Variations of the improved characteristics on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–Cu alloy fabricated by magnetic field assisted wire-arc additive manufacturing after heat-treated
Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online November, 2023
Variations of the improved characteristics on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–Cu alloy fabricated by magnetic field assisted wire-arc additive manufacturing after heat-treated
In this investigation, Al–Cu alloy was used for wire-arc additive manufacturing experiment with and without assisted longitudinal magnetic field (ALMF) introduced, subsequently, heat treatment was conducted, aiming to investigate the variations of the improved characteristics brought by ALMF on microstructure and mechanical properties after heat-treated. The results indicated that the improved pores condition brought by ALMF was greatly weakened after heat-treated, while the promotion for the columnar to equiaxed transition and the improvement to precipitation remained. As for mechanical properties, the improvement of the uniform distribution of microhardness by the ALMF deteriorated. Moreover, the optimisation brought by ALMF on reducing the anisotropy of tensile strength was greatly weakened, and the improvement of elongation disappeared.
KumarMDB, ManikandanM.Assessment of process, parameters, residual stress mitigation, post treatments and finite element analysis simulations of wire Arc additive manufacturing technique. Met Mater Int.2022;28(1):54–111. doi:10.1007/s12540-021-01015-5
2.
MarquesDA, OliveiraJP, BaptistaA.A short review on the corrosion behaviour of wire and arc additive manufactured materials. Metals. 2023;13(4):641. doi:10.3390/met13040641
3.
ZuoXD, ZhangW, ChenY, . Wire-based directed energy deposition of NiTiTa shape memory alloys: microstructure, phase transformation, electrochemistry. X-ray visibility and mechanical properties. Addit Manuf. 2022;59:103115; doi:10.1016/j.addma.2022.103115
4.
LiS, LiJY, JiangZ, . Controlling the columnar-to-equiaxed transition during directed energy deposition of Inconel 625. Addit Manuf. 2022;57:102958. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2022.102958
5.
DaiYL, YuSF, ShiYS, . Wire and arc additive manufacture of high-building multi-directional pipe joint. Int J Adv Manuf Technol. 2018;96(5–8):2389–2396. doi:10.1007/s00170-018-1742-2
6.
HönnigeJR, WilliamsS, RoyMJ, . Residual stress characterization and control in the additive manufacture of large scale metal structures. ICRS. 10 2017;2:455–460. doi:10.21741/9781945291173-77
7.
PlanggerJ, SchabhüttlP, VuhererT, . CMT additive manufacturing of a high strength steel alloy for application in crane construction. Metals. 2019;9(6):650. doi:10.3390/met9060650
YousefianP, TiryakioğluM.Pore Formation During Solidification of Aluminum: Reconciliation of Experimental Observations, Modeling Assumptions, and Classical Nucleation Theory. Metall Mater Trans A-Phys Metall Mater Sci. 2018;49(2):563–575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-017-4438-6.
10.
TianXY, CaoJH, CaoY, . Research on the Additive Manufacturing Process Based on High-speed Metal Particles Cold-state Impact. Chin J Mech Eng. 2016;52(3):205), http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/JME.2016.03.205.
11.
JafariD, VanekerTHJ, GibsonI.Wire and arc additive manufacturing: opportunities and challenges to control the quality and accuracy of manufactured parts. Mater Des. 2021;202:109471. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109471
12.
KarunakaranKP, SuryakumarS, PushpaV, . Retrofitment of a CNC machine for hybrid layered manufacturing. Int J Adv Manuf Technol. 2009;45(7-8):690–703. doi:10.1007/s00170-009-2002-2
13.
DonoghueJ, AntonysamyAA, MartinaF, . The effectiveness of combining rolling deformation with wire-Arc additive manufacture on beta-grain refinement and texture modification in Ti-6Al-4 V. Mater Charact. 2016;114:103–114. doi:10.1016/j.matchar.2016.02.001
14.
FangXW, ZhangLJ, ChenG, . Microstructure evolution of wire-arc additively manufactured 2319 aluminum alloy with interlayer hammering. Mater Sci Eng A-Struct Mater Prop Microstruct Process. 2021;800:140168. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2020.140168
15.
ShenHY, LinJH, ZhouZY, . Effect of induction heat treatment on residual stress distribution of components fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing. J Manuf Process. 2022;75:331–345. doi:10.1016/j.jmapro.2022.01.018
16.
ZhangXJ, ZhaoWY, LongJW, . Influence of assisted longitudinal magnetic field on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ER2319 aluminum alloy parts fabricated by wire and arc additive manufacturing. Sci Technol Weld Join. 2022;28(3):218–225. doi:10.1080/13621718.2022.2145419
17.
ZhouXM, TianQH, DuYX, . Investigation of the effect of torch tilt and external magnetic field on arc during overlapping deposition of wire arc additive manufacturing. Rapid Prototyping J. 2021;27(1):24–36. doi:10.1108/RPJ-03-2020-0047
18.
QuYY, HongB, HongYX, . Investigation on metal transfer and deposition in micro-plasma arc freeform fabrication controlled by local alternating magnetic field. J Manuf Process. 2022;79:678–687. doi:10.1016/j.jmapro.2022.04.060
19.
ZhaoW, WeiY, ZhangX, . Comparative investigation of wire arc additive manufacturing of Al-5%Mg alloy with and without external alternating magnetic field. Int J Adv Manuf Technol. 2022;119(3-4):2571–2587. doi:10.1007/s00170-021-08466-5
20.
DerekarKS, AddisonA, JoshiSS, . Effect of pulsed metal inert gas (pulsed-MIG) and cold metal transfer (CMT) techniques on hydrogen dissolution in wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) of aluminium. Int J Adv Manuf Technol. 2020;107(1-2):311–331. doi:10.1007/s00170-020-04946-2
21.
LeePD, HuntJD.Hydrogen porosity in directionally solidified aluminium-copper alloys: A mathematical model. Acta Mater. 2001;49(8):1383–1398. doi:10.1016/S1359-6454(01)00043-X
22.
BhuiyanMS, TodaH, PengZ, . Combined microtomography, thermal desorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction study of hydrogen trapping behavior in 7XXX aluminum alloys. Mater Sci Eng A-Struct Mater Prop Microstruct Process. 2016;655:221–228. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2015.12.092
23.
SuH, YoshimuraT, TodaH, . Influences of hydrogen micropores and intermetallic particles on fracture behaviors of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu aluminum alloys. Metall Mater Trans A-Phys Metall Mater Sci. 2016;47A(12):6077–6089. doi:10.1007/s11661-016-3773-3
24.
LiuYB, LiJZ, SunQJ, . Optimization of magnetic oscillation system and microstructural characteristics in arc welding of Al/Mg alloys. J Manuf Process. 2019;39:69–78. doi:10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.02.008
25.
RodriguesTA, FariasFWC, AvilaJA, . Effect of heat treatments on Inconel 625 fabricated by wire and arc additive manufacturing: an in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis. Sci Technol Weld Join. 2023;1–6. doi:10.1080/13621718.2023.2187927
26.
ZhouYH, LinX, KangN, . Mechanical properties and precipitation behavior of the heat-treated wire + arc additively manufacture d 2219 aluminum alloy. Mater Charact. 2020;171:110735. doi:10.1016/j.matchar.2020.110735
27.
LiXF, LeiK, SongP, . Strengthening of aluminum alloy 2219 by thermo-mechanical treatment. J Mater Eng Perform. 2015;24(10):3905–3911. doi:10.1007/s11665-015-1665-0
28.
WangHM, YiYP, HuangSQ.Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of 2219 Al alloy during aging treatment. J Mater Eng Perform. 2017;26(4):1475–1482. doi:10.1007/s11665-017-2621-y
29.
GuJL, DingJL, WilliamsSW, . The effect of inter-layer cold working and post-deposition heat treatment on porosity in additively manufactured aluminum alloys. J Mater Process Technol. 2016;230:26–34. doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2015.11.006
30.
AranaM, UkarE, RodriguezI, . Influence of deposition strategy and heat treatment on mechanical properties and microstructure of 2319 aluminium WAAM components. Mater Des. 2022;221:110947. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110974
31.
WangZH, GaoYF, HuangJL, . Precipitation phenomena and strengthening mechanism of Al-Cu alloys deposited by in-situ rolled wire-arc additive manufacturing. Mater Sci Eng A-Struct Mater Prop Microstruct Process. 2022;855:143770. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2022.143770
32.
GuJl, YangSl, GaoMj, . Micropore evolution in additively manufactured aluminum alloys under heat treatment and inter-layer rolling. Mater Des. 2020;186:108288), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108288.
33.
ZhuAW, StarkeEA.Jr.Strengthening effect of unshearable particles of finite size: A computer experimental study. Acta Mater. 1999;47(11):3263–3269. doi:10.1016/S1359-6454(99)00179-2
34.
BaiJY, FanCL, LinSB, . Mechanical properties and fracture behaviors of GTA- additive manufactured 2219-Al after an especial heat treatment. J Mater Eng Perform. 2017;26(4):1808–1816. doi:10.1007/s11665-017-2627-5
35.
LiuGC, XiongJ, TangL.Microstructure and mechanical properties of 2219 aluminum alloy fabricated by double-electrode gas metal arc additive manufacturing. Addit Manuf. 2020;35:101375. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2020.101375
