PLA-hydroxyapatite composites–thermo-mechanical properties. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 2018;107:326–333. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2018.01.017
5.
CheeJ, YeoC, MuiruriJK, Biodegradable PHB-rubber copolymer toughened PLA green composites with ultrahigh extensibility. ACS Sustain Chem Eng. 2018;6(11):15517–15527. doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b03978
6.
LuX, WeiX, HuangJ, Supertoughened poly(lactic acid)/polyurethane blend material by in situ reactive interfacial compatibilization via dynamic vulcanization. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2014;53(44):17386–17393. doi: 10.1021/ie503092w
7.
ZhangH, HuangJ, YangL, Preparation, characterization and properties of PLA/TiO2nanocomposites based on a novel vane extruder. RSC Adv. 2015;5(6):4639–4647. doi: 10.1039/C4RA14538K
8.
XieL, XuH, NiuB, Unprecedented access to strong and ductile poly(lactic acid) by introducing In situ nanofibrillar poly(butylene succinate) for green packaging. Biomacromolecules. 2014;15(11):4054–4064. doi: 10.1021/bm5010993
9.
KelnarI, KratochvilJ, FortelnyI, Effect of graphite nanoplatelets on melt drawing and properties of PCL/PLA microfibrillar composites. Polym Compos. 2018;39(9):3147–3156. doi: 10.1002/pc.24322
10.
WangR, WangS, ZhangY, Toughening modification of PLLA/PBS blends via in situ compatibilization. Polymer Engineering & Science. 2009;49(1):26–33. doi: 10.1002/pen.21210
11.
NagarajanV, MohantyAK, MisraM.Blends of polylactic acid with thermoplastic copolyester elastomer: effect of functionalized terpolymer type on reactive toughening. Polym Eng Sci. 2018;58(3):280–290. doi: 10.1002/pen.24566
12.
NehraR, Maiti SN, JacobJ.Analytical interpretations of static and dynamic mechanical properties of thermoplastic elastomer toughened PLA blends. J Appl Polym Sci. 2018;135(1):45644. doi: 10.1002/app.45644
13.
Al-ItryR, LamnawarK, MaazouzA.Rheological, morphological, and interfacial properties of compatibilized PLA/PBAT blends. Rheol Acta. 2014;53(7):501–517. doi: 10.1007/s00397-014-0774-2
14.
MaroufkhaniM, KatbabA, LiuWC, Polylactide (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) blends: The effect of ACN content on morphology, compatibility and mechanical properties. Polymer (Guildf). 2017;115:37–44. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.03.025
15.
ZouW, ChenR, ZhangG, Mechanical, thermal and rheological properties and morphology of poly (lactic acid)/poly (propylene carbonate) blends prepared by vane extruder. Polym Adv Technol. 2016;27(11):1430–1437. doi: 10.1002/pat.3811
16.
HaoY, LiangH, BianJ, Toughening of polylactide with epoxy-functionalized methyl methacrylate-butadiene copolymer. Polym Int. 2014;63(4):660–666. doi: 10.1002/pi.4561
17.
IshidaS, NagasakiR, ChinoK, Toughening of poly (L-lactide) by melt blending with rubbers. J Appl Polym Sci. 2009;113(1):558–566. doi: 10.1002/app.30134
18.
SchreckKM, HillmyerMA.Block copolymers and melt blends of polylactide with Nodax™ microbial polyesters: preparation and mechanical properties. J Biotechnol. 2007;132(3):287–295. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.03.017
19.
ZhangC, DaiG.Mechanical properties and reactions of PBT/PTW blends. J Mater Sci. 2007;42(24):9947–9953. doi: 10.1007/s10853-007-2064-1
20.
Manas-ZloczowerI.Mixing and compounding of polymers: theory and practice. Munich, Germany: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH Co KG; 2012. p. 251–266.
21.
QuJ-P, ZhangG-Z, ChenH-Z, Solid conveying in vane extruder for polymer processing: effects on pressure establishment. Polym Eng Sci. 2012;52(10):2147–2156. doi: 10.1002/pen.23176
22.
LiJ-B, QuJ-P, XuY-S, Solids conveying in the solids compaction zone of vane extruder. Polym Eng Sci. 2015;55(3):719–728. doi: 10.1002/pen.23937
23.
LuX, QuJ, HuangJ.Mechanical, thermal and rheological properties of hollow glass microsphere filled thermoplastic polyurethane composites blended by normal vane extruder. Plast, Rubber Compos. 2015;44(8):306–313. doi: 10.1179/1743289815Y.0000000018
24.
XiaochunY, SaiL, GuangjianH, Experimental study of the extrusion characteristic of a vane extruder based on extensional flow. Adv Polym Technol. 2016;35(2):215–220. doi: 10.1002/adv.21545
25.
MartinaP, DevauxaJ, LegrasaR, Competitive reactions during compatibilization of blends of polybutyleneterephthalate with epoxide-containing rubber. Polymer (Guildf). 2001;42:2463–2478. doi: 10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00496-1
26.
HoebbelD, NackenM, SchmidtH.A NMR study on the hydrolysis, condensation and epoxide ring-opening reaction in sols and gels of the system glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane-water-titaniumtetraethoxide. J Solgel Sci Technol. 1998;12(3):169–179. doi: 10.1023/A:1008698201298
27.
KangH, LuX, XuY.Properties of immiscible and ethylene-butyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer compatibilized poly (lactic acid) and polypropylene blends. Polym Test. 2015;43:173–181. doi: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2015.03.012
28.
KumarM, MohantyS, NayakSK, Effect of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) on the thermal, mechanical and morphological property of biodegradable PLA/PBAT blend and its nanocomposites. Bioresour Technol. 2010;101(21):8406–8415. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.05.075
29.
AdhikariA, LozanoK.Effects of carbon nanofibers on the crystallization kinetics of polyethylene oxide. J Polym Res. 2011;18(5):875–880. doi: 10.1007/s10965-010-9484-3
30.
BinT, QuJ-P, LiuL-M, Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics and dynamic mechanical thermal properties of poly(butylene succinate) composites reinforced with cotton stalk bast fibers. Thermochim Acta. 2011;525(1–2):141–149. doi: 10.1016/j.tca.2011.08.003
31.
ShiD, WangX-Y, ShiH, Cold crystallization behavior of polyamide 6 in PS-g-PA6 graft copolymers. J Polym Sci, Part B: Polym Phys. 2010;48:65–73. doi: 10.1002/polb.21844
32.
LiH, HuneaultMA.Effect of nucleation and plasticization on the crystallization of poly(lactic acid). Polymer (Guildf). 2007;48(23):6855–6866. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.09.020
33.
QuJ-P, YangZ-T, YinX-C, Characteristics study of polymer melt conveying capacity in vane plasticization extruder. Polym Plast Technol Eng. 2009;48(12):1269–1274. doi: 10.1080/03602550903204121
