Is Working Memory Working? The Fifteenth Bartlett Lecture

Atkinson R. C. Shiffrin R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory. Spence K. W. New York: Academic Press Vol. 2, 89–195.

Baddeley A. D. (1966a). Short-term memory for word sequences as a function of acoustic, semantic and formal similarity. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 18, 362–365.

Baddeley A. D. (1966b). The influence of acoustic and semantic similarity on long-term memory for word sequences. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 18, 302–309.

Baddeley A. D. (1966c). The capacity for generating information by randomization. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 18, 119–129.

Baddeley A. D. (1983). Working memory. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 302, 311–324.

Baddeley A. D. (1990). Human memory: Theory and practice London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd.

Baddeley A. D. Bressi S. Della Sala S. Logie R. Spinnler H. (in press). The decline of working memory in Alzheimer's Disease: A longitudinal study. Brain.

Baddeley A. D. Dale H. C. A. (1966). The effect of semantic similarity on retroactive interference in long- and short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 5, 417–420.

Baddeley A. D. Grant S. Wight E. Thomson N. (1973). Imagery and visual working memory. Attention and performance V. Rabbitt P. M. A. Dornic S. London: Academic Press 205–217.

Baddeley A. D. Hitch G. (1974). Working memory. Recent advances in learning and motivation. Bower G. A. New York: Academic Press Vol. 8.

Baddeley A. D. Lewis V. J. Vallar G. (1984). Exploring the articulatory loop. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 36, 233–252.

Baddeley A. D. Lieberman K. (1980). Spatial working memory. Attention and performance VIII. Nickerson R. S. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. 521–539.

Baddeley A. D. Logie R. Bressi S. Della Sala S. Spinnler H. (1986). Dementia and working memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 38A, 603–618.

Baddeley A. D. Papagno C. Norris D. (in press). Phonological memory and serial order: A sandwich for TODAM. Relating theory and data. Lewandowsky S. Hockley W. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Baddeley A. D. Papagno C. Vallar G. (1988). When long term learning depends on shortterm storage. Journal of Memory and Language 27, 586–595.

Baddeley A. D. Thomson N. Buchanan M. (1975). Word length and the structure of short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 14, 575–589.

Baddeley A. D. Warrington E. K. (1970). Amnesia and the distinction between long- and short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 9, 176–189.

Baddeley A. D. Wilson B. (1985). Phonological coding and short-term memory in patients without speech. Journal of Memory and Language 24, 490–502.

Baddeley A. D. Wilson B. (1986). Amnesia, autobiographical memory and confabulation. Autobiographical memory. Rubin D. New York: Cambridge University Press 225–252.

Baddeley A. D. Wilson B. (1988a). Frontal amnesia and the dysexecutive syndrome. Brain and Cognition 7, 212–230.

Baddeley A. D. Wilson B. (1988b). Comprehension and working memory: A single case neuropsychological study. Journal of Memory and Language 27, 479–498.

Baddeley A. D. Wilson B. A. (1990). Spontaneous recovery of impaired memory span: Does comprehension recover? Paper presented at Manchester meeting of the Experimental Psychology Society.

Baddeley A. D. Woodhead M. M. (1982). Depth of processing, context, and face recognition. Canadian Journal of Psychology 36, 148–164.

Banaji M. R. Crowder R. G. (1989). The bankruptcy of everyday memory. American Psychologist 44, 1185–1193.

Barnard P. (1985). Interacting cognitive subsystems: A psycholinguistic approach to short-term memory. Progress in the psychology of language. Ellis A. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd. Vol. 2, 197–258.

Basso A. Spinnler H. Vallar G. Zanobio E. (1982). Left hemisphere damage and selective impairment of auditory-verbal short-term memory: A case study. Neuropsychologia 20, 263–274.

Bishop D. V. M. Robson J. (1989). Unimpaired short-term memory and rhyme judgement in congenitally speechless individuals: Implications for the notion of ‘articulatory coding’. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 41A, 123–141.

Bower G. H. (1970). Analysis of a mnemonic device. American Scientist 58, 496–510.

Braithwaite R. (1953). Scientific explanation Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Broadbent D. E. (1958). Perception and communication London: Pergamon Press.

Broadbent D. E. (1982). Task combination and selective intake of information. Acta Psychologica 50, 253–290.

Brooks L. R. (1967). The suppression of visualization by reading. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 19, 289–299.

Brown J. (1958). Some tests of the decay theory of immediate memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 10, 12–21.

Bruce V. (1988). Recognising faces London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd.

Butterworth B. Campbell R. Howard D. (1986). The uses of short-term memory: A case study. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 38A, 705–738.

Byrne B. Fielding-Barnsley R. (1989). Phonemic awareness and letter knowledge in the child's acquisition of the alphabetic principle. Journal of Educational Psychology 81, 313–321.

Campbell R. Butterworth B. (1985). Phonological dyslexia and dysgraphia in a highly literate subject: A developmental case with associated deficits of phonemic processing and awareness. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 37A, 435–476.

Clark H. H. Clark E. V. (1977). Psychology and language New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.

Colle H. A. Welsh A. (1976). Acoustic masking in primary memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 15, 17–32.

Conrad R. (1964). Acoustic confusion in immediate memory. British Journal of Psychology 55, 75–84.

Conrad R. Hull A. J. (1964). Information, acoustic confusion and memory span. British Journal of Psychology 55, 429–432.

Crowder R. G. (1982). The demise of short-term memory. Acta Psychologica 50, 291–323.

De Groot A. D. (1965). Thought and choice in chess New York: Basic Books.

Ellis N. C. Hennelly R. A. (1980). A bilingual word-length effect: Implications for intelligence testing and the relative ease of mental calculation in Welsh and English. British Journal of Psychology 71, 43–52.

Ellis N. C. Large B. (1987). The development of reading: As you seek you shall find. British Journal of Psychology 78, 1–28.

Farah M. J. Hammond K. M. Levine D. N. Calvanio R. (1988). Visual and spatial mental imagery: Dissociable systems of representation. Cognitive Psychology 20, 439–462.

Farmer E. W. Berman J. V. F. Fletcher Y. L. (1986). Evidence for a visuo-spatial scratchpad in working memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 38A, 675–688.

Gathercole S. Baddeley A. D. (1989). Evaluation of the role of phonological STM in the development of vocabulary in children: A longitudinal study. Journal of Memory and Language 28, 200–213.

Gathercole S. Baddeley A. (1990a). Phonological memory deficits in language-disordered children: Is there a causal connection?. Journal of Memory and Language 29, 336–360.

Gathercole S. Baddeley A. (1990b). The role of phonological memory in vocabulary acquisition: A study of young children learning new names. British Journal of Psychology 81, 439–454.

Gathercole S. E. Willis C. Baddeley A. D. (in press). The differentiating phonological memory and awareness of rhyme: Teaching and vocabulary development in children. British Journal of Psychology.

Glanzer M. Cunitz A. R. (1966). Two storage mechanisms in free recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 5, 351–360.

Hanley J. R. Young A. W. Pearson N. A. (1991). Impairment of the visuo-spatial sketch pad. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 43A, 101–126.

Hitch G. J. Halliday M. S. (1983). Working memory in children. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 302, 325–340.

Holding D. H. (1985). The psychology of chess skill Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Hulme C. Thomson N. Muir C. Lawrence A. (1984). Speech rate and the development of short-term memory span. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 38, 241–253.

Jones G. V. (1988). Images, predicates, and retrieval cues. Cognitive and neuropsychological approaches to mental imagery. Denis M. Engelkamp J. Richardson J. T. E. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff 89–98.

Jorm A. F. (1983). Specific reading retardation and working memory: A review. British Journal of Psychology 74, 311–342.

Kintsch W. Buschke H. (1969). Homophones and synonyms in short-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology 80, 403–407.

Kuhn T. S. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Logie R. H. (1986). Visuo-spatial processing in working memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 38A, 229–247.

Logie R. H. Baddeley A. D. Mane A. Donchin E. Sheptak R. (1988). Working memory in the acquisition of complex cognitive skills. Cognition and action in skilled behaviour. Colley A. M. Beech J. R. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. North-Holland 361–377.

Marcel A. J. (1983). Conscious and unconscious perception: Experiments on visual masking and word recognition. Cognitive Psychology 15, 197–237.

Melton A. W. (1963). Implications of short-term memory for a general theory of memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 2, 1–21.

Naveh-Benjamin M. Ayres T. J. (1986). Digit span, reading rate, and linguistic relativity. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 38, 739–751.

Newell A. (1974). You can't play 20 questions with nature and win. Visual information processing. Chase W. G. New York: Academic Press.

Nicolson R. (1981). The relationship between memory span and processing speed. Intelligence and learning. Friedman M. P. Das J. P. O'Connor N. Plenum Press 179–184.

Norman D. A. (1990). The problem with automation: Inappropriate feedback and interaction, not over-automation. Human factors in hazardous situations. Broadbent D. E. Reason J. T. Baddeley A. D. Oxford: Clarendon Press 585–593.

Norman D. A. Shallice T. (1980). Attention to action: Willed and automatic control of behavior CHIP Report 99 San Diego: University of California.

Paivio A. (1969). Mental imagery in associative learning and memory. Psychological Review 76, 241–263.

Papagno C. Baddeley A. D. Valentine T. (1989). Memoria fonologica a breve termine e apprendimento verbale. Archivio di Psicologia neurologia e Psichiatria 3, 542–557.

Papagno C. Valentine T. Baddeley A. D. (in press). Phonological short-term memory and foreign-vocabulary language learning. Journal of memory and Language.

Peterson L. R. (1966). Short-term verbal memory and learning. Psychological Review 73, 193–207.

Peterson L. R. Peterson M. J. (1959). Short-term retention of individual verbal items. Journal of Experimental Psychology 58, 193–198.

Popper K. (1959). The logic of scientific discovery London: Hutchinson.

Posner M. I. (1980). Orienting of attention: Seventh Bartlett Memorial Lecture. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 32, 3–25.

Reason J. T. (1979). Actions not as planned: The price of automatisation. Aspects of consciousness Volume 1: Psychological issues. Underwood G. Stevens R. London: Academic Press.

Robbins T. W. Barker D. R. Bradley A. C. Burton J. B. Fearneyhough C. Gillespie P. H. Hudson S. R. Baddeley A. D. Working memory in chess. Cognition.(submitted).

Rubin D. C. (1986). Autobiographical memory Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Salamé P. Baddeley A. D. (1982). Disruption of short-term memory by unattended speech: Implications for the structure of working memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 21, 150–164.

Salamé P. Baddeley A. D. (1986). Phonological factors in STM: Similarity and the unattended speech effect. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 24, 263–265.

Salamé P. Baddeley A. D. (1989). Effects of background music on phonological short-term memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 41A, 107–122.

Seibel R. (1963). Discrimination reaction time for a 1023-alternative task. Journal of Experimental Psychology 66, 215–226.

Shallice T. (1982). Specific impairments of planning. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 298, 199–209.

Shallice T. Burgess P. (in press). Higher-order cognitive impairments and frontal lobe lesions in man. Frontal lobe function and injury. Levin H. Eisenberg H. M. Benton A. L. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Shallice T. Warrington E. K. (1970). Independent functioning of verbal memory stores: A neuropsychological study. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 22, 261–273.

Spinnler H. Della Sala S. Bandera R. Baddeley A. D. (1988). Dementia, ageing and the structure of human memory. Cognitive Neuropsychology 5, 193–211.

Teasdale J. (1989). Daydreaming, depression and distraction. The Psychologist 2, 189–190.

Torgesen J. K. Houck D. G. (1980). Processing deficiencies of learning-disabled children who perform poorly on the digit span test. Journal of Educational Psychology 72, 141–160.

Treisman A. M. (1988). Features and objects: The 14th Bartlett Memorial Lecture. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 40A, 201–237.

Toulmin S. (1953). The philosophy of science London: Hutchinson.

Tulving E. (1989). Memory: Performance, knowledge and experience. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 1, 3–26.

Vallar G. Baddeley A. D. (1984). Phonological short-term store, phonological processing and sentence comprehension: A neuropsychological case study. Cognitive Neuropsychology 1, 121–141.

Neuropsychological impairments of short-term memory. Vallar G. Shallice T. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1990.

Waugh N. C. Norman D. A. (1965). Primary memory. Psychological Review 72, 89–104.