A feasibility study was carried out on the utilisation of Alkanolamide (ALK) as a novel accelerator and vulcanising agent in Carbon Black (CB)-filled polychloroprene rubber (CR) compounds. The functions of the ALK were compared with those of conventional accelerator and vulcanising agents for CR, ethylene thiourea (ETU), and a combination of magnesium and zinc oxides. The ALK was incorporated into the CB-filled CR compounds at 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 phr. By replacing ETU, it was found that increasing the ALK loading decreased the scorch and cure times of the CB-filled CR compounds with magnesium and zinc oxides. The incorporation of up to 3.0 phr of ALK increased the torque differences, and tensile and hardness properties; and decreased those properties with further increases of ALK loadings. It was also found that ALK was able to vulcanise the CB-filled CR compound. The 3.0 phr ALK–CR compound without the ETU, magnesium and zinc oxides showed a higher tensile strength than that of the control compound, which was cured by ETU, magnesium and zinc oxides.
HofmannW.: ‘Vulcanization and vulcanizing agents‘; 1967, London, MacLaren and Sons.
7.
AkibaM. and HashimA.: ‘Vulcanization and crosslinking in elastomers’, Prog. Polym. Sci., 1997, 22, (3), 475–521. doi: 10.1016/S0079-6700(96)00015-9
8.
SmithD. M.: ‘Ethylene thiourea: thyroid function in two groups of exposed workers’, Brit. J. Ind. Med., 1984, 41, (3), 362–366.
9.
ChhabraR., EustisS., HasemanJ., KurtzP. and CarltonB.: ‘Comparative carcinogenicity of ethylene thiourea with or without perinatal exposure in rats and mice’, Fund. Appl. Toxicol., 1992, 18, (3), 405–417. doi: 10.1016/0272-0590(92)90139-9
10.
IsmailH., AhmadZ. and Mohd IshakZ.: ‘Effects of cetyltrimethylammonium maleate on curing characteristics and mechanical properties of polychloroprene rubber’, Polym. Test., 2003, 22, (2), 179–183. doi: 10.1016/S0142-9418(02)00067-3
11.
DasA., NaskarN. and BasuD. K.: ‘Thiophosphoryl disulfides as crosslinking agents for chloroprene rubber’, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2004, 91, (3), 1913–1919. doi: 10.1002/app.13300
12.
DasA., NaskarN., DattaR., BoseP. and DebnathS.: ‘Naturally occurring amino acid: Novel curatives for chloroprene rubber’, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2006, 100, (5), 3981–3986. doi: 10.1002/app.23065
13.
SuryaI., IsmailH. and AzuraA.: ‘Alkanolamide as an accelerator, filler-dispersant and a plasticizer in silica-filled natural rubber compounds’, Polym. Test., 2013, 32, (8), 1313–1321. doi: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2013.07.015
14.
LongH.: Basic Compounding and Processing of Rubber, Rubber Division. 1985, American Chemical Society Inc. The University of Akron, Ohio, USA.
15.
BoonstraB., CochraneH. and DannenbergE.: ‘Reinforcement of silicone rubber by particulate silica’, Rubber Chem. Technol., 1975, 48, (4), 558–576. doi: 10.5254/1.3539660
16.
CochraneH. and LinC.: ‘The influence of fumed silica properties on the processing, curing, and reinforcement properties of silicone rubber’, Rubber Chem. Technol., 1993, 66, (1), 48–60. doi: 10.5254/1.3538299
17.
IsmailH. and NgC.: ‘Palm oil fatty acid additives (POFA's): Preparation and application’, J. Elastom. Plast., 1998, 30, (4), 308–327.
18.
DickJ. S.: ‘Basic rubber testing: selecting methods for a rubber test program’; 2003, Pennsylvania, ASTM International.
19.
Sae-OuiP., SirisinhaC., HatthapanitK. and PhewthonginN.: ‘Influence of magnesium carbonate loading on the compound properties of polychloroprene, natural rubber, and their blend’, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2008, 110, (5), 2763–2769. doi: 10.1002/app.28786
20.
KunduP., TripathyD. and GuptaB.: ‘Blends of poly [ethylene (vinyl acetate)] and polychloroprene: Studies on capillary and dynamic flows’, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 1997, 63, (2), 187–193. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19970110)63:2<187::AID-APP6>3.0.CO;2-R
21.
BarlowF. W.: ‘Rubber compounding: principles, materials, and techniques‘; 1993, New York, CRC Press.
22.
HertzD. L.Jr and S. E. INC: Elastomerics, 1984, 116, (November), 17–21.
23.
IsmailH. and ChiaH.: ‘The effects of multifunctional additive and vulcanization systems on silica filled epoxidized natural rubber compounds’, Eur. Polym. J., 1998, 34, (12), 1857–1863. doi: 10.1016/S0014-3057(98)00029-9
24.
WolffS.: ‘Optimization of silane-silica OTR compounds. Part 1: Variations of mixing temperature and time during the modification of silica with Bis-(3-Triethoxisilylpropyl)-Tetrasulfide’, Rubber Chem. Technol., 1982, 55, (4), 967–989. doi: 10.5254/1.3535926
25.
DannenbergE.: ‘Filler choices in the rubber industry’, Rubber Chem. Technol., 1982, 55, (3), 860–880. doi: 10.5254/1.3535905
26.
KrausG.: ‘Interactions of elastomers and reinforcing fillers’, Rubber Chem. Technol., 1965, 38, (5), 1070–1114.
27.
PolmanteerK. and LentzC.: ‘Reinforcement studies-effect of silica structure on properties and crosslink density’, Rubber Chem. Technol., 1975, 48, (5), 795–809. doi: 10.5254/1.3539687
28.
MenonA. and VisconteL.: ‘Self crosslinkable blends of polychloroprene and phosphorylated cashew nut shell liquid prepolymer’, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2004, 91, (3), 1619–1625. doi: 10.1002/app.13308
29.
ArjunanV., SubramanianS. and MohanS.: ‘Vibrational spectroscopic studies on trans-1, 4-polychloroprene’, Turk. J. Chem., 2003, 27, (4), 423–432.
