Wire-arc additively manufactured (WAAM) super duplex stainless steels (DSS) 2594 walls were fabricated to investigate the microstructure of different regions, including top, body and root as well as the influence of microstructure on mechanical and electrochemical properties. The microstructure was composed of ferrite and austenite with a few nitride precipitates. The ferrite content decreased from top to root. The average hardness increased slightly from top to root. The ultimate tensile strength of different regions varied slightly, comparable to that of the hot-rolled plate. Compared with those in vertical direction, samples in the horizontal direction had higher strength and lower elongation. The corrosion resistance ranked as root ≈ body > hot-rolled > top.
GowthamanPS, JeyakumarS, SaravananBA.Machinability and tool wear mechanism of duplex stainless steel – a review. Mater Today Proc. 2020;26:1423–1429.
2.
ZhangD, LiuA, YinB, . Additive manufacturing of duplex stainless steels – a critical review. J Manuf Process. 2022;73:496–517.
3.
ZhangD, WenP, YinB, . Temperature evolution, phase ratio and corrosion resistance of duplex stainless steels treated by laser surface heat treatment. J Manuf Process. 2021;62:99–107.
4.
VermaJ, TaiwadeRV.Effect of welding processes and conditions on the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of duplex stainless steel weldments—a review. J Manuf Process. 2017;25:134–152.
5.
TsuchidaN, KawahataT, IshimaruE, . Effects of temperature and strain rate on tensile properties of a lean duplex stainless steel. ISIJ Int. 2014;54(8):1971–1977.
6.
MartinsM, CastelettiLC.Microstructural characteristics and corrosion behavior of a super duplex stainless steel casting. Mater Charact. 2009;60(2):150–155.
7.
DebRoyT, WeiHL, ZubackJS, . Additive manufacturing of metallic components – process, structure and properties. Prog Mater Sci. 2018;92:112–224.
QinY, WenP, GuoH, . Additive manufacturing of biodegradable metals: current research status and future perspectives. Acta Biomater. 2019;98:3–22.
10.
VimalKEK, SrinivasMN, RajakS.Wire arc additive manufacturing of aluminium alloys: a review. Mater Today Proc. 2021;41:1139–1145.
11.
YuanL, PanZ, DingD, . Investigation of humping phenomenon for the multi-directional robotic wire and arc additive manufacturing. Robot Comput Integr Manuf. 2020;63:101916.
12.
GeJ, LinJ, LeiY, . Location-related thermal history, microstructure, and mechanical properties of arc additively manufactured 2Cr13 steel using cold metal transfer welding. Mater Sci Eng A. 2018;715:144–153.
13.
LeeSH.CMT-based wire arc additive manufacturing using 316L stainless steel: effect of heat accumulation on the multi-layer deposits. Metals. 2020;10(2):278.
14.
ZhangX, WangK, ZhouQ, . Microstructure and mechanical properties of TOP-TIG-wire and arc additive manufactured super duplex stainless steel (ER2594). Mater Sci Eng A. 2019;762:138097.
15.
HejripourF, BineshF, HebelM, . Thermal modeling and characterization of wire arc additive manufactured duplex stainless steel. J Mater Process Technol. 2019;272:58–71.
16.
QiK, LiR, HuZ, . Forming appearance analysis of 2205 duplex stainless steel fabricated by cold metal transfer (CMT) based wire and arc additive manufacture (WAAM) process. J Mater Eng Perform. 2022;31:4631–4641.
17.
KannanAR, ShanmugamNS, RajkumarV, . Insight into the microstructural features and corrosion properties of wire arc additive manufactured super duplex stainless steel (ER2594). Mater Lett. 2020;270:127680.
18.
KannanAR, ShanmugamNS, RamkumarKD, . Studies on super duplex stainless steel manufactured by wire arc additive manufacturing. Trans Indian Inst Met. 2021;74(7):1673–1681.
19.
LervågM, SørensenC, RobertstadA, . Additive manufacturing with superduplex stainless steel wire by cmt process. Metals. 2020;10(2):272.
20.
NilssonJO, KarlssonL, AnderssonJO.Secondary austenite formation and its relation to pitting corrosion in duplex stainless steel weld metal. Mater Sci Technol. 1995;11(3):276–283.
21.
SimmonsJW.Overview: high-nitrogen alloying of stainless steels. Mater Sci Eng A. 1996;207(2):159–169.
22.
HengsbachF, KoppaP, DuschikK, . Duplex stainless steel fabricated by selective laser melting – microstructural and mechanical properties. Mater Des. 2017;133:136–142.
23.
De MarcoM, PalomboM, PianezzeA, . Effects of nitrides precipitation in duplex stainless steel. CORROSION 2018. OnePetro; 2018.
24.
MurkuteP, PasebaniS, Burkan IsgorO.Metallurgical and electrochemical properties of super duplex stainless steel clads on low carbon steel substrate produced with laser powder bed fusion. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):1–19.
25.
MurkuteP, PasebaniS, IsgorOB.Effects of heat treatment and applied stresses on the corrosion performance of additively manufactured super duplex stainless steel clads. Materialia. 2020;14:100878.
26.
NigonGN, IsgorOB, PasebaniS.Effect of build orientation and annealing on corrosion resistance of additively manufactured duplex stainless steel in 3.5% NaCl. J Electrochem Soc. 2020;167(14):141508.
27.
ZhangD, LiuA, YinB, . Effect of heat sources on microstructure and properties of duplex stainless steels fabricated by additive manufacturing. Adv Laser Process Manuf V. SPIE. 2021;11892:1189203.
28.
YangY, YanB, LiJ, . The effect of large heat input on the microstructure and corrosion behaviour of simulated heat affected zone in 2205 duplex stainless steel. Corros Sci. 2011;53(11):3756–3763.
29.
ZhangX, WangK, ZhouQ, . Element partitioning and electron backscatter diffraction analysis from feeding wire to as-deposited microstructure of wire and arc additive manufacturing with super duplex stainless steel. Mater Sci Eng A. 2020;773:138856.
30.
WuW, XueJ, WangL, . Forming process, microstructure, and mechanical properties of thin-walled 316L stainless steel using speed-cold-welding additive manufacturing. Metals. 2019;9(1):109.
31.
HouY, NakamoriY, KadoiK, . Initiation mechanism of pitting corrosion in weld heat affected zone of duplex stainless steel. Corros Sci. 2022;201:110278.
32.
GuoY, SunT, HuJ, . Microstructure evolution and pitting corrosion resistance of the Gleeble-simulated heat-affected zone of a newly developed lean duplex stainless steel 2002. J Alloys Compd. 2016;658:1031–1040.
33.
de Albuquerque VicenteA, dos SantosIL, JuniorABB, . Study of the distribution of Cr, Mo, Ni and N in δ ferrite and austenite in duplex stainless steels. Saudi J Eng Technol. 2020;5(4):156–162.
