Hybrid nanocomposite coatings were prepared by sol–gel method using silica, titania and alumina nanoparticles derived from their alkoxides precursors; in the presence of 3-glycidoxypropyl-trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and bisphenol A (BPA) on 1050 aluminium alloy substrate. The effect of type and ratio of nanoparticles on mechanical behaviour of the coatings were investigated by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMA) and nanoindentation experiments. DMA results demonstrated that the values of the glass transition temperature (Tg) and the temperature at maximum tan (δ), (Tt) as well as the storage modulus of the hybrid samples depend mainly on the silane content and titania to alumina molar ratio of nanoparticles in the coating composition. In addition, nanoindentaion experiments were performed to study the mechanical properties such as hardness, elastic modulus and E/H ratio for the nanocomposite hybrid coatings. Nanoindentation results indicate that the homogenous reinforced structure was formed in the surface of nanocomposite coating with incorporation of titania and alumina-derived nanoparticles. The incorporation of TiO2 in comparison with AlOOH nanoparticles in the GPTMS-based coatings showed an improving effect on E/H ratio.
Le BailN, BenayounS, TouryB. Mechanical properties of sol–gel coatings on polycarbonate: a review. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol.2015;75:710–719. doi: 10.1007/s10971-015-3781-6
2.
WangYY, QiuFX, LvYF, . Preparation and properties of waterborne poly(urethane acrylate)/silica dispersions and hybrid composites. Plast Rubber Compos: Macromol Eng.2012;41:418–424. doi: 10.1179/1743289812Y.0000000010
3.
ChantarachindawongR, OsotchanT, ChindaudomP, . Hard coatings for CR-39 based on Al2O3–ZrO2 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) nanocomposites. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol.2016;79:190–200. doi: 10.1007/s10971-016-4006-3
4.
CompointF, FallD, PiombiniH, . Sol–gel-processed hybrid silica-PDMS layers for the optics of high-power laser flux systems. J Mater Sci.2016;51:5031–5045. doi: 10.1007/s10853-016-9825-7
5.
DyettB, LambR. Correlating material properties with the wear behavior of sol–gel derived superhydrophobic films. Adv Mater Interfaces.2016. doi: 10.1002/admi.201500680.
6.
ChiapponeA, FantinoE, RoppoloI, . 3D printed PEG-based hybrid nanocomposites obtained by sol–gel technique. Appl Mater Interfaces.2016;8:5627–5633. doi: 10.1021/acsami.5b12578.
AbdollahiH, Ershad-LangroudiA, SalimiA, . Anticorrosive coatings prepared using epoxy-silica hybrid nanocomposite materials. Ind Eng Chem Res.2014;53:10858–10869. doi: 10.1021/ie501289g
9.
JafariM, RahimiA, ShokrolahiP, . Synthesis of antistatic hybrid nanocomposite coatings using surface modified indium tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles. J Coat Technol Res.2014;11:587–593. doi: 10.1007/s11998-013-9555-6
10.
Ershad-LangroudiA, Ershad-LangroudiF, HosseiniFSH, . Adhesion enhancement of 316L stainless steel to acrylic bone cement through nanocomposite sol–gel coating system. Plast Rubber Compos: Macromol Eng.2013;42:101–107. doi: 10.1179/1743289812Y.0000000035
11.
Ershad-LangroudiA, RahimiA. Synthesis and characterisation of nano silica-based coatings for protection of antique articles. Int J Nanotechnol.2009;6:915–925. doi: 10.1504/IJNT.2009.027555
12.
Ershad-LangroudiA, RahimiA. Effect of ceria and zirconia nanoparticles on corrosion protection and viscoelastic behavior of hybrid coatings. Iran Polym J.2014;23:267–276. doi: 10.1007/s13726-014-0222-2
13.
Ershad-LangroudiA, Zare-Hossein-abadiD, RahimiA. Effect of ceria and zirconia nano particles on mechanical behavior of nanocomposite hybrid coatings, to be appeared.
14.
NiederbergerM, GarnweitnerG. Organic reaction pathways in the nonaqueous synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles. Chem Eur J.2006;12:7282–7302. doi: 10.1002/chem.200600313.
15.
CushingBL, KolesnichenkoVL, O'ConnorCJ. Recent advances in the liquid-phase syntheses of inorganic nanoparticles. Chem Rev.2004;104:3893–3946. doi: 10.1021/cr030027b.
16.
BrinkerC, SchererG. Sol–gel science. The physics and chemistry of sol–gel processing, 1990, San Diego, USA: Academic Press.
17.
LorenzoV, AceboC, RamisX, . Mechanical characterization of sol–gel epoxy-silylated hyper branched poly (ethyleneimine) coatings by means of depth sensing indentation methods. Prog Org Coat.2016;92:16–22. doi: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2015.11.017
18.
NazirT, AfzalA, SiddiqiHM, . Thermally and mechanically superior hybrid epoxy-silica polymer films via sol–gel method. Prog Org Coat.2010;69:100–106. doi: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2010.05.012
BriscoeBJ, FioriL, PelilloE. Nano-indentation of polymeric surfaces. J Phys D: Appl Phys.1998;31:2395–2405. doi http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022–3727/31/19/006. doi: 10.1088/0022-3727/31/19/006
21.
SangermanoM, MessoriM, Martin GallecoM, . Scratch resistant tough nanocomposite epoxy coatings based on hyperbranched polyesters. Polymer.2009;50:5647–5652. doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2009.10.009.
22.
AbdollahiH, Ershad-LangroudiA, SalimiA, . Photocatalyst nanocomposite hybrid coatings based on TiO2-SiO2 core/shell nanoparticles: preparation and investigation of weathering and corrosion resistance. J Color Sci Technol.2013;7:151–164.
23.
ISO 14577. Metallic materials – instrumented indentation test for hardness and materials parameters – part 1: test method, 2002, Geneva, International Organization for Standardization.
24.
OliverWC, PharrGM. An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments. J Mater Res.1992;7:1564–1583. doi: 10.1557/JMR.1992.1564
25.
WenJ, WilkesGL. Organic/inorganic hybrid network materials by the sol−gel approach. Chem Mater.1996;8:1667–1681. doi: 10.1021/cm9601143
26.
MammeriF, BourhisEL, RozesL, . Mechanical properties of hybrid organic–inorganic materials. J Mater Chem.2005;15:3787–3811. doi: 10.1039/b507309j
27.
XuL, ShenY, WangL, . Preparation of vinyl silica-based organic/inorganic nanocomposites and superhydrophobic polyester surfaces from it. Colloid Polym Sci.2015;293:2359–2371. doi: 10.1007/s00396-015-3624-6
28.
SanchezC, BellevilleP, PopallM, . Applications of advanced hybrid organic–inorganic nanomaterials: from laboratory to market. Chem Soc Rev.2011;40:696–753. doi: 10.1039/c0cs00136h
29.
ChruścielJJ, LeśniakE. Modification of epoxy resins with functional silanes, polysiloxanes, silsesquioxanes, silica and silicates. Prog Polym Sci.2015;41:67–121. doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.08.001
30.
BalgudeD, SabnisAS. CNSL: an environment friendly alternative for the modern coating industry. J Coat Tech Res.2014;11:169–183. doi: 10.1007/s11998-013-9521-3
31.
KannanRY, SalacinskiHJ, OdlyhaM, . The degradative of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane nanocore integrated poly urethanes: an in vitro study. Biomaterials.2006;27:1971–1979. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.10.006
32.
PhaniAR, SantucciS. Evaluation of structural and mechanical properties of aluminum oxide thin films deposited by a sol-gel process: comparison of microwave to conventional anneal. J Non-Cryst Solids.2006;352:4093–4100. doi: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2006.06.013
33.
ChenQ, GimJ, TanH, . Effect of boehmite nanorods on the properties of glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTS) hybrid coatings. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol.2007;44:125–131. doi: 10.1007/s10971-007-1621-z
34.
Ershad LangroudiA. A brief review of nanoindentation technique and its applications in hybrid nanocomposite coatings. Int J Bio-Inorg Hybd Nanomat.2013;2(2):337–344.
35.
SánchezM, RamsJ, CampoM, . Characterization of carbon nanofiber/epoxy nanocomposites by the nanoindentation technique. Compos B: Eng.2011;42:638–644. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.02.017
36.
PourHA, LieblichM, LopezAJ, . Assessment of tensile behaviour of an Al-Mg alloy composite reinforced with NiAl and oxidized NiAl powder particles helped by nanoindentation. Compos A Appl Sci.2007;38(12):2536–2540. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2007.07.012
37.
GanL, WangJ, PilliarRM. Evaluating interface strength of calcium phosphate sol–gel-derived thin films to Ti6Al4V substrate. Biomaterials.2005;26:189–196. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.02.022
38.
Wright-CharlesworthDD, PeersWJ, MiskiogluI, . Nanomechanical properties of self-reinforced composite poly(methyl methacrylate) as a function of processing temperature. J Biomed Mater Res B: Appl Biomater.2005;74B:306–314. doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.30226
39.
LawnBR, EvansAG, MarshallDB. Elastic/plastic indentation damage in ceramics: the median/radial crack system. J Am Ceram Soc.1980;63:574–581. doi: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1980.tb10768.x
40.
LeylandA, MatthewsA. On the significance of the H/E ratio in wear control: a nanocomposite coating approach to optimised tribological behavior. Wear2000;246:1–11. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1648(00)00488-9
41.
LeylandA, MatthewsA. Optimization of nanostructured tribological coatings In: Cavaleiro A, De Hosson JTM editors. Nanostructured coatings part of the series nanostructure science and technology, New York (NY): Springer; 2006. p. 511–538.
42.
GalvanD, PeiYT, De HossonJT M. Influence of deposition parameters on the structure and mechanical properties of nanocomposite coatings. Surf Coat Technol.2006;201:590–598. doi: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.12.007
43.
WetzelB, RossoP, HaupertF, . Epoxy nanocomposites – fracture and toughening mechanisms. Eng Fract Mech.2006;73:2375–2398. doi: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2006.05.018
44.
FreymanCA, ChungY-W. Synthesis and characterization of hardness-enhanced multilayer oxide films for high-temperature applications. Surf Coat Technol.2008;202:4702–4708. doi: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.04.053
